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{{Short description|Russian telecommunications company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = OJSC Rostelecom
| logo = Rostelecom logo English 2018.svg
| logo = [[File:Rostelecom-2011-logo.png|200px]]
| logo_caption = Latin-script logo since 2018
| caption =
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Open Joint-Stock Company|OAO]])
| image = Ростелеком главное здание летом.jpg
| traded_as = {{MICEX-RTS|RTKM}}<br>{{OTCQX|ROSYY}}
| image_caption = Rostelecom's main building in Moscow, photographed in 2022
| fate =
| type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Open Joint-Stock Company|OAO]]), [[state owned]]
| predecessor =
| traded_as = {{MICEX-RTS|RTKM}}
| successor =
| fate =
| foundation = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| founder predecessor =
| successor =
 
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1993|09|23|df=y}}
| location = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| locations founder =
| location = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| area_served =
| locations =
| key_people = Vadim Semyonov, <small>([[Chairman]])</small> Sergey Kalugin, <small>([[President|CEO]])</small>
| area_served =
| industry = [[Telecommunications]]
| key_people = [[Mikhail Oseevsky]] <small> (President)</small><br />[[Sergei Ivanov]] <br /><small> (Chairman of the Board of Directors)</small>
| products = [[Landline|Fixed Telephony]]<br>[[Mobile phone|Mobile Telephony]]<br>[[Broadband Internet]]<br>[[Information technology|IT Services]]<br>[[Telecommunications network|Networking Solutions]]<br>[[Cable television]]
| industry = [[Telecommunications]]
| services =
| products = [[Mobile phone|Mobile Telephony]]<br />[[Broadband Internet]]<br />[[IPTV]], [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] & [[Cable television]],<br />[[Data center]]s<br />[[Telecommunications network|Cloud Solutions]]<br />[[Computer security|Cybersecurity Services]]<br />Digital Region services<br />[[E-government|E-government Solutions]].
| revenue = {{profit}} USD 10.5&nbsp;billion <small>(2012)</small>
| operating_incomeservices =
| revenue = {{wikidata revenue|revenue|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|revenue|ref}}
| net_income = {{decrease}} USD 1.1&nbsp;billion <small>(2012)</small>
| revenue_year = {{wikidata revenue|revenue|year}}
| assets =
| operating_income = {{wikidata revenue|operating_income|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|operating_income|ref}}
| equity =
| income_year = {{wikidata revenue|operating_income|year}}
| owner =
| net_income = {{wikidata revenue|net_income|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|net_income|ref}}
| num_employees = 170,000
| net_income_year = {{wikidata revenue|net_income|year}}
| parent =
| assets = {{wikidata revenue|assets|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|assets|ref}}
| divisions =
| assets_year = {{wikidata revenue|assets|year}}
| subsid = [[National Cable Networks]], [[Central Telegraph]], [[Giprosvyaz]]
| equity = {{wikidata revenue|equity|USD}}{{wikidata revenue|equity|ref}}
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.rostelecom.ru}}
| equity_year = {{wikidata revenue|equity|year}}
| footnotes =
| intl owner =
| num_employees = 136,700
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid = [[Tele2 Russia]], RTK-DC, DataLine, [[Central Telegraph]], [[Giprosvyaz]], etc
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.company.rt.ru/en/|rt.ru}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Rostelecom''' ({{lang-ru|ОАО «Ростелеком»}}) is [[Russia]]'s leading [[long-distance telephony]] provider. Domestic long distance service provides about 50% of the company's revenue, and international long distance calls provide about 25%. The company provides traditional fixed-line voice, mobile, data, TV and value-added services to residential, corporate and governmental subscribers. Rostelecom has the largest domestic backbone network and last-mile connections to approximately 43 million households in Russia. The company is present on almost the entire territory of the Russian Federation. In 2011 the company had approximately 500,000 km backbone capacity (the nearest rival MTS has 117,000 km backbone), as well as 28.1 mln out of Russia’s total 41.4 mln copper lastmile lines, which makes it the largest provider of traditional fixed-line voice services and broadband Internet in the country.<ref>Rostelecom: From an outsider to a true Big 4 name, Gazprombank</ref>
 
'''Rostelecom''' (Ростелеком) is Russia’s largest provider of digital services<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pai |first=Shailaja |date=2021-12-10 |title=Rostelecom, VEB Ventures deploy new-gen backbone |url=https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-technology/optical-fixed-networks/12485-rostelecom-veb-ventures-deploy-new-gen-backbone.html |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=Developing Telecoms |language=en-gb}}</ref> for a wide variety of consumers, households, private businesses, government and municipal authorities, and other telecom providers.
The company's [[stock]] is traded on the [[Moscow Exchange]], [[OTCBB]], [[London Stock Exchange]] and [[DAX|Frankfurt Stock Exchange]].
Rostelecom interconnects all local public operators’ networks into a single national network for long-distance service. In other words, if one makes a long-distance call or originates [[Internet in Russia|Internet contact to or from Russia]], it is likely that Rostelecom is providing part of the service. The company's [[stock]] trades primarily on the [[Moscow Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=RATING REPORT: Rostelecom PJSC |url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/rostelecom-pjsc-01-12-2020 |website=[[Fitch Ratings]]}}</ref>
 
==History==
Prior to 1990, responsibility for the provision of telecommunications services lie at the Ministry of Communications of the USSR. On June 26, 1990, the Ministry of Communications of the USSR established a state-owned joint-stock company Sovtelekom, which was given the rights to operate the telecommunications network of the USSR. On December 30, 1992, by order of the State Property Committee of Russia, a state-owned enterprise Rostelecom, which consisted of 20 state long-distance and international calls, as well as communication equipment Intertelekom was organized.
[[image:Rostelekom.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The company's headquarters in Moscow]]
Prior to 1990, responsibility for the provision of telecommunications services lie at the Ministry of Communications of the USSR. On June 26, 1990 the Ministry of Communications of the USSR established a state-owned joint-stock company Sovtelekom, which was given the rights to operate the telecommunications network of the USSR.
 
Throughout the 1990s, the company which was part of Svyazinvest, was the sole long-distance operator in Russia. Alongside it, local companies operated in the different regions of Russia under the umbrella of Svyazinvest while Rostelecom connected between their networks. In 2001, these companies were merged to form a number of regional incumbent telecommunications operators: CentreTelecom, SibirTelecom, Dalsvyaz, Uralsvyazinform, VolgaTelecom, North-West Telecom, Southern Telecommunications Company and Dagsvyazinform. On 2011, Svyazinvest was liquidated with the regional subsidiaries merged into Rostelecom. In 2021, the company's revenue amounted to 351 billion rubles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПАО "Ростелеком" |url=https://www.rusprofile.ru/id/1179083 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.rusprofile.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
On December 30, 1992 by order of the State Property Committee of Russia a state-owned enterprise Rostelecom, which consisted of 20 state long-distance and international calls, as well as communication equipment Intertelekom was organized.
 
On October 18, 2006 "Rostelecom" received a certificate of quality of [[Multiprotocol Label Switching|IP-MPLS]] network and became the ISP backbone. In December 2006, Rostelecom and the telecommunications company [[KDDI]] in Japan under the "Transit Europe - Asia" signed an agreement to build a line of [[Nakhodka]] - [[Naoetsu]] with total bandwidth of 640&nbsp;Gbit/s instead of the previous 560&nbsp;Mbit/s.<ref>[http://telecom.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2006/12/13/227947 Россия-Япония: скорость связи вырастет в 1000 раз // CNews.ru, 13.12.2006]</ref>
Rostelecom was founded on September 23, 1993, when the state registration approved the company. In 1995-1996 the construction of the Central Complex, the unified international and long distance digital communication networks in the country's single telecommunications environment. Rostelecom built the world's longest digital radio link "Moscow - Khabarovsk". From 1998 to 2000, the Group entered into the program to ensure a modern digital communication remote and inaccessible regions of Russia. Were commissioned ground station satellite networks of OJSC "Rostelecom" using frequency satellite resources of the new generation LMI-1 of the International Organization of Space Communications "[[Intersputnik]]".
[[image:Rostelecom logo en.gif|right|thumb|200px|The logo used until 2011]]
On October 18, 2006 "Rostelecom" received a certificate of quality of IP-MPLS network and became the ISP backbone. In December 2006, Rostelecom and the telecommunications company [[KDDI]] in Japan under the "Transit Europe - Asia" signed an agreement to build a line of [[Nakhodka]] - [[Naoetsu]] with total bandwidth of 640 Gbit/s instead of the previous 560 Mbit/s.<ref>[http://telecom.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2006/12/13/227947 Россия-Япония: скорость связи вырастет в 1000 раз // CNews.ru, 13.12.2006]</ref>
 
===Sanctions===
On March 2012 [[Russian President]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] ordered a merger between Svyazinvest and Rostelecom within a year. The order, published at pravo.gov.ru state legal website, also stipulated that the [[Russian government]] and the country's national development bank [[Vnesheconombank]] (VEB) will maintain a holding of over 50 percent to keep control of the new company, which will work under the Rostelecom brand name.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/business/20120326/172401742.html "Medvedev Orders Svyazinvest, Rostelecom Merger", Ria Novosti]</ref> In late September 2013 Rostelecom completed the final stage of its reorganization, under which state-run telecom holding Svyazinvest and 20 other firms were integrated into Rostelecom. The government’s combined common stake in the merged company amounted to 51.12% after the reorganization.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.1prime.biz/news/telecommunications/_Russian_ministry_seeking_organizers_for_Rostelecom_privatization/0/%7B44587348-AB73-49B9-8250-6FC34C400F5F%7D.uif| title =Russian ministry seeking organizers for Rostelecom privatization
On 24 February 2022, in response to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] (OFAC) of the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] imposed sanctions against Rostelecom.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Treasury Announces Unprecedented & Expansive Sanctions Against Russia, Imposing Swift and Severe Economic Costs |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0608 |date=24 February 2022}}</ref>
| work =Prime business news agency| accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref>
 
==Ownership==
On September 2013 it was announced that the company had deployed one of the world’s largest operator [[content delivery network]]s. The network sees the deployment of content servers in 30 major Russian cities by Swedish infrastructure vendor [[Ericsson]], which said that the platform will enable Rostelecom to create sustainable businesses in partnership with over the top (OTT) service providers.<ref>[http://www.telecoms.com/180192/russias-rostelecom-deploys-groundbreaking-cdn/ Russia’s Rostelecom deploys “groundbreaking” CDN]</ref>
Owners of Rostelecom ordinary (voting) share as of November 2021:<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПАО "Ростелеком" - крупнейший в России провайдер цифровых услуг и решений. Официальный корпоративный информационный сайт. |url=https://company.rt.ru/ |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=company.rt.ru |language=en}}</ref>
 
* [[Federal Agency for State Property Management]] (38.2%)
On October 2013 Rostelecom has announced that Svyazinvest, alongside 20 other joint-stock companies, which are either directly or indirectly controlled by Rostelecom and/or Svyazinvest, had now been excluded from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities following their official mergers with Rostelecom. This development brought to an end all activities carried out by Svyazinvest, and Rostelecom had now assumed all rights and responsibilities for the merged companies in accordance with the transfer deeds.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2013/10/04/rostelecom-completes-second-stage-of-svyazinvest-reorganisation/| title =Rostelecom completes second stage of Svyazinvest reorganisation| work =Telegrography| accessdate = 27 December 2013}}</ref>
* JSC Telecom Investments (20.98%)
 
* [[VTB Bank]] (8.44%)
On october 2013 the company completed development and began commercial operations of its single payment system. It simplifies the procedure for payment for all telecommunications services of the company on the territory of Russia and also introduce new services such as "auto-top-up" and "e-commerce" or "single click".<ref>[http://www.ictrussia.com/196573/Rostelecom-implements-unified-payment-system.shtml Rostelecom implements unified payment system]</ref> On December 2013 the company launched its new Automatic Payment service on its customer service portal. The service enables customers to set automatic payments for [[fixed telephony]], [[broadband internet]], [[IPTV]] and mobile services from the operator, with the amounts deducted from a [[bank card]]. The service is free for subscribers across the country.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.telecompaper.com/news/rostelecom-launches-automatic-payment--986923| title =Rostelecom launches automatic payment | work =Telecom Papaer| accessdate = 21 December 2013}}</ref>
* [[Vnesheconombank]] (3.96%)
 
==Corporate governance==
The company’s board of directors consists of eleven members. Three of them represent
governmental entities. The Russian government is represented by the Federal Property Management Agency, together with Vnesheconombank, owns more than 51% of the company’s ordinary shares.
 
==Operations==
PJSC Rostelecom is the largest integrated digital services and products provider,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investegate {{!}}ROSTELECOM PJSC Announcements {{!}} ROSTELECOM PJSC: Rostelecom acquired a leading Internet provider in Yekaterinburg and the Sverdlovsk region |url=https://www.investegate.co.uk/rostelecom-pjsc--rkmd-/eqs/rostelecom-acquired-a-leading-internet-provider-in-yekaterinburg-and-the-sverdlovsk-region/20201217113122EDYTD/ |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=www.investegate.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia's Rostelecom acquires MVNE platform provider TVE-Telecom - SAMENA Daily News |url=https://www.samenacouncil.org/samena_daily_news?news=87889 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=www.samenacouncil.org |language=English}}</ref> operating in all segments of the telecommunications market in Russia. The Company serves millions of households, state and private enterprises across the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-11 |title=ROSTELECOM PJSC: Rostelecom announces 100% consolidation of RTC-IT |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2021-11-11/rostelecom-pjsc-rostelecom-announces-100-consolidation-of-rtc-it |access-date=2022-07-13}}</ref>
Rostelecom includes the regional incumbent telecommunications operators (CentreTelecom, SibirTelecom, Dalsvyaz, Uralsvyazinform, VolgaTelecom, North-West Telecom and Southern Telecommunications Company) and Dagsvyazinform. Along with its [[public switched telephone network|traditional telephony services]], Rostelecom provides high-tech telecommunications services, including [[intelligent network services]] (INS), [[video conferencing]], [[broadband Internet access]] and deployment of [[virtual private networks]] (VPN) among others.
 
Rostelecom is a key strategic innovator that provides solutions<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-16 |title=ROSTELECOM PJSC: Business Strategy 2025: lifting our digital ambition |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2021-11-16/rostelecom-pjsc-business-strategy-2025-lifting-our-digital-ambition |access-date=2022-07-13}}</ref> in the following fields: E-Government, cybersecurity, [[Beeline (brand)|Beeline]] and [[MTS (network provider)|MTS]] data-centres and cloud computing, biometry, healthcare, education and housing & utility services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rostelecom - Headquarter Locations, Products, Competitors, Financials, Employees |url=https://www.cbinsights.com/company/rostelecom |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=www.cbinsights.com}}</ref>
Rostelecom has the largest domestic backbone network (approximately 600 thousand km) and last mile connections to approximately 35 million households in Russia. The Company holds licences to provide a wide range of telecommunications services (telephony, data, TV and value-added solutions) to residential, corporate and governmental subscribers and third party operators across all regions of the Russian Federation.<ref>Rostelecom: From an outsider
to a true Big 4 name, Gazprombank</ref>
 
In the summer of 2019, it was announced that Rostec plans to develop digital healthcare together with PJSC Rostelecom.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
Rostelecom is set to offer triple-play services, combining phone, TV and Internet, in the second half of 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-21/rostelecom-ceo-says-tele2-russia-deal-will-create-value.html| title =Rostelecom CEO Says Tele2 Russia Deal Will Create Value | work =[[Bloomberg]]| accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref>
 
===Land network===
The company's ownsnetwork andis operatesbased theon country’sextant mostRussian extensive nationwide[[fiber optics|fiber-optic backbonecable network,lines]] about 160,000km in- lengthsFOCL. By cable the network is connected to countries in [[Europe]] and [[East Asia]].
 
[[fiber optics|Fiber-optic cable lines]] crosses [[Russian Federation]] on directions «[[Moscow]] — [[Novorossiysk]]», «Moscow — [[Khabarovsk]]» and «Moscow — [[Saint Petersburg]]».
 
IP transit has been allocated to a separate company, [[RTComm]], using Rostelecom's [[STM-16]] FOCL resources, but Rostelecom is building its own [[STM-64]] (9,9533 &nbsp;Gbit/s) network, which as of August 2006, covered [[Rostov-on-Don]], [[Krasnodar]], [[Volgograd]], [[Stavropol]], and planned to cover the whole of [[Russia]] by the end of 2006.
 
In 2010 Rostelecom has commissioned a new fiber-optic line [[St. Petersburg]] — [[Vologda]] — [[Archangelsk]] stretching over 1 thousand km at 24 Gbit/s.<ref>[http://survincity.com/2010/02/rostelecom-had-a-new-fiber-optic-line-in/ Rostelecom had a new fiber optic line in Arkhangelsk]</ref> At the end of 2013 Rostelecom completed to deploy the [[Tynda]] - [[Yakutsk]] fiber line which according to the company provides [[Redundant topologies|network redundancy]], optimizing traffic and increase trunk in areas [[Tynda]] - [[Skovorodino]] - [[Khabarovsk]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.comnews.ru/node/77815|title ="Ростелеком" достроит магистральный канал Тында-Якутск до конца года| work =comnews.ru| accessdate = 16 November 2013}}</ref>
 
Rostelecom had 29.2 million local fixed-line voice subscribers, 12.4 million mobile voice subscribers, 7.4 million fixed-line broadband subscribers and 5.5 million pay-TV subscribers at the end of the first quarter of 2010.
 
===TelevisionSatellite network===
Using the services of the Russian Orbital Group, Rostelecom has built its satellite system for its Eastern region, comprising 11 land stations in [[Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]]. [[satellite|Satellite service]] for the Western region is being built at this time.
With its 6 millionn subscribers in 2012, Rostelecom is the second-largest pay-TV
player in Russia after National Satellite Company (satellite TV operator, Tricolor-TV
brand). Rostelecom has 22% market share by subscribers versus 29% with NSC. As of 2012, 85% of Rostelecom’s pay-TV subscribers were users of cable TV and the remaining 15% used IPTV. The company is largely present in the cable segment through its 100% subsidiary [[National Cable Networks|National Telecommunications]] (NTK), which was acquired in 2011. Rostelecom provides IPTV services in regions on the base of IP infrastructure of former regional telecoms. In 2011 the company launched the Zabava.ru multimedia portal.<ref>Rostelecom: From an outsider
to a true Big 4 name, Gazprombank</ref>
 
On October 2013 Rostelecom has announced the results of its latest tender for set-top boxes. The requirement was for two types of boxes: ‘Interactive TV Standard’ and ‘Interactive TV Standard Plus’. [[SmartLabs]] will provide 47 thousand Standard Plus STBs, with the remaining 609 thousand Standard boxes being provided by SmartLabs (304,500), Promzakaz (182,700) and Promsvyaz (121,800).<ref>[http://www.digitaltvnews.net/content/?p=23160 Rostelecom orders 656,000 IPTV set-top boxes]</ref>
 
On March 2013 it was announced that total Pay TV subscriber base increased 12% year-on-year to 6.6 million subscribers. Out of the total subscriber base, the number of interactive TV subscribers more than doubled to 1.4 million, with the penetration of optical networks reaching 34%. Rostelecom’s share of the Interactive TV market was 49% at this period.<ref>[http://www.digitaltvnews.net/content/?p=22497 Rostelecom doubles IPTV subscribers in 2012 to 1.4 million]</ref> The company is working with content providers to offer exclusive high-quality content to attract users. In 2013 it already agreed to provide programming from Stockholm-based Modern Times Group AB (MTGB)’s Viasat and local Gazprom-Media.
 
===Cellular network===
Throughout the 90s Rostelecom created subsidiaries that operated cellular networks in different regions of the country, including NSS, Baikalvestkom, Yeniseikom, [[SkyLink]], Volgograd GSM and Akos which provided mobile services on the territory of 59 regions of Russia, serving more than 13.5 million subscribers. During the 2010s, Rostelecom and its subsidiaries built mobile networks of the third generation in 27 regions of Russia. Total planned to install more than 8 thousand base stations. Suppliers of equipment and solutions for the [[3G+]] network are [[Ericsson]] and [[Huawei]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Дочка "Ростелекома" начала тестирование сети 3G+ в Красноярске |url=http://www.comnews.ru/node/69474 |access-date=30 November 2013 |website=comnews.ru}}</ref> In April 2013 the company announced the launch of 3G+ networks in the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and Chelyabinsk regions, in the south of the Tyumen Oblast and in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area. [[MegaFon]] and [[Tele2 Russia|Tele2]] and [[Sky Link (Russia)|SkyLink]] This launch followed the introduction of 3G+ services in [[Perm Krai]]. Rostelecom's 3G+ network was installed using HSPA+ technology, providing data transfer speeds of up to 21&nbsp;MB/s, with the possibility of upgrading the network to reach speeds of up to 42&nbsp;MB/s if demand requires. The 3G+ network is LTE-ready, so that only minor modifications will be required before the company can roll out its 4G (LTE) network in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rostelecom launches 3G+ network in five regions of the Urals Federal District |url=http://www.rostelecom.ru/en/ir/news/d349877/ |access-date=14 December 2013 |website=Rostelecom official website |archive-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508232118/http://www.rostelecom.ru/en/ir/news/d349877/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 2013 Rostelecom launched its first part of its LTE network in [[Sochi]] for the [[2014 Winter Olympics]]. Besides, the company launched LTE networks in 8 other regions besides [[Karsnodar Krai]] by the end of 2013, including [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]], Republic of [[Khakassia]], Republic of [[North Ossetia–Alania]], [[Sakhalin Oblast]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] and the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rostelecom OJSC: Rostelecom launches the first part of its LTE network in Sochi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/article/2013-06-03/aahDh7PZGHxQ.html |access-date=14 December 2013 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}</ref>
Rostelecom and its subsidiaries NSS, Baikalvestkom, Yeniseikom, [[SkyLink]], Volgograd GSM and Akos provide mobile services on the territory of 59 regions of Russia, serving more than 13.5 million subscribers. During the 2010s, Rostelecom and its subsidiaries built mobile networks of the third generation in 27 regions of Russia. Total planned to install more than 8 thousand base stations. Suppliers of equipment and solutions for the [[3G+]] network are [[Ericsson]] and [[Huawei]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.comnews.ru/node/69474| title =
Дочка "Ростелекома" начала тестирование сети 3G+ в Красноярске| work =comnews.ru| accessdate = 30 November 2013}}</ref> On April 2013 the company announced the launch of 3G+ networks in the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and Chelyabinsk regions, in the south of the Tyumen region and in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area. This launch followed the introduction of 3G+ services in [[Perm Krai]]. Rostelecom’s 3G+ network was installed using HSPA+ technology, providing data transfer speeds of up to 21MB/s, with the possibility of upgrading the network to reach speeds of up to 42MB/s if demand requires. The 3G+ network is LTE-ready, so that only minor modifications will be required before the Company can roll out its 4G (LTE) network in the future.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.rostelecom.ru/en/ir/news/d349877/| title =Rostelecom launches 3G+ network in five regions of the Urals Federal District| work =Rostelecom official website| accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref> On June 2013 Rostelecom launched its first part of its LTE network in [[Sochi]] for the [[2014 Winter Olympics]]. Besides, the company launched LTE networks in 8 other regions besides [[Karsnodar Krai]] by the end of 2013, including [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug]], Republic of [[Khakassia]], Republic of [[North Ossetia–Alania]], [[Sakhalin Oblast]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] and the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.bloomberg.com/article/2013-06-03/aahDh7PZGHxQ.html| title =Rostelecom OJSC: Rostelecom launches the first part of it's LTE network in Sochi| work =[[Bloomberg]]| accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref>
 
OnIn December 2013, Rostelecom board approved a plan to merge its mobile business into [[Tele2 Russia]], former division of Nordic telecoms group [[Tele2]] which sold it in April 2013 to VTB Bank due to the lack of 3G and 4G data licences, limiting its future growth prospects. Rostelecom would get a 45% voting stake in the new company, T2 RTK Holding, in exchange for contributing its standalone mobile subsidiaries and assets, including SkyLink. Tele2 Russia, owned by state-controlled bank VTB and Russian businessmen Yuri Kovalchuk and [[Alexei Mordashov]], will have 55%. Rostelecom and Tele2 Russia together have around 38 million mobile subscribers, or a combined market share of 16%.<ref>{{citeCite web |date=14 urlDecember =http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/russia-rostelecom-idUSL6N0JR3UP20131212 | title =Rostelecom approves mobile merger with former Tele2 unit |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-rostelecom-idUSL6N0JR3UP20131212 work |website=[[Reuters]]| publishdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref> During the second stage, Rostelecom will spin spun-off its integrated mobile businesses into its new wholly owned subsidiary, RT-Mobile ({{lang-ru|РТ-Мобайл}}), which will be expected to have Rostelecom's mobile licences, including the LTE licences, re-issued to it.<ref>{{citeCite web |title=Rostelecom urlBoard OKs Merging Mobile Assets with Tele2 Russia |url=httphttps://online.wsj.com/article/DN-CO-20131212-006251.html | title access-date=Rostelecom14 BoardDecember OKs2013 Merging Mobile Assets with Tele2 Russia| work website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]| accessdate = 14 December 2013}}</ref> Analysts said the deal makes sense as "Rostelecom has been less efficient in rolling out mobile networks. By relying on the Tele2 team in mobile expansion Rostelecom removes risks, while remaining open to an upside".<ref>{{citeCite news web|date=22 urlNovember 2013 |title=httpRostelecom CEO Says Tele2 Russia Deal Will Create Value |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-21/rostelecom-ceo-says-tele2-russia-deal-will-create-value.html |access-date=14 titleDecember =Rostelecom2013}}</ref> CEOIn SaysFebruary 2014 Rostelecom and Tele2 Russiasigned Deala Willframework Createagreement Valueon |the workintegration of mobile assets to the authorized capital of the joint venture "T2 Rus Holding". At the first stage of integration, Rostelecom passed seven cellular subsidiaries it owns: "Sky Link", "Nizhny Novgorod Cellular Communications", "Baikalwestcom", " Volgograd GSM" Yenisei Telecom" and ICCO.<ref>{{Cite web |date=[[Bloomberg]]7 February 2014 |title="Ростелеком" accessdateи "Tele2" расписались |url=http://www.comnews.ru/node/80388 14|access-date=7 DecemberFebruary 20132014 |website=comnews.ru}}</ref>
 
'''Network [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Backbone-network-of-the-Russian-JSC-Rostelecom-8_fig4_331666855 infrastructure]'''
===Satellite network===
Using the services of the Russian Orbital Group, Rostelecom has built its satellite system for its Eastern region, comprising 11 land stations in [[Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]]. [[satellite|Satellite service]] for the Western region is being built at this time.
 
* Backbone network
===Retail===
* Regional backhaul network
In early 2014 the company owned about 2,500 outlets across Russia. As part of the company strategy, sales services will gradually move from retail stores in the Internet and remote channels. In 2012 the company stetted up a new daughter company, Rostelecom - Retail Systems ({{lang-ru|Ростелеком - Розничные системы}}).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.comnews.ru/node/79589| title ="Ростелеком" уводит продавцов в Интернет| work =comnews.ru| accessdate = 3 December 2013}}</ref>
* International networks
* Access networks (FTTB, GPON)
 
==Cloud servicesControversy==
In April 2017, Rostelecom (AS12389) originated 50 prefixes for numerous other [[autonomous system (Internet)|autonomous systems]] (AS). This caused Internet traffic normally destined for these organizations to instead be routed to Rostelecom. The [[BGP hijacking|hijacked]] prefixes belonged to financial institutions (most notably MasterCard and Visa), other telecom companies, and a variety of other organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BGPstream and The Curious Case of AS12389 {{!}} BGPmon |url=https://bgpmon.net/bgpstream-and-the-curious-case-of-as12389/ |access-date=2017-10-17 |website=bgpmon.net |language=en}}</ref> What makes the list of affected networks 'curious' is the high number of financial institutions such as: MasterCard, Visa, Fortis, [[Alfa-Bank]], and more. The other notable characteristic of this event is that the advertisement included several more prefixes that were more specifically defined than the prefixes normally announced, which makes it less likely that these were unintentionally leaked.
In 2011 Rostelecom was appointed by the Russian government to implement important parts of the federal program Information Society 2011–2020, including cloud computing in simpler terms. Among seventeen different points, Rostelecom will also develop a unified government services portal, a unified "space of trust for electronic signature", an infrastructure for a universal electronic card, a unified system of classifications and directories for the federal and local governments, as well as new IT solutions for state purchasing.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.ewdn.com/2011/03/25/rostelecom-to-implement-16-m-cloud-computing-state-program/| title =Rostelecom to implement e-signature, e-government and cloud-computing state programs| work =East West Digital News| accessdate = 21 December 2013}}</ref>
 
In 2017, state-owned Rostelecom was selected to run a Russian national biometric database,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Russia Plans National Biometric Database Starting Next Year | website=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=26 December 2017 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-26/russia-plans-national-biometric-database-starting-next-year?leadSource=uverify%20wall}}</ref> with Russian legislators adopting a law to oblige banks and state agencies to enter their customers' biometric information, including facial images and voice samples, into the database.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-23 |title=The Russian Government's Advance on Biometric Data {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/07/23/russian-governments-advance-biometric-data |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en}}</ref>
On March 2012 has launched the construction of a mega data center, located on the premises of the Serp i Molot factory in Moscow. The server rooms will occupy some 10 thousand square meters which twice as much as Sberbank’s existing mega data center in the capital. The data center began operating in 2013 runs the national cloud computing platform ordered by the Russian government. On May 2012 the company has completed phase one of the project, the national cloud computing platform to be fully put together by 2015 as part of the federal Information Society program. The platform, launched in beta version in March of that year under the o7.com domain name, offers cloud-based software, infrastructure and development platform services ([[SaaS]], [[IaaS]] and [[PaaS]], respectively).
 
==Karta SvyaziSee also ==
* [[List of telecommunications regulatory bodies]]
Karta Svyazi is a user-friendly prepaid long-distance telephone card service designed to provide telephony and access to the internet for people on the go.
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references />
 
==External links==
{{commons category-inline|}}
*[http://www.rostelecom.ru/en/ Rostelecom - Russian language and English language]
{{Deutsche Telekom}}{{CATV}}
*[http://eng.svyazinvest.ru/ Svyazinvest - Russian language and English language]
 
{{Moscow Exchange Index}}
{{MSCI Russia}}
{{Russian mobile phone companies}}
{{CATV}}
 
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Companies listed on the Pink Sheets]]
 
[[Category:Rostelecom| ]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of Russia]]
[[Category:Internet service providers of Russia]]
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of Russia]]
[[Category:Digital television]]
[[Category:Streaming television]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Russia]]
[[Category:Companies based in Moscow]]
[[Category:CompaniesTelecommunications companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Moscow Exchange]]
[[Category:DigitalCompanies televisionin the MOEX]]
[[Category:SvyazinvestRussian brands]]
[[Category:Russian entities subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of Russia]]
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