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{{short description|English military officer and royal governor}}
{{about||the portrait painter|Samuel Addison Shute and Ruth Whittier Shute{{!}}Samuel Addison Shute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox
|name = Samuel Shute
|image = Portrait of Samuel Shute (by John James Bakker).jpg
|order = 5th
|office =
|term_start = October 5, 1716
|term_end = January 1, 1723
|predecessor = [[William Tailer]] {{small|(
|successor = [[William Dummer]] {{small|(
|office2 = [[List of colonial governors of New Hampshire|Governor of the Province of New Hampshire]]
|term_start2 = October 5, 1716
|term_end2 = January 1, 1723
|predecessor2 = [[George Vaughan (New Hampshire official)|George Vaughan]] {{small|(
|successor2 = [[John Wentworth (Lieutenant-Governor)|John Wentworth]] {{small|(
|birth_date = January 12, 1662
Line 20 ⟶ 23:
|death_date = {{death date and age|1742|4|15|1662|1|12}}
|death_place = England
|alma_mater = [[Leiden University]]
|spouse =
|profession =
|signature = SamuelShuteSig.png
}}
'''Samuel Shute''' (January 12, 1662 – April 15, 1742) was an [[Kingdom of England|English]] military officer and royal governor of the provinces of [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]] and [[Province of New Hampshire|New Hampshire]].
Although Shute was partly responsible for the breakdown in negotiations with the Wabanakis, he returned to England in early 1723 to procure resolutions to his ongoing disagreements with the Massachusetts assembly, leaving conduct of the war to Lieutenant Governor [[William Dummer]].
[[Thomas Hutchinson (governor)|Thomas Hutchinson]] (Massachusetts royal governor in the early 1770s), in his history of Massachusetts, described Shute's tenure as governor as the most contentious since the [[Antinomian Controversy]] of the 1630s.<ref>Hart, p. 2:133</ref>
==Early life==
[[File:Coat of Arms of Samuel Shute.svg|175px|thumb|left|Coat of Arms of Samuel Shute]]
Samuel Shute was born in [[London]], [[England]] on January 12, 1662.<ref name=ANB>Garraty et al., p. 909</ref><ref name=OldANB>Derby et al., p. 374</ref> He was the eldest of six children of Benjamin Shute, a [[London]] merchant. His mother, identified in sources as Elizabeth, Patience, or Mary, was the daughter of [[Joseph Caryl]], a [[Dissenters|dissenting]] Presbyterian clergyman.
[[Image:Battle of Blenheim - Joshua Ross jr.jpg|thumb|right|[[Battle of Blenheim]] by Joshua Ross, Jr., 1715]]
In the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] Shute served in the campaigns of the [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]] in the [[3rd Dragoon Guards]].<ref name=OldANB/><ref>Lediard, p. 269.</ref>
==Governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire==
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===New Hampshire===
Shute's administration of New Hampshire was not as troublesome as that of Massachusetts, but issues began early.
[[Image:Governor John Wentworth.GIF|thumb|upright|left|Lieutenant Governor [[John Wentworth (
One positive event connected with the administration of Governor Shute was the resettlement of a large number of Scotch emigrants from the north of [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]. In early 1718 Reverend William Boyd arrived from [[Ulster]] to petition for land on behalf of a number of [[Presbyterian]] families seeking to emigrate. Shute favorably received the emissary, and several ships with migrants arrived in August 1718. They eventually settled in New Hampshire, where they founded the town of [[Londonderry, New Hampshire|Londonderry]]. This was the beginning of a major wave of Scotch-Irish migration to both New Hampshire and Massachusetts.<ref>Nutt, p. 27</ref>
Shute also made other grants of townships in land that is part of the modern state of [[New Hampshire]].
===Disputes with Massachusetts assembly===
Shute engaged in a wide array of disputes with the Massachusetts General Court (the provincial assembly) concerning the royal prerogative and other issues.
[[Image:ElishaCookeJr.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Elisha Cooke
A major opponent representing the popular factions in the province was [[Elisha Cooke
Shute's disagreements with the assembly also extended to its ability to adjourn for short periods of time.
===Indian policy===
When the War of the Spanish Succession ended in 1713, its North American theater (where it was known as [[Queen Anne's War]]) came to an uneasy end. The [[Peace of Utrecht|Treaty of Utrecht]] that ended the war did not acknowledge any [[Indigenous
[[Image:Abenakis.jpg|thumb|left|An 18th-century depiction of the [[Abenaki people]]]]
In a meeting at [[Arrowsic, Maine]] in 1717 Shute and representatives of some of the Wabanakis attempted to reach some agreement concerning colonial encroachment on Native lands and the establishment of provincially operated trading posts.
Over the next several years settlers continued to encroach on Wabanaki lands east of the [[Kennebec River]], including the construction of [[Blockhouse|block house]] fortifications on the east side of the Kennebec River.
At a conference in 1720 the Wabanakis agreed to pay 400 fur pelts as restitution for property damage done in Maine, leaving four hostages as surety until the pelts were delivered.<ref>Bourque, p. 185</ref> Shute also protested the presence of the French [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] priest [[Sébastien Rale|Sebastian Rale]], who lived among the Kennebec in central Maine, demanding that he be removed. In July 1721 the Wabanakis delivered half the furs, demanded the return of their hostages, and refused to hand over Rale (who accompanied them to the meeting site). Massachusetts made no official response, and raids soon resumed.<ref>Bourque, p. 186</ref>
The Wabanakis then went to extraordinary lengths to produce a written document reasserting their sovereign claims to disputed areas, delineating the areas they claimed, and threatening violence if their territory was violated.<ref>Reid, p. 97</ref> Shute dismissed the letter as "insolent and menacing", and sent militia forces to Arrowsic.<ref>Belmessous, p. 119</ref><ref>Morrison, p. 184</ref> He also asserted, based on Rale's influence, that the Wabanaki claims were part of a French intrigue to further French claims to the disputed areas. Following up on this idea, he sent a militia expedition to capture Rale in January 1722. The force reached the Kennebec village at [[Norridgewock]] where Rale was based, but the priest escaped. The militia recovered a strongbox containing his papers (including communications with French authorities), which Shute used to reinforce the claims of French involvement.<ref name=Morrison185/> Shute reiterated British claims of sovereignty over the disputed areas in letters to the Lords of Trade and to Governor General [[Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil|Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil]] of New France. Vaudreuil in response pointed out that although France claimed sovereignty over the area, the Wabanakis maintained ownership, and suggested that Shute misunderstood the way in which ideas of European and Native American ownership interacted.<ref>Belmessous, pp. 120–124</ref>
The raid on Norridgewock and the fortification of the Maine coast brought a predictable response: the Wabanakis went to war, raiding British settlements on the Maine coast in 1722 and seizing shipping vessels off Nova Scotia.<ref name=Rawlyk129/> On July 25, 1722, Shute formally declared war on the Wabanakis,<ref name=Morrison185>Morrison, p. 185</ref> marking a formal start to the conflict often referred to as [[Dummer's War]], since Lieutenant Governor [[William Dummer]] would end up conducting the Massachusetts involvement in the war.<ref>Morrison, pp. 186–188</ref><ref>Belmessous, p. 124</ref>
===Decision to leave===
Under the leadership of Cooke and others of the "country party", the assembly investigated the province's expenditures.
==Later years and legacy==
[[Image:WilliamBurnetByJohnWatson.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Shute's successor, [[William Burnet (colonial administrator)|William Burnet]]]]
Upon his arrival in London, Shute presented his many issues to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]].
Shute, who never married, died in England on Apr. 10, 1743.<ref name=OldANB/><ref>Foote et al., p. 267</ref> [[Shutesbury, Massachusetts]] is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shutesbury.org/history|title=History of Shutesbury, MA|publisher=Town of Shutesbury|
==Notes==
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==References==
*{{cite book|last=Batinski|first=Michael|title=Jonathan Belcher, Colonial Governor|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=1996|location=Lexington, KY|isbn=978-0-8131-1946-5|oclc=243843478}}
*{{cite book|last=Barry|first=Joseph|title=History of Massachusetts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMISAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104
*{{cite book|last=Belmessous|first=Saliha|title=Native Claims: Indigenous Law Against Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-979485-0|oclc=703871436}}
*{{cite book|last=Bourque|first=Bruce|title=Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln, NE|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8032-1310-4|oclc=44860928|url=https://archive.org/details/twelvethousandye00bruc}}
*{{cite book|last=Bushman|first=Richard|title=King and People in Provincial Massachusetts|url=https://archive.org/details/kingpeopleinprov00bush|url-access=registration|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1985|location=Chapel Hill, NC|isbn=978-0-8078-4398-7|oclc=26690166}}
*{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Charles E|title=The Eastern Frontier: The Settlement of Northern New England 1610–1763|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|year=1970|oclc=582073285}}
*{{cite book|last=Derby|first=George|author2=White, James Terry |title=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography|publisher=J. T. White|year=1897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOE-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA374
*{{cite book|last=Foote|first=Henry Wilder|author2=Perkins, John Carroll |author3=Winslow, Warren |title=Annals of Kings Chapel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HMPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA267
*{{cite book|last=Fry|first=William Henry|title=New Hampshire as a Royal Province|publisher=Columbia University|year=1908|oclc=1981065|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THMUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA52
*{{cite book|last=Garraty|first=John Arthur |
*{{cite book|editor-last=Hart|editor-first=Albert Bushnell
*{{cite book|last=Kimball|first=Everett|title=The Public Life of Joseph Dudley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxIZAAAAYAAJ
*{{cite book|last=Lediard|first=Thomas|
*{{cite book|last=Malone|first=Joseph|title=Pine Trees and Politics|publisher=Arno Press|year=1979|
*{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=Kenneth|title=The Embattled Northeast: the Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations|publisher=University of California Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0-520-05126-3|oclc=10072696|url=https://archive.org/details/embattlednorthea00kenn}}
*{{cite book|last=Nutt|first=Charles|title=History of Worcester and its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnRKAAAAYAAJ
*{{cite book|last=Peckham|first=Howard|title=The Colonial Wars, 1689–1762|url=https://archive.org/details/colonialwars168900peck|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1964|oclc=1175484}}
*{{cite book|last=Rawlyk|first=George|title=Nova Scotia's Massachusetts|url=https://archive.org/details/novascotiasmassa0000rawl|url-access=registration|year=1973|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal|isbn=978-0-7735-0142-3|oclc=1371993}}
*{{cite book|last=Reid, John|author2=Basque, Maurice |author3=Mancke, Elizabeth |author4=Moody, Barry |author5=Plank, Geoffrey |author6= Wicken, William |title=The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions|year=2004|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-3755-8|oclc=249082697}}
*{{cite book|last=Schutz|first=John|title=Legislators of the Massachusetts General Court, 1691–1780 : a Biographical Dictionary|location=Boston|year=1997|publisher=Northeastern University Press|isbn=978-1-55553-304-5|oclc=247634081}}
*{{cite book|last=Shields|first=David|title=Oracles of Empire|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-226-75298-3|oclc=162347504|url=https://archive.org/details/oraclesofempirep0000shie}}
*{{cite book|title=The Congregational Magazine|chapter=Memorial of Lord Viscount Barrington|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_UDAAAAQAAJ
==External links==
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}}
{{succession box
|before=[[George Vaughan (New Hampshire official)|George Vaughan]] (acting)
|title=[[List of colonial governors of New Hampshire|Governor of the Province of New Hampshire]]
|years=October 5, 1716{{spaced ndash}}January 1, 1723
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[[Category:Colonial governors of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Colonial governors of New Hampshire]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession]]
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