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* a vertical wheel with a horizontal axle.
The latter can be subdivided according to where the water hits the wheel into backshot (pitch-back<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170815063910/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pitch-back pitch-back]</ref>) overshot, breastshot, undershot, and stream-wheels.<ref name="Stream wheel term and specifics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.energy.soton.ac.uk/hydro/waterwheels.html |title=Stream wheel term and specifics |access-date=2009-04-07 |archive-date=2011-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007081641/http://www.energy.soton.ac.uk/hydro/waterwheels.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/undershot%20wheel Merriam Webster]</ref><ref>[http://www.powerinthelandscape.co.uk/water/water_wheels.html Power in the Landscape]</ref>
The term ''undershot'' can refer to any wheel where the water passes under the wheel<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/undershot Collins English Dictionary]</ref> but it usually implies that the water entry is low on the wheel.
Overshot and backshot water wheels are typically used where the available height difference is more than a couple of meters. Breastshot wheels are more suited to large flows with a moderate [[Hydrostatic head|head]]. Undershot and stream wheel use large flows at little or no head.
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