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In 1943, when the Italian government signed [[Armistice of Cassibile|an armistice]] with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], the region was occupied by [[Germany]], which reorganised it as the [[Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills]] and put it under the administration of [[Gauleiter]] [[Franz Hofer]]. The region was ''[[de facto]]'' annexed to the [[Nazi Germany|German Reich]] (with the addition of the [[province of Belluno]]) until the end of the war. This status ended along with the [[Nazi]] regime, and Italian rule was restored in 1945.
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[[File:1946-06-24 Big 4 Turns Down Austria on Tyrol-1.ogv|thumb|Austrians demonstrating in 1946 at a peace conference in favour of having the southern Tyrol region returned to Austria]]
After the war the Allies decided that the province would remain a part of Italy, under the condition that the German-speaking population be granted a significant level of self-government. Italy and Austria negotiated an agreement in 1946, recognizing the rights of the German minority. [[Alcide De Gasperi]], Italy's prime minister, a native of Trentino, wanted to extend the autonomy to his fellow citizens. This led to the creation of the region called ''Trentino-Alto Adige/Tiroler Etschland''. The [[
This, together with the arrival of new Italian-speaking immigrants, led to strong dissatisfaction among South Tyroleans, which culminated in terrorist acts perpetrated by the ''[[Befreiungsausschuss Südtirol]]'' (BAS – Liberation Committee of South Tyrol). In the first phase, only public edifices and fascist monuments were targeted. The second phase was bloodier, costing 21 lives (15 members of Italian security forces, two civilians, and four terrorists).
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