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'''''Triosteum perfoliatum''''', commonly known as '''perfoliate tinker's-weed''',<ref name="natureserve"/> '''late horse gentian''',<ref name="IL">{{cite web |title=Late Horse Gentian (Triosteum perfoliatum) |url=https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/lt_horsegent.htm |website=www.illinoiswildflowers.info}}</ref> '''common horse gentian''',<ref name="MO">{{cite web |title=Triosteum perfoliatum page |url=https://www.missouriplants.com/Triosteum_perfoliatum_page.html |website=www.missouriplants.com}}</ref> '''perfoliate-leaved horse-gentian''',<ref name="gb"/> '''feverwort''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TRPE5|taxon=Triosteum perfoliatum|accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref> and '''wild coffee''',<ref name="LB">{{cite web |title=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin |url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=TRPE5 |website=www.wildflower.org}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] belonging to the family [[Caprifoliaceae]] (honeysuckle). It is found
==Description==
''T. perfoliatum'' grows as an unbranched, light green, hairy stem up to {{cvt |24-42|in|cm|0|order=flip}} tall. Pairs of opposite leaves are joined around the stem, with each pair occurring at a 90-degree angle from the next one along the stem. Each leaf is up to {{cvt |8|in|cm|0|order=flip|}} long and {{cvt |4|in|cm|0|order=flip|}} across, with smooth margins.<ref name="IL"/>
The flowers are reddish-brown and are clustered on very short stems in the [[axils]] of the leaves. They are tubular with five small lobes. The fruit resembles small oranges and remains on the stalks in the fall.<ref name="MW">{{cite book |last1=Denison |first1=Edgar |title=Missouri Wildflowers |date=2017 |publisher=Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri |isbn=978-1-887247-59-7 |pages=180}}</ref> Each [[drupe]] contains three black nutlets.<ref name="IL"/>
==Etymology==
The genus name ''Triosteum'' is a shortened form of the Greek word "triostospermum", meaning "three stony seeds". The specific epithet ''perfoliatum'' is from the Latin meaning "through the leaf", referring to the way the stem comes through each pair of joined leaves.<ref name="MW"/>
==Distribution and habitat==
''T. perfoliatum'' is native in the United States from Nebraska to the west, Louisiana to the south, Massachusetts to the east, and the Canadian border to the north. In Canada, it is native in Ontario, where it is an endangered species.<ref name="natureserve"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Reports - Wild Species: The General Status of Species in Canada |url=https://www.wildspecies.ca/reports |website=www.wildspecies.ca |language=en}}</ref> In Louisiana, it is possibly [[extirpated]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rare Species and Natural Communities by Parish {{!}} Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries |url=https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/page/rare-species-and-natural-communities-by-parish |website=www.wlf.louisiana.gov}}</ref> It is extremely rare in both Massachusetts, where it is endangered, and Rhode Island, where it is a species of concern.<ref name="gb">{{cite web |title=Triosteum perfoliatum (perfoliate-leaved horse-gentian): Go Botany |url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/triosteum/perfoliatum/ |website=gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species {{!}} Mass.gov |url=https://www.mass.gov/info-details/list-of-endangered-threatened-and-special-concern-species#plants |website=www.mass.gov |language=en}}</ref> It can be found in open woods on hillsides or valleys in dry areas.<ref name="MW"/>
==Ecology==
The flowers of ''T perfoliatum'' bloom May to July and attract various bees, particularly bumblebees (''[[Bombus]]'' spp.) and anthophorid bees (''[[Anthophora]]'' spp.).<ref name="IL"/> It is a larval host for ''[[Hemaris diffinis]]'', the snowberry clearwing moth.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOSTS - The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/list.dsml?searchPageURL=index.dsml&Familyqtype=starts+with&Family=&PFamilyqtype=starts+with&PFamily=&Genusqtype=starts+with&Genus=&PGenusqtype=starts+with&PGenus=triosteum&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Species=&PSpeciesqtype=starts+with&PSpecies=&Country=&sort=Family |website=www.nhm.ac.uk}}</ref>
==References==
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