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| camera_model = Diana
| camera_model = Diana
| image = [[File:Diana camera.jpg|220px|Diana camera.]]
| image = [[File:Diana camera.jpg|220px|Diana camera.]]
| manufacturer = Great Wall Plastic Factory, [[Lomography|Lomographische AG]],
| manufacturer = Great Wall Plastic Factory, Lomographische AG
| camera_type = [[Box camera]]
| camera_type = [[Box camera]]
| sensor_type = [[photographic film|Film]]
| sensor_type = [[photographic film|Film]]
| sensor_size = 40 mm × 40 mm
| sensor_size = originally 40 mm × 40 mm
| recording_medium = [[120 film]]
| recording_medium = [[120 film]], [[135 film|35mm]]
| lens_system =
| lens_system =
| focus_type =
| focus_type =
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[[File:Diana camera branded Conforama.jpg|thumb|250px|Diana camera branded Conforama.]]
[[File:Diana camera branded Conforama.jpg|thumb|250px|Diana camera branded Conforama.]]


The '''Diana camera''' is a plastic-bodied [[box camera]] utilizing [[120 film|120 rollfilm]]. Most versions take 16 photographs per roll in a non-standard format of 4.2&nbsp;cm square using a simple plastic [[meniscus lens]], although some are capable of 12 6 x 6&nbsp;cm exposures. Originally marketed as an inexpensive novelty gift item, the Diana was later used by professional photographers to take [[soft focus]], impressionistic photographs somewhat reminiscent of the [[Pictorialist]] Period of artistic photography, but using contemporary themes and concepts.<ref>Featherstone, David, ''The Diana Show: Pictures Through A Plastic Lens'', Vol. 21, Carmel, CA: The Friends Of Photography (1980), ISBN 0-933286-17-1, p. 9</ref> Ten years after the Diana disappeared from the market, another inexpensive box camera of similar concept, the [[Holga]], would also become the camera of choice of some professional photographers.
The '''Diana camera''' is a plastic-bodied [[box camera]] utilizing [[120 film|120 rollfilm]] and [[135 film|35 mm film]]. The camera uses a simple plastic [[meniscus lens]]. Originally marketed as an inexpensive novelty gift item, the Diana has been used to specifically take [[soft focus]], [[Impressionism|impressionistic]] photographs somewhat reminiscent of the [[Pictorialist]] Period of artistic photography, but using contemporary themes and concepts, known as [[lomography]].<ref>Featherstone, David, ''The Diana Show: Pictures Through A Plastic Lens'', Vol. 21, Carmel, CA: The Friends Of Photography (1980), ISBN 0-933286-17-1, p. 9</ref>


As a bottom market camera intended for novelty use, the Diana frequently suffers from light leaks, film advance issues, and other problems. However, its low-quality plastic lens has been celebrated for its artistic effects in photographs, normally resulting in a slightly blurred composition that can provide a 'dreamlike' quality to the print.<ref>Diana + Lomography, [http://microsites.lomography.com/diana/theory/experts/allan-detrich ''Interview with Allan Detrich''], Retrieved on 13 April 2010</ref>
As a bottom market camera intended for novelty use, the Diana frequently suffers from light leaks, film advance issues, and other problems. However, its low-quality plastic lens has been celebrated for its artistic effects in photographs, normally resulting in a slightly blurred composition that can provide a 'dreamlike' quality to the print.<ref>Diana + Lomography, [http://microsites.lomography.com/diana/theory/experts/allan-detrich ''Interview with Allan Detrich''], Retrieved on 13 April 2010</ref>


==History==
==History==
The Diana first appeared during the early 1960s as an inexpensive box camera sold by the ''Great Wall Plastic Factory'' of [[Kowloon]], [[Hong Kong]].<ref>Barnes, Mike, ''[http://toycamera.com/diana/thedianacamera.html The Diana Legacy]''</ref><ref>Hirsch, Robert, ''Photographic Possibilities: The Expressive Use of Equipment, Ideas, Materials, and Processes'', Oxford, UK:Elsevier Press (2009), ISBN 978-0-240-81013-3, p.171</ref><ref name="Featherstone, p. 5">Featherstone, p. 5</ref> Most were exported to the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United States, the Diana was imported by the ''Power Sales Company'' of Willow Grove, Pennsylvania.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 5"/><ref>Warren, Lynne, ''Encyclopedia Of Twentieth Century Photography''; New York: Routledge Publishing (2005), ISBN 978-1-57958-393-4, p. 216</ref> During the 1960s, Power Sales Company wholesaled the Diana by the case – 144 cameras – at about 50 cents U.S. per unit to a variety of retailers and promotional merchandisers.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 5"/><ref>Warren, p. 216</ref>
The Diana first appeared during the early 1960s as an inexpensive box camera sold by the ''Great Wall Plastic Factory'' of [[Kowloon]], [[Hong Kong]].<ref>Barnes, Mike, ''[http://toycamera.com/diana/thedianacamera.html The Diana Legacy]''</ref><ref>Hirsch, Robert, ''Photographic Possibilities: The Expressive Use of Equipment, Ideas, Materials, and Processes'', Oxford, UK:Elsevier Press (2009), ISBN 978-0-240-81013-3, p.171</ref><ref name="Featherstone, p. 5">Featherstone, p. 5</ref> Most were exported to the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United States, the Diana was imported by the ''Power Sales Company'' of Willow Grove, Pennsylvania.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 5"/><ref>Warren, Lynne, ''Encyclopedia Of Twentieth Century Photography''; New York: Routledge Publishing (2005), ISBN 978-1-57958-393-4, p. 216</ref> During the 1960s, Power Sales Company wholesaled the Diana by the case – 144 cameras – at about 50 cents U.S. per unit to a variety of retailers and promotional merchandisers.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 5"/><ref>Warren, p. 216</ref>


Most Diana cameras were given away or sold for nominal sums as novelties or prizes at fairs, carnivals, product promotions, raffles, or other events.<ref>Cyr, Don, ''Visions Of Diana'', Popular Photography (Fall 1977), p. 59</ref> For a time, the camera was also regularly advertised for sale in various periodicals through mail order vendors. However, with the development of inexpensive, higher quality consumer cameras such as the [[Kodak]] [[Instamatic]], together with the declining popularity of rollfilm, demand for the Diana – even as a novelty gift – gradually disappeared. Production of the Diana, its clones, close copies, and variants is believed to have stopped in the 1970s, though similar 35&nbsp;mm box cameras were produced for many years thereafter by various companies in Hong Kong and Taiwan for use as promotional items.<ref>Featherstone, p. 6</ref>
Most Diana cameras were given away or sold for nominal sums as novelties or prizes at fairs, carnivals, product promotions, raffles, or other events.<ref>Cyr, Don, ''Visions Of Diana'', Popular Photography (Fall 1977), p. 59</ref> For a time, the camera was also regularly advertised for sale in various periodicals through mail order vendors. However, with the development of inexpensive, higher quality consumer cameras such as the [[Kodak]] [[Instamatic]], together with the declining popularity of rollfilm, demand for the Diana – even as a novelty gift – gradually disappeared. Production of the Diana, its clones, close copies, and variants is believed to have stopped in the 1970s, though similar 35&nbsp;mm box cameras were produced for many years thereafter by various companies in Hong Kong and Taiwan for use as promotional items.<ref>Featherstone, p. 6</ref>


It is currently marketed as the “Diana+” in the original 120 format as well as 35mm by Lomographische AG.<ref name=LOMO>{{cite web|url=http://usa.shop.lomography.com/cameras|title=Lomographische sales site|publisher=www.lomography.com|accessdate=10DEC12}}</ref>
⚫
== Characteristics and variants ==
⚫
The Diana is a very simply constructed box camera with a mechanical film advance, spring-loaded shutter, and a plastic viewfinder of questionable utility. It is constructed primarily of low-quality phenolic plastics of the type commonly found in toys imported from Asia during the 1960s. Because of wide variances in production quality, combined with a poorly designed camera body latching mechanism, Diana cameras are predisposed to light leaks onto the exposed film. If not desired, such leaks can be temporarily remedied by sealing the seams with light-proof tape after loading the film. The design of the Diana incorporates a crude lens that produces an [[image circle]] which only marginally covers the diagonal of a film frame. This marginal coverage field produces images with often pronounced [[vignetting]]. The poor quality of the plastic meniscus lens results in generally low contrast and resolution, odd color rendition, chromatic aberration, and blurred images.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 7">Featherstone, p. 7</ref> Additionally, the film spool may become loose or out of place when winding the film on to the next frame. Finally, the crude advance and shutter mechanism can result in images that are not properly centered or exposed.


⚫
== Characteristics and variants ==
⚫
Although these attributes are generally thought undesirable in a camera, various photographers and art photography schools have intentionally utilized these characteristics to produce photographs with interesting or artistic effects. [[Ohio University]] at [[Athens, Ohio]] was one of the first schools to incorporate use of the Diana in beginning and graduate photography programs as a way of stimulating creative vision without undue reliance upon camera features and technology.<ref>Truxell, Elizabeth, ''$1 Toy Teaches Photography'', Popular Photography (January 1971)</ref> The use of the Diana in this role achieved a new level of fame when the camera was utilized by American photographer (and former Ohio University photography student) [[Nancy Rexroth]] in an influential 1976 photographic exhibit and book entitled ''IOWA''.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 5"/>
⚫
The Diana is a very simply constructed box camera with a mechanical film advance, spring-loaded shutter, and a primitive plastic viewfinder. It is constructed primarily of low-quality phenolic plastics of the type commonly found in toys imported from Asia during the 1960s. Because of wide variances in production quality, combined with a poorly designed camera body latching mechanism, Diana cameras are predisposed to light leaks onto the exposed film. If not desired, such leaks can be temporarily remedied by sealing the seams with light-proof tape after loading the film. The design of the Diana incorporates a crude lens that produces an [[image circle]] which only marginally covers the diagonal of a film frame. This marginal coverage field produces images with often pronounced [[vignetting]]. The poor quality of the plastic meniscus lens results in generally low contrast and resolution, odd color rendition, chromatic aberration, and blurred images.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 7">Featherstone, p. 7</ref> Additionally, the film spool may become loose or out of place when winding the film on to the next frame. Finally, the crude advance and shutter mechanism can result in images that are not properly centered or exposed.


⚫
Although these attributes are generally thought undesirable in a camera, various photographers and art photography schools have intentionally utilized these characteristics to produce photographs with interesting or artistic effects. [[Ohio University]] at [[Athens, Ohio]] was one of the first schools to incorporate use of the Diana in beginning and graduate photography programs as a way of stimulating creative vision without undue reliance upon camera features and technology.<ref>Truxell, Elizabeth, ''$1 Toy Teaches Photography'', Popular Photography (January 1971)</ref> The use of the Diana in this role achieved a new level of fame when the camera was utilized by American photographer (and former Ohio University photography student) Nancy Rexroth in an influential 1976 photographic exhibit and book entitled ''IOWA''.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 5"/>
⚫
In addition to the 'Diana' labelled cameras, there are over fifty similar variants of the basic design, some of which may have been produced by other factories and/or manufacturers. The camera was sold under a variety of model names, often accomplished by merely affixing a different stick-on label to the same product.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 5"/> In other cases, slight modifications to the basic design were incorporated. Some Diana clones use a slightly different molding and plastic composition, while other models have a 'bulb' setting for time exposures. Other variants incorporate a 6×6&nbsp;cm negative size (like the Diana Deluxe), while others have provision for different controls or even separate flash illumination. The 3 aperture version of the classic Diana/Diana clone has apertures of {{f/|11}}, {{f/|13}}, and {{f/|19}}, and it takes 32&nbsp;mm clip-on filters. The Diana Deluxe variant offers {{f/|9}}, {{f/|16}}, and {{f/|22}}, and takes a 46–49&nbsp;mm step-up ring, unusual for such a low-end camera. Shutter speed is often variable due to manufacturing vagaries, and can vary from 1/200th to 1/30th of a second.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 7"/> As there is no shutter lock, and the shutter mechanism is always held in tension by a spring, multiple exposures with the Diana can be achieved by multiple operations of the shutter release without advancing the film.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 7"/>


⚫
In addition to the 'Diana' labeled cameras, there are over fifty similar variants of the basic design, some of which may have been produced by other factories and/or manufacturers. The camera was sold under a variety of model names, often accomplished by merely affixing a different stick-on label to the same product.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 5"/> In other cases, slight modifications to the basic design were incorporated. Some Diana clones use a slightly different molding and plastic composition, while other models have a 'bulb' setting for time exposures. Other variants incorporate a 6×6&nbsp;cm negative size (like the Diana Deluxe), while others have provision for different controls or even separate flash illumination. The 3 aperture version of the classic Diana/Diana clone has apertures of {{f/|11}}, {{f/|13}}, and {{f/|19}}, and it takes 32&nbsp;mm clip-on filters. The Diana Deluxe variant offers {{f/|9}}, {{f/|16}}, and {{f/|22}}, and takes a 46–49&nbsp;mm step-up ring, unusual for such a low-end camera. Shutter speed is often variable due to manufacturing vagaries, and can vary from 1/200th to 1/30th of a second.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 7"/> As there is no shutter lock, and the shutter mechanism is always held in tension by a spring, multiple exposures with the Diana can be achieved by multiple operations of the shutter release without advancing the film.<ref name="Featherstone, p. 7"/>
Several new production versions of the Diana camera are currently available as the ''Diana+'' series, produced by [[Lomography]].


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 21:28, 10 December 2012

Diana
Diana camera.
Overview
MakerGreat Wall Plastic Factory, Lomographische AG
TypeBox camera
Lens
F-numbersf/11, f/13, f/19
Sensor/medium
Sensor typeFilm
Sensor sizeoriginally 40 mm × 40 mm
Recording medium120 film, 35mm
Diana camera branded Conforama.

The Diana camera is a plastic-bodied box camera utilizing 120 rollfilm and 35 mm film. The camera uses a simple plastic meniscus lens. Originally marketed as an inexpensive novelty gift item, the Diana has been used to specifically take soft focus, impressionistic photographs somewhat reminiscent of the Pictorialist Period of artistic photography, but using contemporary themes and concepts, known as lomography.[1]

As a bottom market camera intended for novelty use, the Diana frequently suffers from light leaks, film advance issues, and other problems. However, its low-quality plastic lens has been celebrated for its artistic effects in photographs, normally resulting in a slightly blurred composition that can provide a 'dreamlike' quality to the print.[2]

History

The Diana first appeared during the early 1960s as an inexpensive box camera sold by the Great Wall Plastic Factory of Kowloon, Hong Kong.[3][4][5] Most were exported to the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United States, the Diana was imported by the Power Sales Company of Willow Grove, Pennsylvania.[5][6] During the 1960s, Power Sales Company wholesaled the Diana by the case – 144 cameras – at about 50 cents U.S. per unit to a variety of retailers and promotional merchandisers.[5][7]

Most Diana cameras were given away or sold for nominal sums as novelties or prizes at fairs, carnivals, product promotions, raffles, or other events.[8] For a time, the camera was also regularly advertised for sale in various periodicals through mail order vendors. However, with the development of inexpensive, higher quality consumer cameras such as the Kodak Instamatic, together with the declining popularity of rollfilm, demand for the Diana – even as a novelty gift – gradually disappeared. Production of the Diana, its clones, close copies, and variants is believed to have stopped in the 1970s, though similar 35 mm box cameras were produced for many years thereafter by various companies in Hong Kong and Taiwan for use as promotional items.[9]

It is currently marketed as the “Diana+” in the original 120 format as well as 35mm by Lomographische AG.[10]

Characteristics and variants

The Diana is a very simply constructed box camera with a mechanical film advance, spring-loaded shutter, and a primitive plastic viewfinder. It is constructed primarily of low-quality phenolic plastics of the type commonly found in toys imported from Asia during the 1960s. Because of wide variances in production quality, combined with a poorly designed camera body latching mechanism, Diana cameras are predisposed to light leaks onto the exposed film. If not desired, such leaks can be temporarily remedied by sealing the seams with light-proof tape after loading the film. The design of the Diana incorporates a crude lens that produces an image circle which only marginally covers the diagonal of a film frame. This marginal coverage field produces images with often pronounced vignetting. The poor quality of the plastic meniscus lens results in generally low contrast and resolution, odd color rendition, chromatic aberration, and blurred images.[11] Additionally, the film spool may become loose or out of place when winding the film on to the next frame. Finally, the crude advance and shutter mechanism can result in images that are not properly centered or exposed.

Although these attributes are generally thought undesirable in a camera, various photographers and art photography schools have intentionally utilized these characteristics to produce photographs with interesting or artistic effects. Ohio University at Athens, Ohio was one of the first schools to incorporate use of the Diana in beginning and graduate photography programs as a way of stimulating creative vision without undue reliance upon camera features and technology.[12] The use of the Diana in this role achieved a new level of fame when the camera was utilized by American photographer (and former Ohio University photography student) Nancy Rexroth in an influential 1976 photographic exhibit and book entitled IOWA.[5]

In addition to the 'Diana' labeled cameras, there are over fifty similar variants of the basic design, some of which may have been produced by other factories and/or manufacturers. The camera was sold under a variety of model names, often accomplished by merely affixing a different stick-on label to the same product.[5] In other cases, slight modifications to the basic design were incorporated. Some Diana clones use a slightly different molding and plastic composition, while other models have a 'bulb' setting for time exposures. Other variants incorporate a 6×6 cm negative size (like the Diana Deluxe), while others have provision for different controls or even separate flash illumination. The 3 aperture version of the classic Diana/Diana clone has apertures of f/11, f/13, and f/19, and it takes 32 mm clip-on filters. The Diana Deluxe variant offers f/9, f/16, and f/22, and takes a 46–49 mm step-up ring, unusual for such a low-end camera. Shutter speed is often variable due to manufacturing vagaries, and can vary from 1/200th to 1/30th of a second.[11] As there is no shutter lock, and the shutter mechanism is always held in tension by a spring, multiple exposures with the Diana can be achieved by multiple operations of the shutter release without advancing the film.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Featherstone, David, The Diana Show: Pictures Through A Plastic Lens, Vol. 21, Carmel, CA: The Friends Of Photography (1980), ISBN 0-933286-17-1, p. 9
  2. ^ Diana + Lomography, Interview with Allan Detrich, Retrieved on 13 April 2010
  3. ^ Barnes, Mike, The Diana Legacy
  4. ^ Hirsch, Robert, Photographic Possibilities: The Expressive Use of Equipment, Ideas, Materials, and Processes, Oxford, UK:Elsevier Press (2009), ISBN 978-0-240-81013-3, p.171
  5. ^ a b c d e Featherstone, p. 5
  6. ^ Warren, Lynne, Encyclopedia Of Twentieth Century Photography; New York: Routledge Publishing (2005), ISBN 978-1-57958-393-4, p. 216
  7. ^ Warren, p. 216
  8. ^ Cyr, Don, Visions Of Diana, Popular Photography (Fall 1977), p. 59
  9. ^ Featherstone, p. 6
  10. ^ "Lomographische sales site". www.lomography.com. Retrieved 10DEC12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  11. ^ a b c Featherstone, p. 7
  12. ^ Truxell, Elizabeth, $1 Toy Teaches Photography, Popular Photography (January 1971)
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