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{{Short description|Islamic term for claimed alterations to holy books preceding the Quran}}
{{Quran}}
'''{{
==Origin==
The origins of Tahrif
</ref>
According to Camilla Adang. The early quranic exegete [[Al-Tabari]] believed
It is worthy to note that some companions such as Uthman ibn Affan <ref>
{{
The corruption of the Biblical text was elaborated more extensively
▲The corruption of the Biblical text was elaborated more extensively by by [[Ibn Hazm]] (11th century), who popularized the concept of "Tahrif al-nass," or corruption of the text. Ibn Hazm rejected claims of [[Mosaic authorship]] and posited that [[Ezra]] was the author of the Torah.<br>
He systematically organised the arguments against the authenticity of the Biblical text in the first (Tanakh) and second part ([[New Testament]]) of his book: Chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions; theological impossibilities (anthropomorphic expressions, stories of fornication and whoredom, and the attributing of sins to prophets), as well as lack of reliable transmission (''[[tawatur]]'') of the text.<br>
He explains how the falsification of the Torah could have taken place while there existed only one copy of the Torah kept by the [[Kohen|Aaronic priesthood]] of the Temple in [[Jerusalem]]. Ibn Hazm's arguments had a major impact upon Muslim literature and scholars, and the themes that he raised with regard to tahrif and other polemical ideas were modified slightly by some later authors.<ref>''The Encyclopedia of Islam'', BRILL</ref><ref>''Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century'', chapter "An Andalusi-Muslim Literary Typology of Jewish Heresy and Sedition", pp. 56 and further, Tahrif: p. 58, {{ISBN|0-691-00187-1}}</ref><ref>''Under Crescent and Cross'': The Jews in the Middle Ages, p. 146, {{ISBN|0-691-01082-X}}</ref> The [[Shia]] Scholar [[Ibn Babawayh]] narrated a debate between [[Ali al-Rida]] and the [[Catholicos]] where [[Ali al-Rida]] claimed that the [[Four Gospels]] were created and changed after the original [[Gospel in Islam|''Injil'']] (or [[Gospel]])
Tahrif has also been advocated by [[Quran alone]] Muslims such as [[Rashad Khalifa]], who believed that [[Islamic holy books|previous revelations]] of God, such as the [[Bible]], contained contradictions due to human interference.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.masjidtucson.org/publications/videos/ | title=Videos: Submission, Rashad Khalifa }}</ref>
==Types==
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# To deliberately interpret something in a manner that is opposite to the author's intention. To distort the pronunciation of a word to such an extent that the word changes completely.
# To add to or delete a sentence or discourse in a manner that distorts the original meaning. For example, according to Muslim tradition, the Jews altered the incident of the migration of [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] in a manner that no one could prove that Abraham had any relationship with the ''[[Kaaba]]''.
# To translate a word that has two meanings in the meaning that is against the context. For example, the [[Aramaic]] word used for Jesus that is equivalent to the {{lang-ar|ابن}} ''{{
# To raise questions about something that is absolutely clear in order to create uncertainty about it, or to change it completely.
<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/document/45879709/Early-Debates-on-the-Integrity-of-the-Quran-by-Dr-Hossein-Modarressi Hossein Modarressi, Studia Islamica, No. 77., Early Debates on the Integrity of the Quran,1993, Page 13]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/AlItqanFiUloomIlQuran/Al%20Itqan%20Fi%20Ulum%20Al%20Quran%20English/page/n1/mode/2up Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur’an, Jalaluddin Suyuti, Muneer Fareed]</ref>
==See also==
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