Titanium nitride: Difference between revisions

| ImageFile2 = NaCl polyhedraTitanium-nitride-crystal-3D-vdW.png

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correctchanged|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = 84040

| Appearance = CoatingBrown as a pure solid, coating of golden color

| Density = 5.21 g/cm³<ref name=crc>{{cite book | editor-last= Haynes, |editor-first=William M. | date year=2016 2016| title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 97th |page=4.92 |publisher = [[CRC Press]] | isbn =9781498754293 9781498754293|page=4.92| title-link = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics}}</ref>

| ThermalConductivity = 29&nbsp;W/(m·K) (323 &nbsp;K)<ref name=th2/>

| Structure_ref=<ref>{{cite journal |doilast=10.1016/0925-8388(92)90016-3Lengauer |first=Walter |year=1992 |title=Properties of bulk δ-TiN_1-x1−x prepared by nitrogen diffusion into titanium metal |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds |volume=186 |issue=2 |pages=293–307 |yeardoi=1992|last1=Lengauer|first1=Walter10.1016/0925-8388(92)90016-3}}</ref>

| CrystalStruct = [[SodiumFace-centered Chloride|Cubiccubic]] (FCC), [[Pearson symbol|cF8]]

| HeatCapacity = 24 J/(K·mol) (500 K)<ref name=th2>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0925-8388(94)01315-9|title=Solid state properties of group IVb carbonitrides|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|volume=217|pages=137–147|year=1995|last1=Lengauer |first1=W. |last2=Binder |first2=S. |last3=Aigner |first3=K. |last4=Ettmayer |first4=P. |last5=Guillou |first5=A. |last6=Debuignede&nbsp;Buigne |first6=J. |last7=Groboth |first7=G. |year=1995 |title=Solid state properties of group IV‑b carbonitrides |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds |volume=217 |pages=137–147 |doi=10.1016/0925-8388(94)01315-9}}</ref>

| Entropy = −95.7 J/(K·mol)<ref name=th1>{{cite journal |doilast=10.1016/0925Wang |first=Wei-8388(96)80039-9E |year=1996 |title=Partial thermodynamic properties of the Ti-N system |journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds |volume=233 |issue=1–2 |pages=89–95 |yeardoi=1996|last1=Wang|first1=Wei10.1016/0925-E8388(96)80039-9}}</ref>

'''Titanium nitride''' ('''TiN'''; sometimes known as '''Tinitetinite''') is an extremely hard [[ceramic]] material, often used as a [[physical vapor deposition]] (PVD) coating on [[titanium alloy]]s, [[steel]], [[carbide]], and [[aluminium]] components to improve the substrate's surface properties.

Applied as a thin coating, TiN is used to harden and protect cutting and sliding surfaces, for decorative purposes (due tofor its golden appearance), and as a non-toxic exterior for [[implant (medicine)|medical implants]]. In most applications a coating of less than {{nowrap| {{convert|5|um|in}} }} is applied.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TiN (Titanium Nitride) – Surface Coating |url=http://www.surftech.com.au/coating-types/tin/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

TiN has a [[Vickers hardness]] of 1800–2100, hardness of {{val|31|4|u=GPa}},<ref name=":0" /> a [[modulus of elasticity]] of 251&nbsp;{{val|550|50|u=GPa}},<ref name=":0" /> a [[thermal expansion coefficient]] of 9.35{{e|-6}}&nbsp;K⁻¹, and a superconducting transition temperature of 5.6&nbsp;K.<ref name=prop>{{cite book |pageeditor-first=193Hugh O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbteditor-RWodmVAC&pglast=PA193Pierson |year=1996 |title=Handbook of refractoryRefractory carbidesCarbides and nitridesNitrides: propertiesProperties, characteristics, processing, and applications|author =Hugh O. Pierson| publisher = William Andrew|year =1996| isbn= 978-0-8155-1392-6 |page=193 |via=Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbt-RWodmVAC&pg=PA193}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |doi=10.1116/1.577270 |firstfirst1=D. S. |lastlast1=Stone |author2first2=K. B. |last2=Yoder |author3first3=W. D. |last3=Sproul |year=1991 |title=Hardness and elastic modulus of TiN based on continuous indentation technique and new correlation |journal=Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A |volume=9 |issue=4 |year=1991 |pages=2543–2547 |bibcode=1991JVSTA...9.2543S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

TiN will oxidizeoxidizes at 800&nbsp;°C in a normal atmosphere. It is chemically stable at 20&nbsp;°C, according to laboratory tests, but can be slowly attacked by concentrated acid solutions with rising temperatures.<ref name=prop/> TiN has a brown color and appears gold when applied as a coating. Depending on the substrate material and surface finish, TiN has a [[coefficient of friction]] ranging from 0.4 to 0.9 against another TiN surface (non-lubricated). The typical TiN formation has a [[crystal structure]] of [[Rock-salt structure|NaCl type]] with a roughly 1:1 [[stoichiometry]]; TiN_''x'' compounds with ''x'' ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 are, however, thermodynamically stable.<ref>{{cite book |first=L. E. |last=Toth |year=1971 |title=Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides |publisher=Academic Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-12-695950-5}}</ref>

TiN becomes [[superconductivity|superconducting]] at cryogenic temperatures, with critical temperature up to 6.0&nbsp;K for single crystals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spengler |first1=W. |display-authors=etal |year=1978 |title=Raman scattering, superconductivity, and phonon density of states of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric TiN |journal=Phys.Physical Rev.Review B |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=1095–1101 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.17.1095 |display-authors=etal|bibcode=1978PhRvB..17.1095S }}</ref> Superconductivity in thin-film TiN has been studied extensively, with the superconducting properties strongly varying depending on sample preparation, up to complete suppression of superconductivity at a [[Superconductor Insulator Transition|superconductor-insulatorsuperconductor–insulator transition]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baturina |first1=T. I. |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Localized Superconductivitysuperconductivity in the Quantumquantum-Criticalcritical Regionregion of the Disorderdisorder-Drivendriven Superconductorsuperconductor-Insulatorinsulator Transitiontransition in TiN Thinthin Filmsfilms |journal=Phys.Physical Rev.Review Lett.Letters |volume=99 |issue=25 |pages=257003 |pmid=18233550 |arxiv=0705.1602 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.257003 |pmid=18233550 |display-authors=etal |arxiv=0705.1602 |bibcode=2007PhRvL..99y7003B |s2cid=518088 }}</ref> A thin film of TiN was chilled to near [[absolute zero]], converting it into the first known [[superinsulator]], with resistance suddenly increasing by a factor of 100,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.physorg.com/news126797387.html |title=Newly discovered 'superinsulators' promise to transform materials research, electronics design |work=PhysOrg.com |date=2008-04-07 |website=PhysOrg.com |url=http://www.physorg.com/news126797387.html}}</ref>

[[File:{{Multiple image|total_width=160 |align=left |image1=Titanium nitride coating.jpg |thumb|left|100px|caption1=TiN-coated drill bit |image2=Paraframe.jpg |caption2=Dark gray TiCN coating on a [[Gerber Legendary Blades|Gerber]] pocketknife}}

Because of TiN'sthe metallic gold color of TiN, itthis material is used to coat [[costume jewelry]] and automotive trim for decorative purposes. TiN is also widely used as a top-layer coating, usually with [[nickel]] (Ni)- or [[chromium]] (Cr) -plated substrates, on consumer plumbing fixtures and door hardware. As a coating, it is used in [[aerospace]] and military applications and to protect the sliding surfaces of [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] forks of [[bicycle]]s and [[motorcycle]]s, as well as the shock shafts of [[radio -controlled car]]s. TiN is also used as a protective coating on the moving parts of many rifles and semi-automatic firearms, as it is extremely durable. As well as being durable, it is also extremely smooth, making removing the carbon build-up extremely easy. TiN is non-toxic, meets [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] guidelines, and has seen use in [[medical device]]s such as [[scalpel]] blades and orthopedic [[Bone cutter|bone -saw]] blades, where sharpness and edge retention are important.<ref>{{cite web |title=Products |publisher=IonFusion Surgical |url=http://www.ionfusion.com |title=Products |publisher=IonFusion Surgical |accessdateaccess-date=2009-06-25}}</ref> TiN coatings have also been used in implanted [[prosthesis|prostheses]] (especially [[hip replacement]] implants) and other medical implants.

Though less visible, [[thin film]]s of TiN are also used in [[microelectronics]], where they serve as a [[electrical conductivity|conductive]] connection between the active device and the metal contacts used to operate the circuit, while acting as a [[diffusion barrier]] to block the [[diffusion]] of the metal into the silicon. In this context, TiN is classified as a "barrier metal" (electrical resistivity ~ 25 µΩ&nbsp;μΩ·cm<ref name=th2/>), even though it is clearly a [[ceramic]] from the perspective of [[chemistry]] or mechanical behavior. Recent chip design in the 45&nbsp;nm technology and beyond also makes use of TiN as a "metal" for improved [[transistor]] performance. In combination with [[gate dielectric]]s (e.g. [[Hafnium(IV) silicate|HfSiO₄]]) that have a higher [[permittivity]] compared to standard [[Silicon dioxide|SiO₂]], the gate length can be scaled down with low [[Subthreshold leakage|leakage]], higher drive current and the same or better [[threshold voltage]].<ref>{{cite journal |firstfirst1=Thaddeus G. |lastlast1=Dziura |author2first2=Benjamin |last2=Bunday |author3first3=Casey |last3=Smith |author4first4=Muhammad M. |last4=Hussain |author5first5=Rusty |last5=Harris |author6first6=Xiafang |last6=Zhang |author7first7= Jimmy M. |last7=Price |year=2008 |title=Measurement of high-''k'' and metal film thickness on FinFET sidewalls using scatterometry |journal=Proceedings of SPIE |volume=6922 |issue=2 |page=69220V |year=2008 |doi=10.1117/12.773593 |series=Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XXII |bibcode=2008SPIE.6922E..0VD |s2cid=120728898 }}</ref> Additionally, TiN thin films are currently under consideration for coating [[zirconium alloy]]s for [[accident-tolerant fuel|accident-tolerant nuclear fuels]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tunes |first1=Matheus A. |last2=da &nbsp;Silva |first2=Felipe C. |last3=Camara |first3=Osmane |last4=Schön |first4=Claudio G. |last5=Sagás |first5=Julio C. |last6=Fontana |first6=Luis C. |last7=Donnelly |first7=Stephen E. |last8=Greaves |first8=Graeme |last9=Edmondson |first9=Philip D. |display-authors=6 |date=December 2018 |title=Energetic particle irradiation study of TiN coatings: are these films appropriate for accident tolerant fuels? |journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials |volume=512 |pages=239–245 |doi=10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.10.013 |bibcode=2018JNuM..512..239T |url=https://pure.hud.ac.uk/ws/files/14781227/preprint_TiN.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alat |first1=Ece |last2=Motta |first2=Arthur T. |last3=Comstock |first3=Robert J. |last4=Partezana |first4=Jonna M. |last5=Wolfe |first5=Douglas E. |date=September 2016 |title=Multilayer (TiN, TiAlN) ceramic coatings for nuclear fuel cladding |journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials |volume=478 |pages=236–244 |doi=10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.05.021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016JNuM..478..236A|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is also used as a coating on some [[compression driver]] diaphragms to improve performance.

Owing to their high biostability, TiN layers may also be used as electrodes in [[bioelectronics|bioelectronic applications]] <ref name= SCT2010>{{cite journal | titlelast1 = Corrosion-resistantBirkholz metal| layersfirst1 from= aM. CMOS| processlast2 for= bioelectronic applicationsEhwald | journalfirst2 = SurfK. Coat. Technol-E. | volumelast3 = 204Wolansky | pagesfirst3 = 2055–2059D. | yearlast4 = 2010Costina | doifirst4 = 10I.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.09.075 | urllast5 = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230817001Baristiran-Kaynak | issuefirst5 = 12–13C. | last1last6 = BirkholzFröhlich | first1first6 = M. | last2last7 = EhwaldBeyer | first2first7 = K.-EH. | last3last8 = WolanskyKapp | first3first8 = DA. | last4last9 = CostinaLisdat | first4first9 = IF. |display-authors=6 last5| year = Baristiran-Kaynak2010 | first5title = C.Corrosion-resistant |metal last6layers =from Fröhlicha |CMOS first6process =for M.bioelectronic applications | last7journal = BeyerSurf. Coat. Technol. | first7volume = H.204 | last8issue = Kapp12–13 | first8pages = A.2055–2059 | last9doi = Lisdat10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.09.075 | first9url = Fhttps://www. researchgate.net/publication/230817001}}</ref> like in intelligent [[implant (medicine)|implants]] or in-vivo [[biosensors]] that have to withstand the severe corrosion caused by [[body fluid]]s. TiN electrodes have already been applied in the [[visual prosthesis|subretinal prosthesis project]] <ref name= Haem2002>{{cite journal | titlelast1 = BiostabilityHämmerle of| micro-photodiodefirst1 arrays= forHugo subretinal implantation| journallast2 = Kobuch Biomaterials| volumefirst2 = 23Karin | pageslast3 = 797–804Kohler | yearfirst3 = 2002Konrad | doilast4 = 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00185-5Nisch |pmid first4 =11771699 Wilfried | issuelast5 = 3Sachs | last1first5 = HämmerleHelmut | first1last6 = HugoStelzle | last2first6 = KobuchMartin | first2year = Karin2002 | last3title = Kohler|Biostability first3of =micro-photodiode arrays for subretinal implantation Konrad| last4journal = NischBiomaterials | first4volume = Wilfried23 | last5issue = Sachs3 | first5pages = Helmut797–804 | last6doi = Stelzle10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00185-5 | first6pmid = Martin11771699}}</ref> as well as in biomedical microelectromechanical systems ([[BioMEMS]]).<ref name= AdFM2011>{{cite journal | titlelast1 = UltrathinBirkholz TiN| membranesfirst1 as= aM. technology| platformlast2 for= CMOS-integratedEhwald MEMS| andfirst2 BioMEMS= devicesK.-E. | journallast3 = Advanced Functional MaterialsKulse | volumefirst3 = 21P. | pageslast4 = 1652–1654Drews | yearfirst4 = 2011J. | doilast5 = 10.1002/adfm.201002062Fröhlich | issuefirst5 = 9M. | last1last6 = BirkholzHaak | first1first6 = MU. | last2last7 = EhwaldKaynak | first2first7 = K.-EM. | last3last8 = KulseMatthus | first3first8 = PE. | last4last9 = DrewsSchulz | first4first9 = JK. | last5last10 = FröhlichWolansky | first5first10 = MD. |display-authors=6 last6| year = Haak2011 | first6title = U.Ultrathin |TiN last7membranes =as Kaynaka |technology first7platform =for M.CMOS-integrated MEMS and BioMEMS devices | last8journal = MatthusAdvanced Functional Materials | first8volume = E.21 | last9issue = Schulz9 | first9pages = K.1652–1654 | last10doi = Wolansky10.1002/adfm.201002062 | first10doi-access = D.free }}</ref>

[[File:TiNCoatedPunches NanoShieldPVD Thailand.JPG|thumb|right|TitaniumPunches nitride (TiN) -coated punches using cathodic arc deposition technique]]

The most common methods of TiN thin film creation are [[physical vapor deposition]] (PVD, usually [[sputter deposition]], [[cathodic arc deposition]] or [[Electron -beam physical vapor deposition|electron -beam heating]]) and [[chemical vapor deposition]] (CVD).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diffusion-alloys.com/our-services/wear-coatings-for-industrial-products/ |title=Wear Coatingscoatings for Industrialindustrial Productsproducts |publisher=Diffusion Alloys Limited. |accessdateaccess-date=2013-06-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519024447/http://www.diffusion-alloys.com/our-services/wear-coatings-for-industrial-products/ |archivedatearchive-date=2013-05-19 }}</ref> In both methods, pure titanium is [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimed]] and reacted with nitrogen in a high-energy, [[vacuum]] environment. TiN film may also be produced on Ti workpieces by reactive growth (for example, [[Annealing (metallurgy)|annealing]]) in a [[nitrogen]] atmosphere. PVD is preferred for steel parts because the deposition temperatures exceeds the [[Austenite|austenitizing]] temperature of steel. TiN layers are also sputtered on a variety of higher -melting -point materials such as [[stainless steel]]s, [[titanium]] and [[titanium alloy]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coatingservicesgroup.com/coatings |title=Coatings |publisher=Coating Services Group, LLC|url=http://coatingservicesgroup.com/coatings |accessdateaccess-date=2009-06-25}}</ref> Its high [[Young's modulus]] (values between 450 and 590 &nbsp;[[gigapascal|GPa]] have been reported in the literature <ref name= SCT2008>{{cite journal |author1 last = Abadias, | first = G. | year = 2008 | title = Stress and preferred orientation in nitride based PVD coatings | journal = Surf. Coat. Technol. | volume = 202 | pagesissue = 2223–223511 | yearpages = 20082223–2235 | doi = 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.029 | issue = 11}}</ref>) means that thick coatings tend to flake away, making them much less durable than thin ones. Titanium -nitride coatings can also be deposited by [[thermal spraying]] whereas TiN powders are produced by nitridation of titanium with nitrogen or ammonia at 1200&nbsp;°C.<ref name=prop/>

There are several commercially used variants of TiN that have been developed since 2010, such as titanium carbon nitride (TiCN), [[titanium aluminium nitride]] (TiAlN or AlTiN), and titanium aluminum carbon nitride, which may be used individually or in alternating layers with TiN. These coatings offer similar or superior enhancements in corrosion resistance and hardness, and additional colors ranging from light gray to nearly black, to a dark, [[Iridescence|iridescent]], bluish-purple, depending on the exact process of application. These coatings are becoming common on sporting goods, particularly [[knife|knives]] and [[handgun]]s, where they are used for both cosmeticaesthetic and functional reasons.

==As a constituent in steel making==

{{reflist|30em25em}}

[[Category:Titanium(III) compounds]]