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Barthélemy was born in [[Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud|Bonifacio]]. His father was a socialist. During his studies at the [[University of Aix-en-Provence]], Barthélemy supported [[Action Française]]. He moved to [[Marseille]] and joined the [[French Communist Party]] (PCF) in 1925. Following the national congress of the PCF in [[Lille]] in 1926, delegates appointed him to membership in [[Secours Rouge International]]. After an internship in the [[USSR]] in 1928, he worked for the [[Communist International]] under the command of [[Palmiro Togliatti]]. He carried out missions to Spain and [[Italy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schir |first=Périne |title=The French Connections of the Italian Far Right, from the MSI to Fratelli d’Italia {{!}} illiberalism.org |url=https://www.illiberalism.org/the-french-connections-of-the-italian-far-right-from-the-msi-to-fratelli-ditalia/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Illiberalism.org/ |language=en-US}}</ref>
Barthélemy distanced himself from the PCF in 1930, but
When the PPF Congress met in [[Villeurbanne]] in July 1941 he was appointed secretary general of [[German occupation of France during World War II|both zones]]. He participated in the creation of the [[Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism]], of which he was member of the Central Committee.
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