Snakes and Earrings: Difference between revisions

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As an elementary school student in Japan, Hitomi Kanehara lost interest in academic topics and began to skip school in order to socialize with friends. Her father Mizuhito Kanehara, a professor of sociology at [[Hosei University]], brought her along on a year-long research trip to [[San Francisco]], where she occasionally attended an American school. During her stay in the United States, with her father's permission, she began reading stories by [[Ryū Murakami]] and [[Amy Yamada]] that contained strong violent and sexual themes.<ref name=diva2018>{{cite book|title=Diva Nation: Female Icons from Japanese Cultural History|editor1-first=Laura|editor1-last=Miller|editor2-first=Rebecca|editor2-last=Copeland|chapter=The Unmaking of a Diva: Kanehara Hitomi's Comfortable Anonymity|first=David|last=Holloway|date=2018|pages=168–184|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=9780520969971}}</ref>{{rp|179–180}}
 
Kanehara returned to Japan and attended middle school, but became [[anorexic]] and engaged in [[self-harm]].<ref name=neustatter2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/may/30/japan.fiction|title=With a rebel yell|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Angela|last=Neustatter|date=May 29, 2005|access-date=February 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207234701/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/may/30/japan.fiction|archive-date=February 7, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Against the wishes of her mother Chieko, Kanehara dropped out of her first year of high school, left home, and began to write stories, including ''Snakes and Earrings'', that drew on her own experiences with cutting, suicidal thoughts, body modification, and living with different boyfriends.<ref name=diva2018 />{{rp|179–180}} She has described ''Snakes and Earrings'' as the story she "had to write".<ref name=neustatter2005 /> Her father continued to support her writing, arranged for her to participate in a fiction workshop for sophomores[[sophomore]]s at his university, and edited the ''Snakes and Earrings'' manuscript before it was submitted for the [[Akutagawa Prize]].<ref name=diva2018 />{{rp|180–181}}
 
== Plot summary ==
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''Snakes and Earrings'' won the 27th {{nihongo|''Subaru'' Literary Prize|すばる文学賞|Subaru Bungakushō}} for unpublished stories in 2003.<ref name=subaru>{{cite web|url=http://subaru.shueisha.co.jp/bungakusho/history/index.html|language=japanese|title=すばる文学賞|trans-title=Subaru Literary Prize|website=[[Shueisha]]|access-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731103735/http://subaru.shueisha.co.jp/bungakusho/history/index.html|archive-date=July 31, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The story was published for the first time in the November 2003 issue of the literary magazine ''Shōsetsu Subaru''.<ref name=jt2004>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/01/16/national/women-become-youngest-recipients-of-literary-award/|title=Women become youngest recipients of literary award|work=[[The Japan Times]]|date=January 16, 2004|access-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053449/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/01/16/national/women-become-youngest-recipients-of-literary-award/|archive-date=January 30, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In January 2004, ''Snakes and Earrings'' won the 130th [[Akutagawa Prize]].<ref name=jt2004 /> While ''Snakes and Earrings'' was the overall favorite of the Akutagawa Prize committee, the award was shared with [[Risa Wataya]] for her story ''Keritai Senaka'', making the 20-year old Kanehara and the 19-year old Wataya the youngest winners in the prize's history.<ref name=asahi2004>{{cite news|url=http://www.asahi.com/english/lifestyle/TKY200401240139.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040210212616/http://www.asahi.com/english/lifestyle/TKY200401240139.html|url-status=dead|title=FRESH AIR: Tales of outsiders give the inside track to latest winners of prestigious Akutagawa Prize|work=[[Asahi Shimbun]]|date=January 24, 2004|archive-date=February 10, 2004|access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref> Akutagawa Prize committee member Ryū Murakami particularly praised the "radical depiction of our time" in the winning works.<ref name=jt2013>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/12/28/books/book-reviews/snakes-and-earrings/|title=Snakes and Earrings|work=[[The Japan Times]]|first=Andrew|last=Lee|date=December 28, 2013|access-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110123/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/12/28/books/book-reviews/snakes-and-earrings/|archive-date=January 30, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 
Kanehara appeared at the Akutagawa Prize announcement ceremony wearing "an off-the-shoulder, cut jersey shirt with exposed bra straps, a flared mini skirt, stiletto heels, mid-thigh nylons, multiple earrings and grey-tinted contact lenses".<ref name=dinitto2011 />{{rp|453}} Press accounts of the event contrasted Kanehara's youthful, [[Japanese street fashion|street-style]] image with the image of the "demure and old-fashioned" Wataya.<ref name=masangkay2004>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantoday.com/e/?content=newsmaker&id=158|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040805224729/http://www.japantoday.com/e/?content=newsmaker&id=158|title=Young prize-winners taking Japanese literary scene by storm|work=Japan Today|first=May|last=Masangkay|date=March 8, 2004|archive-date=August 5, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Interviews and photos of the winning authors appeared not only in national newspapers, but also in Japanese editions of ''[[GQ]]'' and ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' as well as the adult-oriented magazine ''[[Weekly Playboy]]''.<ref name=dinitto2011 /> Kanehara's interviews often discussed troubles in her personal life, such as thoughts of suicide and self-harm, reinforcing the public perception of Kanehara as an authentic narrator of Japanese youth culture.<ref name=diva2018 />{{rp|169–170}}
 
The "unprecedented commercialization" of Kanehara's image raised questions about her novel's literary merits.<ref name=dinitto2011 />{{rp|458}} Critics claimed that ''Snakes and Earrings'' was chosen for its marketing value to younger audiences, and that its selection was evidence of declining literary standards, but much of the criticism focused on Kanehara rather than on the novel.<ref name=masangkay2004 /> In an English-language review of both Akutagawa Prize winning novels, Janet Ashby of ''[[The Japan Times]]'' criticized the "element of sexism" in the media hype over the two novelists, but also observed that both stories were "somewhat of a letdown", with ''Snakes and Earrings'' having a "particularly unsatisfactory ending".<ref name=jtashby2004>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2004/03/04/books/new-akutagawa-winners-offer-hope/|title=New Akutagawa winners offer hope|work=[[The Japan Times]]|last=Ashby|first=Janet|date=March 4, 2004|access-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108022203/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2004/03/04/books/new-akutagawa-winners-offer-hope/|archive-date=January 8, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
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=== English translation ===
[[File:Snakes and Earrings American first edition cover.jpg|thumb|150px|Cover of first American edition]]
Shortly after the Japanese book was published, [[Dutton (imprint)|Dutton]] acquired the English translation rights.<ref name=pwenglish>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20041101/32867-japanese-bestseller-for-dutton.html|title=Japanese Bestseller for Dutton|magazine=[[Publishers Weekly]]|first=John F.|last=Baker|volume=251|issue=44|date=November 1, 2004|page=12|access-date=December 17, 2023}}</ref> In 2005 an English version of ''Snakes and Earrings'', translated by David Karashima, was published by [[Dutton (imprint)|Dutton]] in the United States and [[Vintage Books]] in the United Kingdom.<ref name=Englisheditions>US edition: {{cite book|title=Snakes and Earrings|last=Kanehara|first=Hitomi|translator-last=Karashima|translator-first=David|year=2005|publisher=[[Dutton (imprint)|Dutton]]|isbn=9780525948896|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/snakesearrings00kane}} UK edition: {{cite book|title=Snakes and Earrings|last=Kanehara|first=Hitomi|translator-last=Karashima|translator-first=David|year=2005|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|isbn=9780099483670}}</ref> It received generally positive reviews. ''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' called the book "fascinating and unnerving",<ref name=kirkus2005>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/hitomi-kanehara/snakes-and-earrings/|title=Snakes and Earrings|work=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|date=March 15, 2005|access-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053257/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/hitomi-kanehara/snakes-and-earrings/|archive-date=January 30, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ''[[Marie Claire]]'' called it "riveting",<ref name=mc2005>{{cite magazine|title=10 Best To Do|magazine=[[Marie Claire]]|year=2005|volume=12|issue=8|page=65}}</ref> and ''[[The Village Voice]]'' called it "a gnarly blast of Tokyo nihilism".<ref name=vv2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/foreign-agents/|title=Foreign Agents|work=[[The Village Voice]]|date=May 31, 2005|access-date=December 17, 2023}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[Maya Jaggi]] praised the book as "a debut novel about alienation that is shocking but not sensational" and observed that it "offers more than sociological interest".<ref name=guardian2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jul/16/featuresreviews.guardianreview10|title=Going shopping|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Maya|last=Jaggi|authorlink=Maya Jaggi|date=July 15, 2005|access-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053617/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jul/16/featuresreviews.guardianreview10|archive-date=January 30, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 
Reviews of the English translation also noted the broader significance of ''Snakes and Earrings'' in contemporary Japanese literature. Writing in the ''[[Financial Times]]'', Andrew Lee praised Kanehara for describing Tokyo youth culture with "simple, visceral eloquence", and cited ''Snakes and Earrings'' as an exemplar of a literary trend elevating high school girls to the iconic status of [[geisha]] in Japanese culture.<ref name=ft2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ecf924d6-d315-11d9-bead-00000e2511c8|title=Geishas no more|work=[[Financial Times]]|first=Andrew|last=Lee|date=June 3, 2005|access-date=January 29, 2019|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053713/https://www.ft.com/content/ecf924d6-d315-11d9-bead-00000e2511c8|archive-date=January 30, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In ''[[The Independent]]'', former ''[[Japan Times]]'' editor Victoria James grouped the novel with similarly explicit work by Ami Sakurai and [[Mari Akasaka]], lauding the book's quality but expressing skepticism about any long-term mainstream impact of novels by young women about sex.<ref name=james2005>{{cite news|title=Books: Sex and the Japanese city|work=[[The Independent]]|first=Victoria|last=James|date=June 10, 2005|page=27}}</ref>