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{{Short description|Historic community in Santa Cruz County, Arizona}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Tumacacori-Carmen, Arizona
|settlement_type = [[Census-designated place]]
|image_skyline = Tumacacori 1947.jpg
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption = [[Tumacacori mission]], 1947. Photo: [[George A. Grant]]
|image_map = Santa Cruz County Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Tumacacori-Carmen highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location in [[Santa Cruz County, Arizona|Santa Cruz County]] and the state of [[Arizona]]
|image_map1 =
Line 14 ⟶ 15:
|pushpin_map = Arizona#USA
|pushpin_label = Tumacacori
| pushpin_relief =
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
Line 27 ⟶ 28:
|leader_name =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 54.196
|area_total_sq_mi = 1.91
|area_land_km2 = 54.195
|area_land_sq_mi = 1.91
|area_water_km2 = 0.000
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.00
|elevation_ft =
|elevation_m =
|population_as_of = [[20102020 United States Census|20102020]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 393329
|population_density_km2 = auto66.44
|population_density_sq_mi = 172.07
|timezone = [[Mountain Standard Time Zone|MST]] (no [[Daylight savings time|DST]])
|utc_offset = -7
Line 46 ⟶ 47:
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 85640<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zipdatamaps.com/85640|title=Tumacacori ZIP Code|publisher=zipdatamaps.com|year=2022|access-date=November 11, 2022}}</ref>
|postal_code =
|area_code = [[Area code 520|520]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 04-77367
Line 54 ⟶ 55:
|blank1_info =
|footnotes =
|pop_est_as_of =
|pop_est_footnotes =
|population_est =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_04.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''Tumacacori''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|uː|m|ə|ˈ|k|ɑː|k|ər|i}}; {{lang-ood|'''Cemagĭ Gakolig'''}}) is an unincorporated community in [[Santa Cruz County, Arizona|Santa Cruz County]], [[Arizona]], United States, which abuts the community of [[Carmen, Arizona|Carmen]]. Together, the communities constitute the '''Tumacacori-Carmen''' [[census-designated place]] (CDP). The population of the CDP was 393 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]].<ref name="Census 2010">{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0477367| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212181633/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0477367| url-status=dead| archive-date=12 February 12, 2020| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Tumacacori-Carmen CDP, Arizona| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| accessdateaccess-date=4 December 4, 2012}}</ref>
 
==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}
Tumacacori is the site of [[Mission San José de Tumacácori]] a Franciscan mission that was built in the late 18th century. It takes its name from an earlier mission site founded by Father [[Eusebio Kino]] in 1691, which is on the east side of the [[Santa Cruz River (Arizona)|Santa Cruz River]] south of the national park. This Kino-period mission was founded at an extant native [[O'odham]] or Sobaipuri settlement and represents the first mission in southern Arizona, but not the first mission in Arizona. The remains of the native settlement are still extant and have been investigated and reported on by archaeologist Deni Seymour.
Tumacacori is the site of [[Mission San José de Tumacácori]], a Franciscan mission that was built in the late 18th century. It takes its name from an earlier mission site founded by Father [[Eusebio Kino]] in 1691, which is on the east side of the [[Santa Cruz River (Arizona)|Santa Cruz River]], south of the national park. This Kino-period mission was founded at an extant native [[O'odham]] or Sobaipuri settlement and represents the first mission in southern Arizona, but not the first mission in Arizona. The remains of the native settlement are still extant and have been investigated and reported on by archaeologist Deni Seymour.
 
The later Franciscan mission, which is now a ruin preserved as [[Tumacácori National Historical Park]], was never rebuilt after being abandoned after repeated [[Apache]] raids in the 19th century that killed farmers and ranchers in the area and put a stop to the growth of the area's economy. Nearby [[Tubac, Arizona|Tubac]] was [[Siege of Tubac|besieged]] in 1861.
 
==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the Tumacacori-Carmen CDP has a total area of {{convert|5.1|km2|disp=flip}}, all land. The locale is in a valley cut by the [[Santa Cruz River (Arizona)|Santa Cruz River]].
Tumacacori is located at {{coord|31|33|40|N|111|2|52|W|type:city}} (31.561157, -111.047810).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>
 
===Climate===
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the Tumacacori-Carmen CDP has a total area of {{convert|5.1|km2|disp=flip}}, all of it land. The locale is in a valley cut by the [[Santa Cruz River (Arizona)|Santa Cruz River]].
Tumacacori has a [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSk'') with cool winters and hot summers.
 
{{Weather box
|location = Tumacácori National Historical Park, Arizona, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present
|width = auto
|single line = yes
|collapsed = yes
|Jan record high F = 89
|Feb record high F = 92
|Mar record high F = 95
|Apr record high F = 100
|May record high F = 109
|Jun record high F = 113
|Jul record high F = 113
|Aug record high F = 108
|Sep record high F = 108
|Oct record high F = 104
|Nov record high F = 93
|Dec record high F = 88
|year record high F = 113
 
|Jan avg record high F = 77.4
|Feb avg record high F = 79.8
|Mar avg record high F = 85.5
|Apr avg record high F = 91.6
|May avg record high F = 98.3
|Jun avg record high F = 105.0
|Jul avg record high F = 104.2
|Aug avg record high F = 100.6
|Sep avg record high F = 97.6
|Oct avg record high F = 93.3
|Nov avg record high F = 84.3
|Dec avg record high F = 77.0
|year avg record high F = 106.2
 
|Jan high F = 63.3
|Feb high F = 65.7
|Mar high F = 71.8
|Apr high F = 78.2
|May high F = 86.0
|Jun high F = 95.1
|Jul high F = 93.4
|Aug high F = 91.2
|Sep high F = 88.5
|Oct high F = 81.1
|Nov high F = 71.3
|Dec high F = 62.7
|year high F = 79.0
|Jan mean F = 47.7
|Feb mean F = 49.7
|Mar mean F = 54.9
|Apr mean F = 60.4
|May mean F = 67.6
|Jun mean F = 77.1
|Jul mean F = 80.1
|Aug mean F = 78.5
|Sep mean F = 74.1
|Oct mean F = 64.5
|Nov mean F = 54.7
|Dec mean F = 47.2
|year mean F = 63.0
|Jan low F = 32.0
|Feb low F = 33.8
|Mar low F = 38.0
|Apr low F = 42.5
|May low F = 49.1
|Jun low F = 59.0
|Jul low F = 66.8
|Aug low F = 65.8
|Sep low F = 59.8
|Oct low F = 47.9
|Nov low F = 38.2
|Dec low F = 31.8
|year low F = 47.1
 
|Jan avg record low F = 20.2
|Feb avg record low F = 22.6
|Mar avg record low F = 26.2
|Apr avg record low F = 31.2
|May avg record low F = 38.5
|Jun avg record low F = 48.1
|Jul avg record low F = 57.4
|Aug avg record low F = 59.0
|Sep avg record low F = 49.1
|Oct avg record low F = 34.8
|Nov avg record low F = 23.7
|Dec avg record low F = 19.8
|year avg record low F = 16.8
 
|Jan record low F = 4
|Feb record low F = 9
|Mar record low F = 15
|Apr record low F = 20
|May record low F = 28
|Jun record low F = 38
|Jul record low F = 42
|Aug record low F = 47
|Sep record low F = 36
|Oct record low F = 18
|Nov record low F = 9
|Dec record low F = 5
|year record low F =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 1.15
|Feb precipitation inch = 1.07
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.81
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.31
|May precipitation inch = 0.17
|Jun precipitation inch = 0.47
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.79
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.35
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.83
|Oct precipitation inch = 1.09
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.89
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.02
|year precipitation inch = 15.95
|Jan snow inch = 0.1
|Feb snow inch = 0.0
|Mar snow inch = 0.0
|Apr snow inch = 0.0
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.0
|Nov snow inch = 0.0
|Dec snow inch = 0.0
|year snow inch = 0.1
|Jan precipitation days = 3.6
|Feb precipitation days = 3.9
|Mar precipitation days = 2.7
|Apr precipitation days = 1.5
|May precipitation days = 0.7
|Jun precipitation days = 1.8
|Jul precipitation days = 11.4
|Aug precipitation days = 10.1
|Sep precipitation days = 5.0
|Oct precipitation days = 2.5
|Nov precipitation days = 2.1
|Dec precipitation days = 3.7
|year precipitation days = 49.0
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 inch
|Jan snow days = 0.0
|Feb snow days = 0.0
|Mar snow days = 0.0
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.0
|Dec snow days = 0.0
|year snow days = 0.0
|unit snow days = 0.1 inch
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=twc |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00028865&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 |access-date=December 14, 2022}}</ref>
}}
 
==Demographics==
{{US Census population
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 569 people, 223 households, and 152 families residing in the CDP. The [[population density]] was 91.6 people per square mile (35.4/km²). There were 252 housing units at an average density of 40.6/sq&nbsp;mi (15.7/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 76.98% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 0.18% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 1.05% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 1.58% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 17.57% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.64% from two or more races. 58.00% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.
|2020= 329
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 569 people, 223 households, and 152 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert|91.6|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 252 housing units at an average density of {{convert|40.6|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 77.0% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 0.2% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 1.0% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 1.8% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 17.6% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.6% from two or more races. 58.0% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.
 
There were 223 households, out of which 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55, and the average family size was 3.13.
 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.
 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,938, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $26,806 versus $18,594 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the CDP was $18,607. About 10.1% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including none of those under age 18 and 26.3% of those age 65 or over.
 
==Arts and culture==
Tumacacori National Park Museum, once used by the Franciscan missionaries in the Mission San José de Tumacácori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/tuma/planyourvisit/visitor-center-and-museum.htm|title=Visitor Center and Museum – Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov}}</ref><ref>[https://americanexpeditioners.com/tumacacori-mission.php Mission Tumacacori]</ref>
 
==See also==
{{portal|Arizona}}
*[[Julie Chen (book artist)]], founder of Flying Fish Press
* [[List of census-designated places in Arizona]]
*[[Mission San José de Tumacácori]]
* [[Mission San José de Tumacácori]]
*[[Sonoita Creek]]
* [[Sonoita Creek]]
 
==References==
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==Further reading==
{{commons category|Tumacacori-Carmen, Arizona}}
*Di Peso, Charles C. ''The Upper Pima of San Cayetano del Tumacacori: An Archaeohistorical Reconstruction of the Ootam of Pimeria Alta,'' Dragoon: Amerind Foundation, 1956
 
*[[Henry F. Dobyns|Dobyns, Henry F.]] ''Tubac Through Four Centuries: A Historical Resume and Analysis.'' Prepared for the Arizona State Parks Board 15 March 1959, reformatted by Tubac Presidio State Historical Park, August 1995 and revised. Available on line at http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/tubac/index.html.
* Di Peso, Charles C. ''The Upper Pima of San Cayetano del Tumacacori: An Archaeohistorical Reconstruction of the Ootam of Pimeria Alta,'' Dragoon: Amerind Foundation, 1956
*Doyel, D. E. ''Excavations in the Middle Santa Cruz River Valley, Southeastern Arizona.'' Contribution to Highway Salvage Archaeology in ''Arizona'', Number 44. Tucson: Arizona State Museum, U of Arizona, 1977.
* [[Henry F. Dobyns|Dobyns, Henry F.]] ''Tubac Through Four Centuries: A Historical Resume and Analysis.'' Prepared for the Arizona State Parks Board March 15, 1959, reformatted by Tubac Presidio State Historical Park, August 1995 and revised. Available online at [http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/tubac/index.html Tubac Through Four Centuries | Through Our Parents' Eyes]
*Seymour, Deni J.:
* Doyel, D. E. ''Excavations in the Middle Santa Cruz River Valley, Southeastern Arizona.'' Contribution to Highway Salvage Archaeology in ''Arizona'', Number 44. Tucson: Arizona State Museum, U of Arizona, 1977.
* Seymour, Deni J.:
** ''Piman Settlement Survey in the Middle Santa Cruz River Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona,'' report submitted to Arizona State Parks in fulfillment of survey and planning grant contract requirements, 1993.
** ''Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaípuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part I.'' New Mexico Historical Review, Volume 82, no. 4, 2007.
** [https://archive.today/20121128065704/http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu/content/w43p168015123202/fulltext.html ''A Syndetic Approach to Identification of the Historic Mission Site of San Cayetano del Tumacácori.''] International Journal of Historical Archaeology, Vol. 11(3):269-296269–296, 2007.
** ''Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaípuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part II.'' New Mexico Historical Review, Volume 83, no. 2, 2008.
 
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[[Category:Populated places in the Sonoran Desert]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in Arizona]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Arizona]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumacacori,_Arizona"