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===Return to London: 1717–1725===
[[Image:Stonehenge Stukeley.jpg|right|thumb|300px|An inward view of [[Stonehenge]] from August 1722<ref>{{cite book | last= Stukeley|first= William | title = Stonehenge, A Temple Restor'd to the British Druids | year = 1740 | publisher = W. Innys and R. Manby| location = London | url = https://archive.org/details/b30448554 |isbn= 9781605064277 }}</ref>]]
By May 1717, Stukeley had returned to London, living in [[Great Ormond Street]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=41|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2pp=46, 50
Stukeley lectured to the society on a "fossil crocodile or porpoise" in 1719 (a plesiosaur now on display in the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], London<ref>{{cite web |last1=Natural History Museum |title=Collection database entry for Plesiosaur R.1330 |url=http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/35641294-c471-4e37-bcc8-4c125c03713e |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref>), arguing that [[Flood geology|it was evidence]] for the [[Genesis flood narrative]];{{sfn|Haycock|2002|p=82}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stukeley |first1=William |title=An account of the impression of the almost entire sceleton of a large animal in a very hard stone, lately presented the Royal Society, from Nottinghamshire. |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. |date=1719 |volume=30 |issue=360 |pages=963–968 |doi= 10.1098/rstl.1717.0053|doi-access=free }}</ref> in February 1720, he lectured to the society on female human anatomy, illustrated with drawings of a cadaver he had autopsied.{{sfn|Haycock|2002|p=59}} Following [[Edmond Halley]]'s resignation as society secretary, in November 1721, Stukeley put himself forward as a potential replacement; he unsuccessfully ran against Newton's favoured candidate, [[James Jurin]]. This upset some of Stukeley's friendships in the group and cooled his relationship with Newton for several years.{{sfn|Haycock|2002|pp=51, 52–53}}
Also in 1718, Stukeley joined the newly founded [[Society of Antiquaries of London]] and became its first secretary.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1pp=42–43|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2p=47}} In 1721–22 he was partly instrumental in setting up the society's committee on coins.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=44}} He nevertheless appears to have taken little active part in the society's business.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|pp=42–43}} He also retained his interest in medical matters, and in June 1719 took a [[medical doctorate]] in Cambridge, enabling him to join the [[London College of Physicians]] in 1720.{{sfn|Haycock|2002|p=54}} In October 1720 he was one of the physicians who conducted an autopsy of a deceased elephant in [[Hans Sloane]]'s [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] garden.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=60|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2p=72}} In March 1722 he gave the [[Goulstonian Lecture]] at the Royal College theatre; his topic was the human spleen. He published his lectures as ''On the Spleen'' in 1722, appending to it his "Essay Towards the Anatomy of the Elephant".{{sfn|Haycock|2002|pp=66–67, 72}} According to Stukeley biographer [[David Boyd Haycock]], ''On the Spleen'' was significant as "his first major publication, and his only one in anatomy".{{sfn|Haycock|2002|p=67}}▼
Also in 1718, Stukeley joined the newly founded [[Society of Antiquaries of London]] and became its first secretary.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1pp=42–43|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2p=47}} In 1721–22 he was partly instrumental in setting up the society's committee on coins. He nevertheless appears to have taken little active part in the society's business.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|pp=42–44}} He retained his interest in medical matters, and in June 1719 took a [[medical doctorate]] in Cambridge, enabling him to join the [[London College of Physicians]] in 1720.{{sfn|Haycock|2002|p=54}}
Stukeley developed a friendship with two brothers who shared many of his antiquarian interests, [[Roger Gale (antiquary)|Roger]] and [[Samuel Gale]].{{sfn|Piggott|1985|pp=41–42}} From his father, the former [[Dean of York]] [[Thomas Gale]], Roger had inherited a copy of the ''Monumenta Britannica'', a work produced by seventeenth-century antiquarian [[John Aubrey]]. He showed it to Stukeley, who produced a transcription of Aubrey's document in either 1717 or 1718.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=45|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2pp=129–130|3a1=Hutton|3y=2005|3p=384}} Piggott suggested that it was Aubrey's manuscript that first brought Avebury to Stukeley's attention.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=46}} Circa 1718, Stukeley first visited the site, accompanied by the Gale brothers.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=45}} In 1719, he visited again, also taking in Stonehenge before traveling to [[Oxford]] to meet [[Thomas Hearne (antiquarian)|Thomas Hearne]], an antiquarian who was highly critical of Stukeley.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=51}} That summer, he spent time in [[Great Chesterford]] in [[Essex]], where he identified a Romano-British temple from crop marks in a field.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=52}}▼
▲
[[File:William Stukeley. Line engraving, 1776, after I. Whood, 1727 Wellcome V0005651.jpg|thumb|left|A 1776 line engraving of Stukeley, based on a 1727 illustration by I. Whood]]▼
▲Stukeley developed a friendship with two brothers who shared many of his antiquarian interests, [[Roger Gale (antiquary)|Roger]] and [[Samuel Gale]].{{sfn|Piggott|1985|pp=41–42}} From his father, the former [[Dean of York]] [[Thomas Gale]], Roger had inherited a copy of the ''Monumenta Britannica'', a work produced by seventeenth-century antiquarian [[John Aubrey]]. He showed it to Stukeley, who produced a transcription of Aubrey's document in either 1717 or 1718.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=45|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2pp=129–130|3a1=Hutton|3y=2005|3p=384}} Piggott suggested that it was Aubrey's manuscript that first brought Avebury to Stukeley's attention.
▲[[File:William Stukeley. Line engraving, 1776, after I. Whood, 1727 Wellcome V0005651.jpg|thumb|left|A 1776 line engraving of Stukeley, based on a 1727 illustration by I. Whood]]
Stukeley devoted much attention to Avebury during the 1720s.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=49}} The records he produced of how the monument and its various features looked at the time has been important for later archaeologists for by the early twentieth century—when the earliest sustained archaeological investigation of the site took place—many of these features had been lost.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=49|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2p=250}} He witnessed locals breaking up megaliths in the circle and although powerless to stop them it may have been this observation that led him to produce a detailed record of the site.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=50}}
In January 1721, Stukeley was initiated as a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=70|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2p=175}} He suspected that Freemasonry was the "remains of the mysterys of the antients [sic]".{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=71}} By 1723 he was the Master of the Masonic Lodge meeting at Fountain Tavern on London's [[Strand, London|Strand]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=70|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2p=175}} In July 1722, he and several friends formed the Society of Roman Knights, an organisation devoted to the study of [[Roman Britain]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=53|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2p=117|3a1=Hutton|3y=2005|3p=385}} The group began with sixteen members before attracting new recruits over the following two years. In admitting women as well as men, the Society was unprecedented within British society at the time; the Society of Antiquaries for instance would not admit female members for another two centuries.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1pp=53, 55|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2p=117}} Members of the Roman Knights each took a name from the Romano-British period;{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=53|2a1=Hutton|2y=2005|2p=385}} Stukeley's was "Chyndonax", the name of a priest listed in a Greek inscription reputedly found in a glass cinerary urn in 1598.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=53|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2p=117|3a1=Hutton|3y=2005|3p=385}} Through the society he also became close friends with [[Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford]] and [[Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Winchilsea]]; he encouraged the latter to carry out archaeological fieldwork, as at [[Julliberrie's Grave]] in Kent.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|pp=56–57}}
In August 1721, Stukeley and Roger Gale set forth on another tour, visiting Avebury and Stonehenge before going to Gloucester, Hereford, Ludlow, Wolverhampton, Derby, and finally reaching Grantham in October.
He returned to Avebury in the summer of In 1723, he travelled from London to [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]] and [[Marlborough, Wiltshire|Marlborough]] before visiting [[Stanton Drew stone circles]], and then heading back east to [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Exeter]] and Dorchester.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|pp=66, 70}} These tours were written up as ''Iter Dumnoniense'' and ''Iter Septimum Antonini Aug''.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=65}} He also wrote an account of Dorchester's [[Maumbury Rings]] in October 1723 as ''Of the Roman Ampitheatre at Dorchester''.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=70}} [[Image:Stukelykitscoty.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Stukeley's drawings such as this 1722 prospect of [[Kit's Coty House]] in Kent have provided valuable information on monuments since damaged]]
It was while at Avebury in 1723 that he began a draft of the ''History of the Temples of the Ancient Celts''.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=51}} This work drew upon his fieldwork at both Avebury and Stonehenge as well as his field-notes from other prehistoric sites and information obtained from the 'Templa Druidum' section of Aubrey's ''Monumenta Britannica''.
In 1724, Stukeley returned to Avebury and Stonehenge, returning via [[Ringwood, Hampshire|Ringwood]] and [[Romsey]] before heading up to [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]] and then back down to Kent later in the year. This was the final year in which he conducted fieldwork at Avebury. In 1725, Stukeley engaged in the last of his great tours, this time with Roger Gale.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|pp=71, 73, 96}}
▲It was while at Avebury in 1723 that he began a draft of the ''History of the Temples of the Ancient Celts''.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=51}} This work drew upon his fieldwork at both Avebury and Stonehenge as well as his field-notes from other prehistoric sites and information obtained from the 'Templa Druidum' section of Aubrey's ''Monumenta Britannica''.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=88}} The work also cited Biblical and Classical texts.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=88}} In the book, Stukeley discussed how prehistoric people might have erected such monuments using sledges, timber cradles, rollers and leavers.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|pp=88–89}} He devoted much space to refuting the suggestion, made by [[Inigo Jones]] and J. Webb, that Stonehenge had been erected by the Romans, instead attributing it to the prehistoric—or as he called it, "Celtic"—period.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1985|1p=88|2a1=Haycock|2y=2002|2pp=124, 128}} The druids are mentioned only briefly in the book, when Stukeley suggested that they might be possible creators of the stone circles.{{sfn|Piggott|1985|p=88}}
===Marriage and the clergy: 1726–46===
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