Yazid I: Difference between revisions

In the [[Yazidism|Yazidi religion]], practiced by the mainly Iraq-based [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish-speaking]] ethno-religious community of [[Yazidi]]s, Sultan Ezid is a highly revered divine figure.{{sfn|Langer|2010|p=394}} Most modern historians hold that the name Ezid derives from the name of Caliph Yazid.{{sfn|Kreyenbroek|2002|p=313}} In Yazidi religious lore, there is no trace of any link between Sultan Ezid and the second Umayyad caliph.{{sfn|Asatrian|Arakelova|2016|p=386}} A pro-Umayyad movement particularly sympathetic towards Yazid existed in the Kurdish mountains before the 12th century, when [[Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir|Shaykh Adi]],{{sfn|Kreyenbroek|2002|p=314}} a [[Sufism|Sufi]] of Umayyad descent venerated by Yazidis to this day,{{sfn|Langer|2010|p=394}} settled there and attracted a following among the adherents of the movement. The name Yazidi seems to have been applied to the group because of his Umayyad origins.{{sfn|Kreyenbroek|2002|p=314}}

 

[[File:Umayyad Caliphate. temp. Yazid I ibn Mu'awiya. AH 60-64 AD 680-683.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Obverse and reverse of a silver coin with Arabic inscriptions and other markings|Coin of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] at the time of Yazid. Mint location: [[Basra]]. Governor: [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]]. Date: 60 AH (679–680 CE). Obverse: Sasanian style bust imitating [[Khosrow II]]; {{transl|ar|bismillah}} and four pellets in margin. Reverse: fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames; date to left, mint name to right.]]

 

A [[Sasanian coinage|Sasanian]]-style silver coin bearing the mint date as "Year I of Yazid" has been reported. The obverse side shows the portrait of the Sasanian king [[Khosrow II]] ({{reign|590|628}}) and his name in the [[Pahlavi script]]. The reverse has the usual [[Zoroastrian]] [[fire altar]] surrounded by attendants. The margins, however, contain the inscription that it was minted during the first year of Yazid's reign.{{sfn|Mochiri|1982|pp=137–139}} An anonymous coin from the [[Nishapur]] mint bearing the mint date 60, which is assumed to be the [[Hijri year]], is also thought to be from Yazid's first regnal year.{{sfn|Mochiri|1982|p=139}} Other coins from his reign usually have only the name of the governor of the province where the coin originated.{{sfn|Mochiri|1982|p=139}}{{sfn|Rotter|1982|p=85}} Coins bearing the name of the counter-caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr have also been found from the provinces of Fars and Kirman, dated between 61 and 63 (681–683 CE), although Ibn al-Zubayr did not publicly claim the caliphate until after the death of Yazid.{{sfn|Rotter|1982|pp=85–86}} This may show that as well as the challenges to his rule in Arabia and Iraq, Yazid's authority was also challenged in southern Persia from roughly the time of his accession. The coins were probably minted in the name of Ibn al-Zubayr to lend legitimacy to the challengers of the Umayyads by using a suitable Qurayshite name.{{sfn|Rotter|1982|p=86}}{{efn|1=[[Quraysh]]ite descent was considered a prerequisite for the caliphal office by the majority of Muslims in early Islamic history.{{sfn|Demichelis|2015|p=108}}}}

 

 

==Wives and children==

*{{cite journal |last=Mochiri |first=Malek Iradj |title=A Sasanian-Style Coin of Yazīd B. Mu'āwiya |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1982|volume=114 |number=1 |pages=137–141 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00159180 |jstor=25211312|s2cid=162940912 }}

*{{The History of al-Tabari |volume=18 |url={{Google Books|9DHhZ5Wwo_YC|plainurl=y}}}}

*{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Majied |title=Marriage in the Tribe of Muhammad: A Statistical Study of Early Arabic Genealogical Literature |date=2020 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-062416-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLztDwAAQBAJ}}

*{{cite book |last = Rotter |first = Gernot |year = 1982 |title = Die Umayyaden und der zweite Bürgerkrieg (680–692) |language = de |publisher = Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft |location = Wiesbaden |url ={{Google Books|NuANAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=y}} |isbn = 978-3515029131}}

*{{cite book|last=Sharon|first=Moshe|author-link=Moshe Sharon|title=Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State : Incubation of a Revolt|url={{Google Books|NPvZoG6NtLkC|plainurl=y}}|year=1983|publisher=JSAI|location=Jerusalem|isbn=978-965-223-501-5}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Sprengling |first1=Martin |title=From Persian to Arabic |journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=1939 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=175–224 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |jstor=528934 |doi=10.1086/370538|s2cid=170486943 }}

*{{EI2 |article=Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya |last=Ullmann |first=Manfred |volume=4 |pages=929–930}}