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Barthélemy was born in [[Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud|Bonifacio]]. His father was a socialist. During his studies at the [[University of Aix-en-Provence]], Barthélemy supported [[Action Française]]. He moved to [[Marseille]] and joined the [[French Communist Party]] (PCF) in 1925. Following the national congress of the PCF in [[Lille]] in 1926, delegates appointed him to membership in [[Secours Rouge International]]. After an internship in the [[USSR]] in 1928, he worked for the [[Communist International]] under the command of [[Palmiro Togliatti]]. He carried out missions to Spain and [[Italy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schir |first=Périne |title=The French Connections of the Italian Far Right, from the MSI to Fratelli d’Italia {{!}} illiberalism.org |url=https://www.illiberalism.org/the-french-connections-of-the-italian-far-right-from-the-msi-to-fratelli-ditalia/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Illiberalism.org/ |language=en-US}}</ref>
Barthélemy distanced himself from the PCF in 1930, but eagerly joined [[French Popular Party]] (PPF) of [[Jacques Doriot]] in 28 June 1936 and quickly rose thorugh the ranks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebourg |first=Nicolas |date=2017-04-10 |title=Parmi les auxiliaires de la rafle du Vél d'Hiv, un futur numéro 2 du FN |url=https://www.slate.fr/story/143267/victor-barthelemy-rafle-vel-hiv-le-pen |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Slate.fr |language=FR}}</ref> Disillusioned with Communism, he was attracted to the "revolutionary authenticity" of fascism and [[National Socialism]]. In October 1936 he was appointed to the position of the Federal secretary of the party for the [[Alpes-Maritimes]], centered in [[Nice]]. He subsequently joined its central committee and its [[political bureau]]. In November 1939, he became secretary-general of the party and was installed in Paris.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Branch |first=United States Office of Strategic Services Research and Analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAZSkSduoiYC&dq=Victor+Barth%C3%A9lemy+french+popular+party&pg=PA89 |title=A Selected Who's who in Vichy, France, June 1940-August 1944 |date=1944 |publisher=éditeur inconnu |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> He was a contributor to ''[[L'Émancipation nationale]]'' ([The National Emancipation]),<ref>{{Citation |title=L'Émancipation nationale |date=1943-02-20 |url=https://www.retronews.fr/journal/lemancipation-nationale/20-feb-1943/3316/5018214/1 |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=fr}}</ref> and ''[[Le Cri du peuple]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Le Cri du peuple de Paris |date=1941-09-04 |url=https://www.retronews.fr/journal/le-cri-du-peuple-de-paris/4-septembre-1941/1833/3431775/1 |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=fr}}</ref>
When the PPF Congress met in [[Villeurbanne]] in July 1941 he was appointed secretary general of [[German occupation of France during World War II|both zones]]. He participated in the creation of the [[Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism]], of which he was member of the Central Committee.
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