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The corruption of the Biblical text was elaborated more extensively by [[Ibn Hazm]] (11th century), who popularized the concept of "Tahrif al-nass," or corruption of the text. Ibn Hazm rejected claims of [[Mosaic authorship]] and posited that [[Ezra]] was the author of the Torah.<br>
He systematically organised the arguments against the authenticity of the Biblical text in the first (Tanakh) and second part ([[New Testament]]) of his book: Chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions; theological impossibilities (anthropomorphic expressions, stories of fornication and whoredom, and the attributing of sins to prophets), as well as lack of reliable transmission (''[[tawatur]]'') of the text.<br>
He explains how the falsification of the Torah could have taken place while there existed only one copy of the Torah kept by the [[Kohen|Aaronic priesthood]] of the Temple in [[Jerusalem]]. Ibn Hazm's arguments had a major impact upon Muslim literature and scholars, and the themes that he raised with regard to tahrif and other polemical ideas were modified slightly by some later authors.<ref>''The Encyclopedia of Islam'', BRILL</ref><ref>''Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century'', chapter "An Andalusi-Muslim Literary Typology of Jewish Heresy and Sedition", pp. 56 and further, Tahrif: p. 58, {{ISBN|0-691-00187-1}}</ref><ref>''Under Crescent and Cross'': The Jews in the Middle Ages, p. 146, {{ISBN|0-691-01082-X}}</ref> The [[Shia]] Scholar [[Ibn Babawayh]] narrated a debate between [[Ali al-Rida]] and the [[Catholicos]] where [[Ali al-Rida]] claimed that the [[Four Gospels]] were created and changed after the original [[Gospel in Islam|''Injil'']] (or [[Gospel]]) became lost.<ref>[[Ibn Babawayh]] al-Tawhid, p. 417-441</ref><ref>[[Ibn Babawayh]] Uyun akhbar al-Ridha</ref>
Tahrif has also been advocated by [[Quranists]] such as [[Rashad Khalifa]], who believed that [[Islamic holy books|previous revelations]] of God, such as the [[Bible]], contained contradictions due to human interference.<ref>https://www.masjidtucson.org/publications/videos/</ref>
==Types==
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