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==''Book of Common Prayer'' (1548–1549)==
[[File:Book of Common Prayer, 1549 (2).jpg|thumb|right|The title page of the 1549 ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'']]
As the use of English in worship services spread, the need for a complete uniform liturgy for the Church became evident. Initial meetings to start what would eventually become the [[Book of Common Prayer (1549)|1549 ''Book of Common Prayer'']] were held in the former [[Chertsey Abbey|abbey of Chertsey]] and in [[Windsor Castle]] in September 1548. The list of participants can be only partially reconstructed, but it is known that the members were balanced between conservatives and reformers. These meetings were followed by a debate on the Eucharist in the House of Lords which took place between 14 and 19 December. Cranmer publicly revealed in this debate that he had abandoned the doctrine of the corporeal real presence and believed that the Eucharistic presence was only spiritual.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ridley|1962|p=284}}; {{Harvnb|MacCulloch|1996|pp=405–406}}</ref> Parliament backed the publication of the prayer book after Christmas by passing the [[Act of Uniformity 1549]]; it then
It is difficult to ascertain how much of the prayer book is Cranmer's personal composition. Generations of liturgical scholars have been able to track down the sources that he used, including the [[Sarum Rite]], writings from [[Hermann of Wied|Hermann von Wied]], and several Lutheran sources including Osiander and [[Justus Jonas]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Spinks|1993|p=177}}</ref> It is more problematic to determine how Cranmer worked on the book and with whom he worked. Where information about his possible helpers is lacking, he is given the credit for the editorship and the overall structure of the book.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|1998|p=82}}; {{Harvnb|MacCulloch|1996|pp=414–417}}</ref>
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[[File:Pietro Vermigli by Hans Asper.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Peter Martyr Vermigli|Peter Martyr (Pietro Martire Vermigli)]] greatly assisted Cranmer in the [[English Reformation]]. Portrait by [[Hans Asper]], 1560.]]
The original Catholic canon law that defined governance within the Church needed revision following Henry's break with Rome. Several revision attempts were made throughout Henry's reign, but these initial projects were shelved as the speed of reform outpaced the time required to revise. As the reformation stabilised, Cranmer formed a committee in December 1551 to restart the work. He recruited Peter Martyr to the committee and he also asked Łaski and Hooper to participate, showing his customary ability to forgive past actions. Cranmer and Martyr
As with the first prayer book, the origins and participants in its revision are obscure, but it was clear that Cranmer led the project and steered its development. It had begun as early as the end of 1549 when the Convocation of Canterbury met to discuss the matter. Late in 1550, Martyr and Bucer sought opinions on how the liturgy might be improved, and they influenced the revision significantly.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bagchi|Steinmetz|2004|pp=158–159}}</ref> The view of the spiritual presence was clarified by the use of entirely different words at the offering of the bread and the wine to the communicants. New [[rubrics]] noted that any bread could be used, and any bread or wine that remained could be used by the [[curate]], thus dissociating the elements from any physical presence. The new book removed any possibility of prayers for the dead because such prayers implied support for the doctrine of purgatory.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ridley|1962|pp=322–327}}; {{Harvnb|MacCulloch|1996|pp=504–513}}</ref> The [[Act of Uniformity 1552]], which authorised the book's use, specified that it be exclusively used from 1 November. The final version was officially published at almost the last minute, owing to Dudley's intervention. While travelling in the north of the country, he met the Scots reformer [[John Knox]], who was based in [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]. Impressed by his preaching, Dudley selected him as a royal chaplain and brought him south to participate in the reform projects. In a sermon before the king, Knox attacked the practice of kneeling during communion. On 27 September 1552, the Privy Council stopped printing the new prayer book and told Cranmer to revise it. He responded with a long letter arguing that it was for Parliament, with the royal assent, to decide any changes in the liturgy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ayris|2001|pp=15–17, 29–31}}</ref> On 22 October, the council decided to keep the liturgy as it was and to add the so-called ''[[Black Rubric]]'', which explained that no adoration was intended when kneeling at communion.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ridley|1962|pp=336–337}}; {{Harvnb|MacCulloch|1996|pp=512, 525–530}}</ref>
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