R̥ is a vowel symbol, or vocalic consonant, of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, R̥ is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter
. As an Indic vowel, R̥ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.
R̥ | |
---|---|
Example glyphs | |
Bengali–Assamese | |
Tibetan | ཨྲྀ |
Malayalam | ഋ |
Sinhala | ඍ |
Ashoka Brahmi | |
Devanagari | |
Cognates | |
Hebrew | ר |
Greek | Ρ |
Latin | R |
Cyrillic | Р |
Properties | |
Phonemic representation | /ɻ̩/ |
IAST transliteration | ṛ Ṛ |
ISCII code point | DF (223) |
Āryabhaṭa numeration
editAryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The sign ृ was used to modify a consonant's value ×106, but the vowel letter ऋ did not have an inherent value by itself.[1]
Historic R̥
editThere are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ṛ was not found in early Brahmi, and only appears in some of the less geometric styles of later Brahmi writing, such as the Gupta . Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ṛ has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ṛ are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.
Brahmi R̥
editThe Brahmi letter Ṛ is probably derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to the modern Latin R and Greek Rho.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ṛ can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, but Ṛ is not found in those texts, so it is usually cited with a back-formed geometric style character similar to "X".
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
No examples |
Tocharian R̥
editThe Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi . Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.
Kr | Khr | Gr | Ghr | Cr | Chr | Jr | Jhr | Nyr | Ṭr | Ṭhr | Ḍr | Ḍhr | Ṇr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tr | Thr | Dr | Dhr | Nr | Pr | Phr | Br | Bhr | Mr | Yr | Rr | Lr | Vr |
Śr | Ṣr | Sr | Hr | ||||||||||
Kharoṣṭhī R̥
editThe Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṛ is indicated with the vowel mark . As an independent vowel, Ṛ is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter A .
Devanagari R̥
editR̥ (ऋ) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ઋ, and the Modi letter 𑘆.
Devanagari Using Languages
editThe Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ऋ is pronounced as [ṛ]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Bengali R̥
editṚ (ঋ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter , and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ऋ.
Bengali Script Using Languages
editThe Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, ঋ is pronounced as [ṛ]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.
Gujarati Ṛ
editṚ (ઋ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṛ , and the Brahmi letter .
Gujarati-using Languages
editThe Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઋ is pronounced as [ṛ]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Telugu R̥
editṚ (ఋ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಋ. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Ṛ is a non-attaching vowel sign, and does not alter the underlying consonant or contextually shape itself in any way.
Malayalam R̥
editṚ (ഋ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter r. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. Some vowel signs, such as Ṛ, can also form a ligature with some consonants, although this is much more common in old-style paḻaya lipi texts than in the modern reformed paḻaya lipi orthography.
Odia R̥
editṚ (ଋ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter r. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.
Comparison of R̥
editThe various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṛ, are related as well.
Comparison of Ṛ in different scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
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Character encodings of Ṛ
editMost Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ṛ in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṛ from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
Preview | ఋ | ଋ | ಋ | ഋ | ઋ | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R | BENGALI LETTER VOCALIC R | TELUGU LETTER VOCALIC R | ORIYA LETTER VOCALIC R | KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC R | MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC R | GUJARATI LETTER VOCALIC R | |||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 2315 | U+090B | 2443 | U+098B | 3083 | U+0C0B | 2827 | U+0B0B | 3211 | U+0C8B | 3339 | U+0D0B | 2699 | U+0A8B |
UTF-8 | 224 164 139 | E0 A4 8B | 224 166 139 | E0 A6 8B | 224 176 139 | E0 B0 8B | 224 172 139 | E0 AC 8B | 224 178 139 | E0 B2 8B | 224 180 139 | E0 B4 8B | 224 170 139 | E0 AA 8B |
Numeric character reference | ऋ |
ऋ |
ঋ |
ঋ |
ఋ |
ఋ |
ଋ |
ଋ |
ಋ |
ಋ |
ഋ |
ഋ |
ઋ |
ઋ |
ISCII | 223 | DF | 223 | DF | 223 | DF | 223 | DF | 223 | DF | 223 | DF | 223 | DF |
Preview | 𑌋 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC R | SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC R | GRANTHA LETTER VOCALIC R | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 69643 | U+1100B | 71046 | U+11586 | 70411 | U+1130B |
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 139 | F0 91 80 8B | 240 145 150 134 | F0 91 96 86 | 240 145 140 139 | F0 91 8C 8B |
UTF-16 | 55300 56331 | D804 DC0B | 55301 56710 | D805 DD86 | 55300 57099 | D804 DF0B |
Numeric character reference | 𑀋 |
𑀋 |
𑖆 |
𑖆 |
𑌋 |
𑌋 |
Preview | 𑐆 | 𑰆 | 𑆉 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | NEWA LETTER VOCALIC R | BHAIKSUKI LETTER VOCALIC R | SHARADA LETTER VOCALIC R | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 70662 | U+11406 | 72710 | U+11C06 | 70025 | U+11189 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 144 134 | F0 91 90 86 | 240 145 176 134 | F0 91 B0 86 | 240 145 134 137 | F0 91 86 89 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56326 | D805 DC06 | 55303 56326 | D807 DC06 | 55300 56713 | D804 DD89 |
Numeric character reference | 𑐆 |
𑐆 |
𑰆 |
𑰆 |
𑆉 |
𑆉 |
Preview | ၒ | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC R | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 4178 | U+1052 |
UTF-8 | 225 129 146 | E1 81 92 |
Numeric character reference | ၒ |
ၒ |
Preview | ឫ | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RY | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 6059 | U+17AB |
UTF-8 | 225 158 171 | E1 9E AB |
Numeric character reference | ឫ |
ឫ |
Preview | ඍ | ꢈ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER IRUYANNA | SAURASHTRA LETTER VOCALIC R | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3469 | U+0D8D | 43144 | U+A888 |
UTF-8 | 224 182 141 | E0 B6 8D | 234 162 136 | EA A2 88 |
Numeric character reference | ඍ |
ඍ |
ꢈ |
ꢈ |
Preview | 𑘆 | 𑦦 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MODI LETTER VOCALIC R | NANDINAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71174 | U+11606 | 72102 | U+119A6 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 134 | F0 91 98 86 | 240 145 166 166 | F0 91 A6 A6 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56838 | D805 DE06 | 55302 56742 | D806 DDA6 |
Numeric character reference | 𑘆 |
𑘆 |
𑦦 |
𑦦 |
Preview | 𑒇 | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC R | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 70791 | U+11487 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 135 | F0 91 92 87 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56455 | D805 DC87 |
Numeric character reference | 𑒇 |
𑒇 |
Preview | 𑠱 | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | DOGRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 71729 | U+11831 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 160 177 | F0 91 A0 B1 |
UTF-16 | 55302 56369 | D806 DC31 |
Numeric character reference | 𑠱 |
𑠱 |
Preview | ᬋ | ᮻ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER RA REPA | SUNDANESE LETTER REU | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6923 | U+1B0B | 7099 | U+1BBB |
UTF-8 | 225 172 139 | E1 AC 8B | 225 174 187 | E1 AE BB |
Numeric character reference | ᬋ |
ᬋ |
ᮻ |
ᮻ |
References
edit- ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ^ Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838. [1]