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{{short description|Small land division in Ireland (and Outer Hebrides)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
A '''townland''' ({{lang-ga|baile fearainn}}; [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster-Scots]]: ''toonlann''<ref>{{cite web|title=Rules o Richt Hannlin fur Uisin Ulstèr-Scotch as Pairt o Wark|url=http://217.35.77.12/CB/nireland/papers/pdfs/2004/p_ucs_UlsterScots_CodeofCourtesyfortheuseofUlsterScots.pdf|publisher=Norlin Airlann Coort Sarvice|access-date=4 May 2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>) is a small geographical division of land, historically and currently used in [[Ireland]] and in the [[Outer Hebrides|Western Isles]] in Scotland, typically covering {{convert|100|-|500|acre|ha}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carmichael |first1=Alexander |title=Grazing and agrestic customs of the Outer Hebrides |date=1884 |publisher=Neill and Company |location=Edinburgh |url=https://archive.org/details/grazingagresticc00carm/page/452 |access-date=23 July 2019 |ol=22881363M}} Reprinted from the Report of the Crofter Royal Commission.
:Further reprinted in {{cite journal |last1=Carmicheal |first1=Alexander |title=Grazing and Agrestic Customs of the Outer Hebrides |journal=The Celtic Review |date=December 1914 |volume=10 |issue=37 |pages=40–54 |doi=10.2307/30070316 |jstor=30070316 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2370291 }}</ref> The townland system is of [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic]] origin,
==Background==
[[File:ImprovedTownlandsWithLegendInThurlesCivilParish.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Map showing the townlands of the [[Thurles (civil parish)|Thurles]] [[Civil parishes in Ireland|civil parish]], [[Barony (Ireland)|Barony]] of [[Eliogarty]], [[County Tipperary]]
[[File:Rathlin_Island_townlands.svg|thumb|upright=1.7|Map of [[Rathlin Island]] with townlands]]
In Ireland, a townland is generally the smallest administrative division of land, though a few large townlands are further divided into [[Hundred (county division)|hundreds]].<ref name="Fossa"/> The concept of townlands is based on the Gaelic system of land division, and the first official evidence of the existence of this Gaelic land division system can be found in church records from before the 12th century,<ref name="Senses">{{cite book |title=Senses of Place: Senses of Time |last=Reid |first=Bryonie |year=2005 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=47–60 |chapter=Identity, Locality and the Townland in Northern Ireland |quote=The first official evidence of their existence occurs in church records from before the twelfth century.}}</ref> it was in the 1600s that they began to be mapped and defined by the English administration for the purpose of confiscating land and apportioning it to investors or planters from Britain.<ref name="Fossa"/>
===Etymology===
The term "townland" in English is derived from the [[Old English]] word ''
The term ''baile'', anglicised as "bally", is the most dominant element used in Irish townland names.<ref name="Clare"/> Today, the term "bally" denotes an urban settlement, but its precise meaning in ancient Ireland is unclear, as towns had no place in Gaelic social organisation.<ref name="Clare"/> The modern Irish term for a townland is ''baile fearainn'' (plural: ''bailte fearainn''). The term ''fearann'' means "land, territory, quarter".
The Normans left no major traces in townland names, but they adapted some of them for their own use, possibly seeing a similarity between the Gaelic ''baile'' and the Norman ''bailey'', both of which meant a settlement.<ref name="ULS"/>
===Historical land divisions and etymology===
[[File:Teeshanrd.jpg|thumb|A road sign in [[County Antrim]], [[Northern Ireland]],
[[File:Townland boundary marker - geograph.org.uk - 108106.jpg|thumb|A (rare) townland boundary marker in [[Inishowen]], [[County Donegal]]
[[File:Ballycuirke townland sign 2010.jpg|thumb|Townland sign in [[Irish language|Irish]] for Baile na Coirce (Ballycuirke), [[Moycullen]], [[County Galway]], a [[Gaeltacht]] townland
Throughout most of
In
In Ulster, the ballybetagh was the territorial unit controlled by an Irish sept, typically containing around 16 townlands. Fragmentation of ballybetaghs resulted in units consisting of four, eight, and twelve townlands. One of these fragmented units, the "quarter", representing a quarter of a ballybetagh, was the universal land denomination recorded in the survey of [[County Donegal]] conducted in 1608.<ref name="PoUpg22-23">Robinson 2000, pp.22-23</ref> In the early 17th century 20 per cent of the total area of western Ulster was under the control of the church. These "[[termonn]]" lands consisted likewise of ballybetaghs and ballyboes, but were held by [[erenagh]]s instead of sept leaders.<ref name="PoUpg22-23"/>
Other units of land division used throughout Ireland include:
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A problem with the term "bally" in some townland names is that it can be difficult to distinguish between the Irish terms ''baile'' meaning "townland" and ''béal átha'' meaning "approach to a ford". An example of the latter is [[Ballyshannon]], [[County Donegal]], which is derived from ''Béal Átha Seanaidh''.<ref name="IPA">Toner, Gregory: ''Place-Names of Northern Ireland'', page 120. Queen's University of Belfast, 1996, {{ISBN|0-85389-613-5}}</ref>
"Sub-townlands" ({{Lang-ga|fo-bhaile}}) are also recorded in some areas, smaller divisions of a townland with their own traditional names.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.johngrenham.com/browse/retrieve_text.php?text_contentid=521|title=Irish Place names|website=www.johngrenham.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/sub-townland|title=Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): sub-townland|website=www.teanglann.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/5215809/5213975/5221641|title=Townlands and Sub-Townlands|website=dúchas.ie}}</ref>
===Size and value===
The average area of a townland is about {{convert|325|acre|km2 ha}},<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adams |first=G. Brendan |year=1978 |title=Prolegomena to the Study of Irish Place-Names |journal=Nomina |volume=2 |pages=49–50}}; cited in {{cite book|last=Dolan|first=Terence Patrick|title=A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English |edition=2nd |year=2006|publisher=Gill & Macmillan|location=Dublin|chapter=townland}}</ref> but they vary widely in size. [[William Reeves (bishop)|William Reeves]]'s 1861 survey states that the smallest was Old Church Yard, near [[Carrickmore]], in the parish of [[Termonmagurk]], [[County Tyrone]], at {{convert|0.625|acre|ha}}<ref group="nb">2 [[rood (unit)|rood]]s, 10 [[square perch|perch]]es</ref><ref>Reeves 1861, p.476</ref> and the largest, at {{convert|7555|acre|km2 sqmi}}, was and is Fionnán (also called Finnaun) in the parish of [[Killanin]], [[County Galway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.townlands.ie/galway/moycullen/
The ballyboe, a townland unit used in Ulster, was described in 1608 as containing 60 acres of arable land, meadow, and pasture. However, this was misleading, as the size of townlands under the Gaelic system varied depending upon their quality, situation and economic potential.<ref name="Clare"/><ref name="PoUpg13-14"/> This economic potential varied from the extent of land required to graze cattle to the land required to support several families.<ref name="PoUpg13-14"/> The highest density of townland units recorded in Ulster in 1609 corresponds to the areas with the highest land valuations in the 1860s.<ref name="PoUpg13-14"/>
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*[[:Category:Townlands of Ireland by county|Lists of townlands in Ireland by county]]
== Explanatory footnotes ==
{{
==
=== General and cited references ===
* {{cite book|editor-last=Barry|editor-first=Terry|title=A History of Settlement in Ireland|date=2012-11-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134674633}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ulsterplacenames.org/celebrating_ulster's_townlands_exhibition.htm |title=Celebrating Ulster's Townlands |publisher=Ulster Placename Society |first=Kay |last=Muhr |date=1999–2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019130448/http://www.ulsterplacenames.org/celebrating_ulster%27s_townlands_exhibition.htm |archive-date=19 October 2006 |df=dmy-all }}
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/TOC?path=Browse/Census%20%28by%20date%29/1861/Ireland&active=yes&mno=411&tocstate=expandall&tocseq=600&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&c=73142#600 |title=General alphabetical index to the townlands and towns, parishes and baronies of Ireland, 1861 |work=Census > 1861 > Ireland |publisher=HISTPOP.ORG |page=258 |access-date=20 May 2014}}
===
{{reflist|
refs=
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==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Crawford|first1=W. H.|last2=Foy|first2=R. H.|title=Townlands in Ulster: Local History Studies|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation|isbn=9780901905840}}
* {{cite book |first=Tom |last=McErlean |chapter=The Irish townland system of landscape organisation |editor1-first=Terence |editor1-last=Reeves-Smyth |editor2-first=Fred |editor2-last=Hamond |title=Landscape Archaeology in Ireland |pages=315–39 |series=
==External links==
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;All island:
*[http://map.geohive.ie/mapviewer.html GeoHive Mapviewer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706032538/http://map.geohive.ie/mapviewer.html |date=6 July 2020 }}: select Data Catalogue>Base Information and Mapping>Historic Map [25 inch (
*[http://logainm.ie/?uiLang=en Logainm.ie] ([[Placenames Database of Ireland]]) search/browse by parish/barony/county, English and Irish names
*{{cite book |title=Topographical index of the parishes and townlands of Ireland in Sir William Petty's MSS barony maps (c. 1655-9) and Hiberniae Delineatio (c. 1672) |url=https://www.irishmanuscripts.ie/product/topographical-index-of-the-parishes-and-townlands-of-ireland-in-sir-william-pettys-mss-barony-maps-c-1655-9-and-hiberniae-delineatio-c-1672/ |editor-first=Yann M. |editor-last=Goblet |date=1932 |publisher=[[Irish Manuscripts Commission]] |access-date=19 October 2020}}
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*[http://map.geohive.ie/mapviewer.html GeoHive Mapviewer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706032538/http://map.geohive.ie/mapviewer.html |date=6 July 2020 }}: select Data Catalogue>Population and Economy>Townlands
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130511194451/http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/farmerschemespayments/singlepaymentschemedisadvantagedareasschemebeefdataprogrammebdp/categoriesofdisadvantagedareas/ Categories of Disadvantaged Areas] [[Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine]] Excel spreadsheet (per county) giving area in hectares, electoral division, and agricultural category of each townland
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{{Types of administrative country subdivision}}
{{County Cork}}
[[Category:Townlands in Northern Ireland| ]]
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