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{{short description|Ancient Roman town}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox ancient site
|name=Stabiae
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}}
[[File:Mt Vesuvius 79 AD eruption.svg|350px|right|thumb|Stabiae and other cities affected by the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]]. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder. Modern coast lines are shown.]]
{{commons category}}▼
'''Stabiae''' ({{IPA-la|ˈstabɪ.ae̯|lang}}) was an ancient city situated near the modern town of [[Castellammare di Stabia]] and approximately 4.5 km southwest of [[Pompeii]]. Like Pompeii, and being only {{cvt|16|km|mi}} from [[Mount Vesuvius]],
Stabiae is most famous for the Roman villas found near the ancient city which are regarded as some of the most stunning architectural and artistic remains from any Roman villas.<ref>Stabiae: Master Plan 2006, the Archaeological Superintendancy of Pompeii, School of Architecture of the University of Maryland, The Committee of Stabiae Reborn</ref> They are the largest concentration of excellently preserved, enormous, elite seaside villas
Many of the objects and frescoes taken from these villas are now in the [[National Archaeological Museum of Naples]].
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[[File:Antica porta di Stabiae.jpg|thumb|250px|City gate of Stabiae]]
The settlement at Stabiae arose from as early as the 7th century BC due to the favourable climate and its strategic and commercial significance as evocatively documented by materials found in the vast [[necropolis]] discovered in 1957 on via Madonna delle Grazie, situated between [[Gragnano]] and [[Santa Maria la Carità]]. The necropolis of over 300 tombs containing imported pottery of Corinthian, Etruscan, [[Chalcidians|Chalcidian]] and [[Attica|Attic]] origin clearly shows that the town had major commercial contacts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pompeiisites.org/Sezione.jsp?titolo=%E2%80%9CIn+Search+of+Stabiae%E2%80%9D&idSezione=7766 |title=Homepage
Stabiae had a small [[port]] which by the 6th century BC had already been overshadowed by the much larger port at [[Pompeii]]. It later became an [[Oscan]] settlement<ref name="Senatore" /> and it appears that the [[Samnites]] later took over the Oscan town in the 5th century.<ref>
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The earliest Roman evidence is coins from Rome and [[Ebusus]] found in the sanctuary of Privati dating back to the 3rd century BC probably brought in by merchants.<ref>Giovanna Bonifacio, Anna Maria Sodo and Gina Carla Ascione, In Stabiano – Culture and Archeology from Stabiae , Castellammare di Stabia, Longobardi Editore, 2006, {{ISBN|88-8090-126-5}}. p.16</ref> During the [[Punic Wars]] Stabiae supported Rome against the [[Carthaginians]] with young men in the fleet of [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus]], according to [[Silius Italicus]] who wrote:
:''Irrumpit Cumana ratis, quam Corbulo ducato lectaque complebat Stabiarum litore pubes.''
The location of the early city of Stabiae is still to be identified but it was most probably a fortified town of some importance owing to the fact that when conflict with the Romans reached a head during the [[Social War (91–88 BC)]], the Roman general [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]] did not simply occupy the town on 30 April 89 BC but destroyed it. Its location is said to be delimited by the Scanzano gorge and the San Marco stream which partly eroded its walls.
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{{cite book |title=Stabiae: Dalla preistoria alla guerra greco-gotica |publisher=Edizioni Spano |year=2003 |author=Felice Senatore |isbn=88-88226-15-X}}</ref>
In 1759 [[Karl Weber (archaeologist)|Karl Weber]] identified and described part of the city near the Villa San Marco which extended over about 45000
In the plain around
Stabiae established itself as a luxury residential centre, so much so that Cicero wrote in a letter to his friend [[Marcus Marius Gratidianus]]:
:"For I doubt not that in that study of yours, from which you have opened a window into the Stabian waters of the bay, and obtained a view of [[Miseno|Misenum]], you have spent the morning hours of those days in light reading"<ref>Cicero, Letter XIX: ad familiares 7.1</ref>
The phenomenon of the construction of the luxury villas along the entire coast of the Gulf of Naples in this period was such that [[Strabo]] also wrote:
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====The Eruption of 79 AD====
{{main|Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD}}
In 62 AD the city was hit by a violent earthquake that affected the whole region,
▲</ref> written by [[Pliny the Younger|his nephew]], Pliny the Elder was at the other side of the bay in [[Misenum]] when the eruption of 79 AD started. He sailed by [[galley]] across the bay, partly to observe the eruption more closely, and partly to rescue people from the coast near the volcano.
Pliny died at Stabiae the following day
{{cite book |author1=Francis, Peter |author2=Oppenheimer, Clive| name-list-style=amp | year=2004 |title=Volcanoes |location = Oxford, England | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0199254699}}{{page needed | date = January 2024}}</ref>{{full | date = January 2024}}{{verification needed | date = January 2024}} The very diluted outer edge of this surge reached Stabiae and left two centimetres of fine ash on top of the immensely thick aerially-deposited ''[[tephra]]'' which further protected the underlying remains.{{cn | date = January 2024}}{{verification needed | date = January 2024}}
====Post-eruption====
[[File:Museo diocasano sorrentino-stabiese 001.JPG|thumb|Milestone found on the cathedral site, 121 AD]]
After the [[Crisis of the Third Century]] the city decreased in importance. Between the third and fourth centuries, as demonstrated by the discovery of a [[sarcophagus]] were the first traces of a Christian community.<ref name="positanonews.it">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-25 |title=Castellammare di Stabia. Torneranno sottoterra i reperti archeologici emersi in Piazza Unità d'Italia durante gli scavi per il parcheggio |url=https://www.positanonews.it/2019/09/castellammare-stabia-torneranno-sottoterra-reperti-archeologici-emersi-piazza-unita-ditalia-gli-scavi-parcheggio/3332378/ |access-date=2020-09-18 |website=Positanonews |language=it}}</ref> The fifth century saw the formation of the diocese with the first bishops Orso and Catello. In the 5th century it was known as a centre of the [[Benedictine order|Benedictine Order]].
==Archaeology==
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The archaeological remains at Stabiae were originally discovered in 1749 by Cavaliere [[Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre]], an engineer working for king [[Charles III of Spain|Charles VII of Naples]].<ref name="Parslow">
{{cite book |title=Rediscovering Antiquity: Karl Weber and the Excavation of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabiae |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |author=Parslow, Christopher Charles |isbn=0-521-47150-8}}
</ref> These ruins were partially excavated by Alcubierre with help from [[Karl Weber (archaeologist)|Karl Weber]] between
A second excavation campaign until 1782 was assisted by the architect [[Pietro la Vega|Franceso La Vega]] after Weber's death. He diligently collected all the preceding material to reconstruct the history of the excavations. He introduced new concepts for the first time about context, emphasising direct observation of ancient buildings in their landscape or in their historical and archaeological complex. In seven years at Stabiae La Vega resumed excavations in some villas built on the plateau of Varanium<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opening Archaeological Museum of Castellammare di Stabia Libero
In 1950<ref name="restoring"/> when [[Libero D'Orsi]],
The site was declared an archaeological protected area in 1957.
Sporadically, numerous remains of villas and necropolises were found; as when Villa Carmiano (now in commune of Gragnano) was excavated in 1963 then reburied; in 1967 part of the "Second Complex" and the Villa del Pastore resurfaced and reburied in 1970;<ref>Giovanna Bonifacio e Anna Maria Sodo, Stabia: storia e architettura: 250º anniversario degli scavi di Stabiae 1749-1999, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2004, {{ISBN|978-88-826-5201-2}}. p 31</ref> in 1974 a villa belonging to the ''ager stabianus'' was discovered located in the current municipality of Sant'Antonio Abate but whose excavation has not yet been completed.<ref>Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompei, Ercolano, Stabia, Roma, Editori Laterza, 1982. p. 331</ref> In addition other villas, especially rural ones, were discovered throughout the ''ager stabianus'', especially between Santa Maria la Carità and Gragnano and all were reburied.
In 1980 the violent [[1980 Irpinia earthquake|earthquake of Irpinia]] caused huge damage to the villas and destroyed part of the colonnade of the upper peristyle of Villa San Marco.<ref>Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompei, Ercolano, Stabia, Roma, Editori Laterza, 1982. p. 326</ref> It caused the closure of the excavations to the public. Nevertheless, in 1981 part of the courtyard of Villa Arianna was found, inside which were two agricultural wagons, one of which was restored and put on view to the public. In the rest of the eighties and nineties, only maintenance and restoration works were carried out, except for a few important events, such as the discovery of substructures at Villa Arianna in 1994 and the ''[[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]]'' in 1997.<ref>Giovanna Bonifacio e Anna Maria Sodo, Stabia: storia e architettura: 250º anniversario degli scavi di Stabiae 1749-1999, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2004, {{ISBN|978-88-826-5201-2}}. p. 30</ref> The archaeological site was reopened to the public in 1995.
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The year 2006 was eventful: following clearance on the Varano hill, rooms belonging to the [[Villa of Anteros and Heracles]], already discovered by the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] in 1749, but reburied and lost, were brought to light. In July the RAS revealed the upper peristyle of Villa San Marco and in its south-east corner Stabiae's first human skeleton was also found, probably a fugitive who fell victim to falling debris.<ref>Archemail 2006: The Peristyle of Villa San Marco in Stabiae (NA), The chronicle and photos of the discovery https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=it&sp=nmt4&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019153951/http://www.archemail.it/stabia1.htm&usg=ALkJrhht3E3d9Oh-fByku8_GrbJ_sk1_Bw</ref>
In 2008 Villa San Marco and Villa Arianna were re-explored and in the former three ''[[cubicula]]'' were discovered behind the peristyle and two [[
In 2009 new excavations brought to light a Roman road running along the northern [[perimeter]] of Villa San Marco. It is a paved road that connected the town of Stabiae with the seashore below: across this artery is a gate to the city and along the walls are a [[myriad]] of graffiti and small drawings in charcoal. On the other side of the road, a baths area of a new villa was discovered, partly explored in the Bourbon era. A Roman road also led to the entrance of a ''[[domus]]'' belonging to the "''Ager stabianus''". In May 2010 a villa dating to the first century was discovered during the work to double the railway track of the Torre Annunziata-Sorrento line of the [[Circumvesuviana]], between the stations of Ponte Persica and Pioppaino.
From
In 2019 excavations in the Piazza Unità d'Italia unearthed an Augustan or Julio-Claudian building and a 4th-century building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Castellammare di Stabia, la sua vita dopo l'eruzione |url=http://www.turismo.it/il-luogo-del-giorno/articolo/art/castellammare-di-stabia-la-sua-vita-dopo-leruzione-id-19853/ |access-date=2020-09-18 |website=
==Villas==
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[[File:Nymphaeum villa San Marco.jpg|thumb|250px|Nymphaeum in the peristyle]]
One of the largest villas ever discovered in [[Campania]], it measured more than 11,000
This villa derived its name from a nearby chapel that existed in the 18th century, was the first to be explored in the excavations in [[Charles III of Spain|Bourbon]] times between 1749 and 1754.<ref>M. Ruggiero: ''Degli Scavi di Stabiae dal 1749 al 1782'', 1881</ref> The villa was re-buried after the removal of its furnishings and of the better-preserved frescoes. Excavations were resumed in 1950 by Libero d’Orsi and O. Elia of the Archaeological Superintendency.<ref>Pompeiisites.org</ref>
The villa was built at least in part on a 6th c. BC platform that may have levelled the ground on the hill.<ref>Taco T. Terpstra. The 2011 Field Season at the Villa San Marco, Stabiae: Preliminary Report on the Excavations, The Journal of Fasti Online ({{ISSN|1828-3179}})</ref> Construction started at the latest in [[Augustus]]' reign and was significantly enlarged with the garden and swimming pool under [[Claudius]].<ref>Giovanna Bonifacio; Anna Maria Sodo, Gina Carla Ascione, In Stabiano
It has an entrance [[Atrium (architecture)|''atrium'']] (44) containing a pool, a ''[[oecus]] [[triclinium|triclinaris]]'' (banqueting hall) (16) with views of the bay, and several colonnaded courtyards. There are also many other small rooms, a kitchen and two internal gardens. This villa is also important because it has provided frescoes, sculptures,
The great peristyle (9) is surrounded by a long porch with a central pool (15) of 36×7 m which at the end has a
The villa has an even larger second peristyle on the southern side, partially excavated, approximately 140m long, with arcades supported by spiral columns which collapsed during the [[1980 Irpinia earthquake]]: the ceilings are painted with scenes depicting [[Melpomene]], the Apotheosis of [[Athena]] etc.. In this peristyle was a [[sundial]] found during the excavation in a deposit as the villa at the time of the eruption was under renovation; the sundial was subsequently placed in its original position.
The baths of the villa are of considerable size on a triangular plot. The remains of the frescoes show they were finely decorated with depictions of large pendulous branches. Access to the baths is via an [[Atrium (architecture)|''atrium'']], painted with wrestlers and boxers, followed by ''[[apodyterium]], [[tepidarium]], [[frigidarium]], [[palaestra]]'' and ''[[caldarium]]'': the pool in the ''caldarium'', accessible by stone steps, is 7x5m and 1.5m deep. In excavations in the pool, part of the bottom was removed exposing a large brick furnace heating a large bronze boiler which was removed in 1798 by Lord Hamilton to be transported to London, but during the trip the Colossus was shipwrecked. The ''caldarium'' was covered with marble slabs. From the baths there are a number of ramps connecting the villa with the shore.
====Art from Villa San Marco====
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">▼
File:
File:
File:Stabiae Villa Di San Marco Affresco Albero.jpg|Fresco of a tree
File:Perseus Medusa villa san Marco Stabiae Italy.jpg|[[Perseus]] with head of [[Medusa]]
File:Skyphoi in ossidiana con incastonature, da villa s. marco a castellammare, I sec dc. 03.JPG▼
File:Planisfero 1.jpg|Fresco detail of a [[planisphere]] (Antiquarium)
▲File:Skyphoi in ossidiana con incastonature, da villa s. marco a castellammare, I sec dc. 03.JPG|[[Skyphos]] in obsidian with incastonatura (Naples Museum)
</gallery>
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[[File:Villa Arianna 13.JPG|thumb|250px|Peristyle]]
Named for the [[fresco]] depicting [[Dionysus]] saving [[Ariadne]] from the island of Dia (a mythological name for [[Naxos]]), this villa is particularly famous for its frescoes, many of which depict light, winged figures. Notably some of the most exquisite and famous Roman frescoes were found in bedrooms 23 to 26 on Weber's plan, the latter room having an especially fine decor with 18 outstanding frescoes.<ref>Antiquity Recovered: The Legacy of Pompeii and Herculaneum, editor Victoria C. Coates Gardner, J. Paul Getty Museum, 2007 {{ISBN|0892368721}}</ref>
It is the oldest ''[[Otium|villa d'otium]]'' (a leisure villa) in Stabiae, dating back to the 2nd century BC.<ref>Antonio Ferrara, Castellammare di Stabia
Another feature is its private tunnel system that links the villa from its location on the ridge to the sea shore, which was probably only between 100 and 200 metres away from the bottom of the hill in Roman times. The shoreline has since changed, leaving the site further inland than it was in antiquity.<ref>Howe, Thomas N. [https://actual-art.spbu.ru/en/publications/archive/vol-8/museum-collection-space-work-of-art/10654.html A Most Fragile Art Object: Interpreting and Presenting the Strolling Garden of the Villa Arianna, Stabiae.] In: Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 8. Ed. S. V. Mal’tseva, E. Iu. Staniukovich-Denisova, A. V. Zakharova. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Univ. Press, 2018, pp. 691–700{{ISSN|2312-2129}}.</ref>
It was first excavated between 1757 and 1762<ref>Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia, Rome, Editori Laterza, 1982. p. 315</ref> when the villa was called the "
====Layout====
It has a complex plan, the result of several expansions of the building and was conveniently divided into four sections: the [[Atrium (architecture)|''atrium'']], the [[thermal baths]], the ''[[triclinium]]'' and the [[peristyle]].
The "Tuscan" ''atrium'', dating back to the late Republican age, is paved with white-black mosaic and has wall frescoes, often female figures and [[
[[File:Mappa Villa Arianna.jpg|thumb|left|450px|Map of Villa Arianna and the ''Second Complex'' on the left]]
In the other rooms the most important frescoes of all of Stabiae were found, all removed in the Bourbon era and preserved in the National Archaeology Museum of Naples. They include the [[Flora]] or ''Primavera'' found in 1759; it has a size of only 38x22 cm and dates to the first century BC: the fresco represents the Greek [[Flora (mythology)|nymph Flora]], understood by the Romans as the goddess of Spring, turning round in the act of collecting a flower, an allegory of purity, all on a pale-green background; Flora is certainly the best known work of Stabiae, so much so that it has become its symbol, not only in Italy, but also abroad.
Another work of great importance is the "Seller of cupids", found in 1759, also dating to the first century BC, which represents a woman in the act of selling a [[cupid]] to a girl: this fresco was already famous across Europe in the 18th century, influencing [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical]] taste and was copied on porcelain, prints, lithographs and paintings.
The ''triclinium'' directly overlooks the edge of the hill and dates from [[Nero]]'s reign. On the centre of the rear wall is the fresco found in 1950 of the myth of [[Ariadne]], abandoned by [[Theseus]] on the island of [[Naxos]] in the arms of [[Hypnos|Hypno]] escorted by [[Dionysus]] (represented with hawk eyes).
The bath area is smaller than the other villas in Stabiae, nevertheless there is an [[
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="
File:Fresco showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses (or undresses) her hair, from the Villa of Arianna at Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia), Naples National Archaeological Museum (17392924485).jpg|Fresco showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses (or undresses) her hair, from the Villa of Arianna at Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia), [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]]
File:Leda 1.jpg|[[Leda and the Swan|Leda and the swan]]
File:Fresco depicting a seated woman, from the Villa Arianna at Stabiae, Naples National Archaeological Museum (17393152265).jpg|Fresco depicting a seated woman, from the Villa Arianna at Stabiae, [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]]
File:Villa Arianna (Stabia) WLM 099.JPG|[[Ariadne]] on [[Naxos]], ''triclinium'', Villa Ariana
File:Nereide-su-cavallo-marino.JPG|[[Nereids|Nereid]] on sea-horse
File:Nereide-su-pantera.JPG|Nereid on sea-panther
File:Uccello, affresco Romano di Villa d'Arianna, Stabiae (Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli) - 02.jpg|Duck, Roman fresco from Villa Arianna, Naples Museum
File:Venditrice di amorini 1.jpg|Cupid seller
File:Carro (Villa Arianna) 5.JPG|Roman cart
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[[File:Secondo Complesso (Stabia) WLM 003.JPG|thumb|Portico, Second Complex]]
[[File:Secondo Complesso (Stabia) WLM 030.JPG|thumb|]]
The so-called Second Complex is a ''villa otium'' located on the edge of the Varano hill between the Villa del Pastore and Villa Arianna and separated by a narrow alley from the latter which because of its proximity is often confused as the same villa. The site was explored for the first time in 1762 by [[Karl Weber (archaeologist)|Karl Weber]], in 1775 by Peter la Vega and finally in 1967 by Libero D'Orsi: only about 1000 sq. m has been brought to light.▼
▲The so-called Second Complex is a ''villa otium'' located on the edge of the Varano hill between the Villa del Pastore and Villa Arianna and separated by a narrow alley from the latter which because of its proximity is often confused as the same villa. The site was explored for the first time in 1762 by [[Karl Weber (archaeologist)|Karl Weber]], in 1775 by
The villa consists of two areas, the oldest around the peristyle which was built around the first century BC and the later part, probably widening or merging of an existing structure, dating back to the imperial age. The peristyle has a [[portico]] on three sides and different areas including an [[oecus]] (lost following a landslide), and several scenic areas that looked out on the sea. On the west side there is a square fish pond with lead pipes and water spouts. The south side is a pseudo-portico adorned with columns resting on a wall, behind which lies the baths that includes a [[caldarium]] with a bathtub, a [[tepidarium]] also with tub and garden and a [[laconicum]] with domed roof and a kitchen. On the north side next to Ariana Villa are a [[triclinium]], a [[cubiculum]].▼
▲The villa consists of two areas, the oldest around the peristyle which was built around the first century BC and the later part, probably widening or merging of an existing structure, dating back to the imperial age. The peristyle has a [[portico]] on three sides and different areas including an ''[[oecus]]'' (lost following a landslide), and several scenic areas that looked out on the sea. On the west side there is a square fish pond with lead pipes and water spouts. The south side is a
Most of the villa's objects were taken away by the Bourbons, as well as part of the black and white geometric [[tessellated]] pavement; however the black walls in the ''[[Pompeian Styles|third style]]'' are well preserved.
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="
File:Secondo complesso 22.JPG|Second Complex
File:Villa Arianna - Affresco.jpg|Fresco, Villa Arianna
File:Secondo Complesso (Stabia) WLM 029.JPG|Fragments from Second Complex
</gallery>
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[[File:Villa del Pastore Pastore.jpg|thumb|150px|Shepherd from the Villa del Pastore]]
"Villa of the Shepherd" in English, this villa gets its name from a small statue of a shepherd that was discovered at this site. The villa, at 19,000
The villa stands on the edge of the plateau Varano with a panoramic view, a short distance from Villa Arianna. It was explored three times: its discovery dates back to 1754 to 1759 when Karl Weber brought to light a large garden; the second campaign under
The Villa del Pastore dates from between the eighth century BC and 79 AD. It is divided into two parts: a large outdoor area and a series of residential rooms. The garden area is bordered to the south by the semicircular wall, while on the north is a 140m long ''[[cryptoporticus]]'' which runs parallel to a colonnade on a slightly lower level. At the centre of the garden is a swimming pool (''[[natatio]]'') with marble staircase. In the centre of the semicircular [[Alcove (architecture)|alcove]] was found the statue that gives the villa its name, of marble, 65 cm tall in [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] style and is an old shepherd dressed in hides, carrying on his shoulders a kid, with a basket with grapes and bread on his left hand while in the right hand is a hare. Also in the garden to the south west is a porch 10x2m portico paved with black and white mosaic. Also a small square [[nympheum|''nymphaeum'']] was found in the centre of which was placed a marble [[Labrum (architecture)|''labrum'']].
The second part of the villa has fifteen rooms around a central courtyard, on the north side of which lies the baths area in which is located an ''[[apodyterium]]'', a steam bath, a kitchen and a [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]].
The villa is spread over three levels as revealed by recent landslides, including a number of substructures which had the dual function of containment of the hill and as the villa's support base; like the other villas nearby, it was directly connected to the sea by a series of ramps sloping toward the beach.
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[[File:Villa Faun.jpg|thumb|300px|Plan of Villa del Fauno]]
This (also called Villa del Fauno or Villa Chapel San Marco) is a ''villa otium'' situated on the border between Castellammare di Stabia and Gragnano, a few metres from Villa San Marco and on the Varano plateau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villa of Anteros and Hercules
The site was lost until 2006 when a group of volunteers clearing the Varano ridge witnessed a landslide which brought to light various structures, including a doorway and the hinge of a door. After the initial enthusiasm and initiatives to recover the remains, lack of funds has led to villa becoming overgrown again.
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Most of what is known of the villa derives from the descriptions of the Bourbons.
In the southwest corner of a small peristyle were the remains of a ''[[lararium]]'', in the niche of which was of a young Julio-Claudian woman, perhaps [[Livia]] or [[Antonia Minor]], with curly hair adorned with a brooch, now in the [[Naples Museum|Naples museum]] (inv. 6193).
Next to it an [[altar]] was found and on the wall above a plaque about 1.5m wide in red letters and from the [[Augustus|Augustan]] or [[Tiberius|Tiberian]] era that read:<ref>PAOLA MINIERO: Ville scavate nel Settecento nel territorio di Stabiae, Città vesuviane: antichità e fortuna: il suburbio e l'agro di Pompei, Ercolano, Oplontis e Stabiae, Roma: Treccani editrice, 2015</ref>
:''ANTEROS L HERACLIO SUMMAR MAG LARIB ET FAMIL D D''
It reports the dedication of a gift, perhaps the altar itself, to the ''[[Lares]]'' and the ''Familia''
by the [[freedman]] Anteros and the servant Heracleus, an employee of the administration of finance, both
''[[Roman magistrate|magistratus]]'', officials of the cult.
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The villa<ref>Thesis: The rustic villa in Petraro nell'Ager stabianus, Andrea Paduano, 2015, University of Salerno</ref> is located on Via Cupa S. Marco, Petraro, on the border with Santa Maria la Carità. The villa was on the Sarno plain, a wooded area close to the Roman paved road between Stabia and Nuceria.
It was discovered in 1957 during industrial ''[[lapilli]]'' extraction and its exploration continued until 1958, followed by Libero D'Orsi, when after stripping it of frescoes and the best artworks it was reburied.<ref name="sites.google.com">{{Cite web |title=Villa Petraro
It comprised an estate with a working farm dating from before AD 14.<ref>A. Pesce, ed., In Stabiano (Castellammare di Stabia: Longobardi, 2005), 62</ref> When the eruption struck it was being renovated and being converted to a ''villa otium'', as evidenced by heaps of building decoration materials, probably because of its situation overlooking the sea. Among the finds were blown-glass bottles, terracotta jugs and an oil press.
It had a large courtyard with ''[[cryptoporticus]]'' and oven and well. The rooms branch off from the central area: there are workspaces, ''triclinia'', ''cubicula'' and six ''[[ergastula]]'', or cells for slaves.
Following the renovation, the eastern part of the villa was equipped with a spa composed of a ''calidarium'' with a [[Barrel vault|barrel-vaulted]] roof, a ''frigidarium'' in which new pools were under construction, a ''tepidarium'' equipped with clay pipes for heating the room, a furnace and an ''[[apodyterium]]'', the changing room.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villa Petraro (Stabiae
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
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===Villa Carmiano (Villa A)===
The villa was one of two nearby in Carmiano, Gragnano, excavated by Libero D'Orsi from 1963 but re-buried in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/stabiae/villa-carmiano |title=Villa Carmiano
It is a rustic villa of the ''ager stabianus'' located just under a kilometre from the plateau of Varano. It has an area of 400
The entrance includes a dog's
A seal with the letters ''MAR . A . S'' found during excavations may record the first name of the patron MAR, followed by the initial of the ''[[gens]]'' (family) A and then the word S(ervi).
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File:Trionfo di Dioniso 1.jpg|Triumph of
File:Villa Carmiano triclinio 2.jpg|[[Bacchus]] and [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]], from the ''[[triclinium]]'', Villa Carmiano
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This is a ''villa rustica'' in Casa Salese in the upper part of [[Sant'Antonio Abate]] and was in the extreme limit of the ''ager stabianus'' on the border with Pompeii and Nuceria. It was discovered in 1974 and provided important information on Roman life: having never been excavated before, not even by the Bourbons, it contained a great variety of objects.<ref>Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos, Pompei, Ercolano, Stabia , Roma, Editori Laterza, 1982. p 331</ref> It is thought that only one wing of the villa was brought to light. In 2009, a restoration and recovery project was approved for €40,000.
The villa dates from the [[Augustus]]-[[Tiberius]] era and is probably built around a square courtyard. The area found is a large room near the [[perimeter]] wall with a small farmyard enclosed by lower walls and three square-base columns as part of a portico in the entrance to the villa, decorated with images of animals, plants and masks.
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[[File:Villa Medici.jpg|thumb|250px|Plan of Villa Medici]]
Named after its locality, it was explored by la Vega in 1781–2. The villa has a rectangular plan with a courtyard in the centre with six columns frescoed in red, a ''[[dolium]]'', a well and a basin with a canal that served as a drinking trough for animals. From the courtyard there are a series of rooms such as the kitchen with oven, a latrine, an ''[[apotheca]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), APOTHE´CA |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=apotheca-cn&highlight=apotheca |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=
===Villa del Filosofo===
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[[File:Villa del Filosofo.jpg|thumb|250px|Plan of Villa del Filosofo]]
It was found in 1778 and owes its name to the discovery of a ring adorned with a carved [[cornelian]] depicting the bust of a philosopher. The villa had not been disturbed since the eruption in 79 and many portable objects were found including the ring and an ivory needle with Venus, agricultural tools, [[terracotta]] objects, [[candelabra]], bronze vases and the skeleton of a horse.<ref name="centroculturalegragnano.it">Giuseppe Di Massa, Il Territorio di Gragnano nell'antichità e l'ager stabianus (PDF), pp. 41 http://www.centroculturalegragnano.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Il-Territorio-di-Gragnano-nell%E2%80%99antichit%C3%A0-e-l%E2%80%99Ager-Stabianus.pdf</ref>
It is located near the Villa Casa dei Miri and the great villas of Stabiae.
The villa was built around a courtyard with a windowed ''[[cryptoporticus]]'' on the north and arcades on the south and east sides, while in the centre there is a ''[[tufa]]'' altar and a well for water collection. Around the courtyard are rooms for residential and farming use. There is a spa area paved with a white mosaic with a dolphin in black entwining a rudder, while the walls are frescoed with paintings of animals and masks and one of the most beautiful representing Venus.
===Villa Marchetti===
[[File:Villa Marchetti.png|thumb|250px|Plan of Villa Marchetti]]
The villa Marchetti located in Santa Maria La Carità was a very large villa, over 2000 sqm. where, in addition to the cultivation of grapes (wooden poles were found for the vineyard), horses and cattle were bred, cereals were grown, and the production cycle was completed with the mill and cooking in the ovens. Cheese was probably produced, as evidenced by a bronze boiler. Large lead pipes and [[hydraulic
===Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono===
[[File:Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono.jpg|thumb|Plan of Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono]]
The part of the villa shown in red was excavated in 1762 while the rest was done in 1781.<ref>Ruggiero M., 1881. Degli scavi di Stabia dal 1749 al 1782, Napoli, p. 347-8</ref> It was centred around a peristyle and an olive mill was found in the ''torcularium''.<ref>Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono https://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/VF/Villa_008%20Gragnano%20Carmiano%20masseria%20Buonodono.htm</ref> Several agricultural implements were found including [[Hoe (tool)|hoes]], a hammer and ''[[amphorae]]''.
===Villa Casa dei Miri===
[[File:Villa casa dei Miri.jpg|thumb|250px|Plan of Villa casa dei Miri]]
This is a ''villa rustica'' excavated in
The agricultural part includes a series of rooms mainly for the production of oil as evidenced by the discovery of two oil presses with a tank. There is also a farmyard in which an unusual terracotta pot was found, divided into various compartments used to fatten [[dormice]], one of the favourite foods of the Romans.<ref name="centroculturalegragnano.it"/>
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[[File:Ara di Pozzano.jpg|thumb|250px|Column from temple of Diana]]
The almost total absence of [[
The temple of Hercules was located on the rock of Rovigliano (''Petra Herculis''), a limestone islet about 200 metres from the coast. The name Rovigliano derives either from an ancient Roman family name, the ''[[gens]]'' Rubilia or from the ''consul'' Rubelio, owner of the rock, or from the Latin term ''robilia'' the [[leguminous plants]] which grew abundantly in the ''ager'' area. Few traces of the temple of Hercules survived but include a wall in ''[[opus reticulatum]]'', and a bronze statue representing Hercules which has since been lost.
The temple of Diana was located in the hamlet of Pozzano at the southern end of the ''ager stabianus'' on the hill near the basilica of the Madonna di Pozzano. In 1585 remnants were found in the church garden including
The temple of Athena was brought to light in 1984 in the Privati area, on the banks of the Rivo Calcarella, over an area of about 200 square metres. The temple dates from the [[Samnites|Samnite]] period, probably built around the 4th century BC and contained a large quantity of [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]]. Among the most important finds found in this temple is a [[relief]] of the head of Hercules, of Hellenistic inspiration, made between the fourth and third century BC.
The temple of Cybele was discovered in 1863, in Trivione, Gragnano, during widening of a road.
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==External links==
▲{{commons}}
* [http://www.stabiae.org/foundation/ Restoring Ancient Stabiae Foundation site]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/stabiae Stabiae
* [http://www.auav46.dsl.pipex.com/p125.htm Herculaneum/Pompeii/Stabiae Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216125711/http://www.auav46.dsl.pipex.com/p125.htm |date=16 December 2008 }}
* [http://www.webvisionitaly.com/category.php?id=77 Video Villa San Marco]
* [http://creadm.solent.ac.uk/custom/rwpainting/cover/index.html Romano-Campanian Wall-Painting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307134958/http://creadm.solent.ac.uk/custom/rwpainting/cover/index.html |date=7 March 2011 }}
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[[Category:Roman sites of Campania]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Italy]]
[[Category:Destroyed
[[Category:Former populated places in Italy]]
[[Category:National museums of Italy]]
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[[Category:Tourist attractions in Campania]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in the 1st century]]
[[Category:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD]]
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