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}}</ref> and argued their inhumane nature destroyed the settlers' spirit. First Lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] championed Steinbeck's book against his detractors, and helped bring about Congressional hearings on the conditions in migrant farmer camps that led to changes in
[[Upton Sinclair]]'s 1906 novel ''[[The Jungle]]'', based on the meatpacking industry in [[Chicago]], was first published in serial form in the [[socialist]] newspaper ''[[Appeal to Reason (newspaper)|Appeal to Reason]]'' from February 25, 1905 to November 4, 1905.<ref>[http://hnn.us/articles/27227.html "''The Jungle''"], History News Network</ref> Sinclair had spent about six months investigating the Chicago meatpacking industry for ''Appeal to Reason'', work which inspired his novel. Sinclair intended to "set forth the breaking of human hearts by a system which exploits the labor of men and women for profit".<ref>^ Sinclair, Upton. ''The Jungle'', Dover Thrift Editions, General Editor Paul Negri; Editor of ''The Jungle'', Joslyn T Pine. Note: pp. vii-viii</ref>
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