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===Inter-ethnic relations===
Ethnic Khmers have a poor perception of the Vietnamese community, due to persistent feelings of communal animosity from the past history of Vietnamese rule over Cambodia.<ref>Ehrentraut (2013), pp. 86–87</ref> In 1958, a survey conducted by William Willmott upon high school students in Phnom Penh showed that relations with Chinese were generally rated as friendly, whereas Khmer students viewed their Vietnamese classmates with suspicion.<ref name="Wil35"/> Relations between the Vietnamese and Chinese are considerably better, as both ethnic groups share a close cultural affinity
Most Vietnamese are unrepresented in the Cambodian [[Commune Council (Cambodia)|commune]] councils as they lack Cambodian citizenship.<ref>Ehrentraut (2013), p. 83</ref> According to respondents from Ehrentraut's field research, the majority of Cambodian commune chiefs and officials express support in excluding Vietnamese representatives from getting citizenship and participating in commune elections and meetings due to contempt.<ref name="Eh85"/> The Vietnamese appoint their own village heads, and convey community concerns Vietnamese community associations ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: Tổng hội người Campuchia gốc Việt) that was first established in 2003. The community associations own limited assets and obtains funding from membership fees, donations from the Vietnamese embassy in Cambodia and sale of cemetery land from the Vietnamese communities.<ref name="Eh72">Ehrentraut (2013), p. 72</ref> The funds are subsequently used to address Vietnamese communal concerns which includes supporting religious places of worship and teaching of the Vietnamese language, as well as providing assistance to disadvantaged families. While the community associations have the tacit support of the Vietnamese community, the majority do not accept membership for fear of getting social stigma from mainstream Cambodian society. As of 2013, branches of these associations are established in 19 out of 23 provinces across Cambodia.<ref>Ehrentraut (2013), p. 73</ref>
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