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{{Infobox treaty |
{{Infobox treaty |
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| name = 1996 Final Peace Agreement |
| name = 1996 Final Peace Agreement |
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| caption = Title page of the 1996 Final Peace Agreement document{{deletable image-caption|Monday, 8 January 2018|F7}} |
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| context = Part of a series of peace agreements between the [[Government of the Philippines]] and the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] seeking resolution to the [[Moro conflict]] |
| context = Part of a series of peace agreements between the [[Government of the Philippines]] and the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] seeking resolution to the [[Moro conflict]] |
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| date_drafted = |
| date_drafted = |
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| date_signed = {{Start date |
| date_signed = {{Start date|1996|9|2}} |
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| location_signed = [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] |
| location_signed = [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] |
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| date_sealed = |
| date_sealed = |
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| date_effective = {{Start date |
| date_effective = {{Start date|1996|9|2}} |
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| condition_effective = Following date of its signature, unless otherwise provided therein |
| condition_effective = Following date of its signature, unless otherwise provided therein |
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| signatories = {{flagicon|Philippines|1986}} [[Manuel Yan]] <br/> {{flagicon image|MNLF flag.svg}} [[Nur Misuari]] <br/> {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Ali Alatas]] <br/> {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Hamid Algabid]] |
| signatories = {{flagicon|Philippines|1986}} [[Manuel Yan]] <br/> {{flagicon image|MNLF flag.svg}} [[Nur Misuari]] <br/> {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Ali Alatas]] <br/> {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Hamid Algabid]] |
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The '''1996 Final Peace Agreement''', also called the '''Jakarta Accord'''<ref>{{cite book | last =Marsden | first =Lee | title =The Ashgate Research Companion to Religion and Conflict Resolution | publisher =[[Routledge]] | year =2016 | pages =128 | isbn = |
The '''1996 Final Peace Agreement''', also called the '''Jakarta Accord'''<ref>{{cite book | last =Marsden | first =Lee | title =The Ashgate Research Companion to Religion and Conflict Resolution | publisher =[[Routledge]] | year =2016 | pages =128 | isbn =978-1317041832 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fvOCwAAQBAJ&q=1996+final+peace+agreement&pg=PA128 }}</ref> was signed on September 2, 1996 in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] by [[Manuel Yan]], representing the [[Government of the Philippines]] and [[Nur Misuari]] of the [[Moro National Liberation Front]]. The culmination of four years of peace talks, the agreement established mechanisms designed to bring about the full implementation of the [[1976 Tripoli Agreement]]. |
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==Previous treaties== |
==Previous treaties== |
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{{main |
{{main|1976 Tripoli Agreement}} |
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In 1976, the Philippine government and the MNLF had agreed to submit the proposal of regional autonomy for thirteen provinces in the southern Philippines to a [[plebiscite]].<ref name="trip">{{cite web | title = The Tripoli Agreement | url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/Modules/Modules/MuslimMindanao/tripoli_agreement.htm | accessdate = |
In 1976, the Philippine government and the MNLF had agreed to submit the proposal of regional autonomy for thirteen provinces in the southern Philippines to a [[plebiscite]].<ref name="trip">{{cite web | title = The Tripoli Agreement | url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/Modules/Modules/MuslimMindanao/tripoli_agreement.htm | accessdate = May 17, 2016}}</ref> However, then Philippine President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] implemented the agreement by creating two autonomous regions (instead of one) consisting of ten (instead of thirteen) provinces. This led to the collapse of the peace pact and the resumption of hostilities between the MNLF and Philippine government forces.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kin Wah | first = Chin | title = Southeast Asian Affairs 2004 | publisher = [[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] | year = 2004 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8mKsed7mQzQC&q=1976+Tripoli+Agreement&pg=PA219 | isbn = 9812302387 }}</ref><ref name="howe">{{cite book | last = Howe | first = Brendan M. | title = Post-Conflict Development in East Asia | publisher = [[Ashgate Publishing]] | year = 2014 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X9ncAgAAQBAJ&q=1976+Tripoli+Agreement&pg=PA147 | isbn =978-1409469438}}</ref> |
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{{main |
{{main|Jeddah Accord}} |
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A year after Marcos was ousted from power during the [[People Power Revolution]], the government under [[Corazon Aquino]] signed the 1987 [[Jeddah Accord]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] with the MNLF, agreeing to hold further discussions on the proposal for autonomy to the entirety of [[Mindanao]] and not just the thirteen provinces stated in the 1976 Tripoli Agreement. In 1989, however, an act establishing the [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] was passed. The MNLF demanded that the thirteen Tripoli Agreement provinces be included in the ARMM, but the government refused; eight of those provinces, due to continuous Resettlement Policy all throughout silence of Peace Process were now predominantly [[Christians|Christian]] populated. Shortly thereafter, the government held a plebiscite in the thirteen provinces. Four provinces; [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Maguindanao]], [[Sulu]] and [[Tawi-tawi]] voted to be included in the ARMM. The MNLF [[boycott]]ed the plebiscite and refused to recognize the ARMM.<ref name="howe"/> |
A year after Marcos was ousted from power during the [[People Power Revolution]], the government under [[Corazon Aquino]] signed the 1987 [[Jeddah Accord]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] with the MNLF, agreeing to hold further discussions on the proposal for autonomy to the entirety of [[Mindanao]] and not just the thirteen provinces stated in the 1976 Tripoli Agreement. In 1989, however, an act establishing the [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] was passed. The MNLF demanded that the thirteen Tripoli Agreement provinces be included in the ARMM, but the government refused; eight of those provinces, due to continuous Resettlement Policy all throughout silence of Peace Process were now predominantly [[Christians|Christian]] populated. Shortly thereafter, the government held a plebiscite in the thirteen provinces. Four provinces; [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Maguindanao]], [[Sulu]] and [[Tawi-tawi]] voted to be included in the ARMM. The MNLF [[boycott]]ed the plebiscite and refused to recognize the ARMM.<ref name="howe"/> |
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===Background=== |
===Background=== |
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In the early 1990s, the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Conference]] expanded its Quadripartite Ministerial Commission, which had been facilitating peace talks between the Philippine Government and the MNLF. The Ministerial Committee of Six, as it was now called, included the new members represented by [[Indonesia]] and [[Bangladesh]], as well as the four members of the original ministerial commission, [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Senegal]] and [[Somalia]]. Indonesia became the committee [[Chairman|chair]] mediating the talks between the Philippine government and the MNLF.<ref name="oishi">{{cite book | last =Oishi | first =Mikio | title =Contemporary Conflicts in Southeast Asia: Towards a New ASEAN Way of Conflict Management | publisher =[[Springer Publishing]] | year =2015 | pages =51 | isbn = |
In the early 1990s, the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Conference]] expanded its Quadripartite Ministerial Commission, which had been facilitating peace talks between the Philippine Government and the MNLF. The Ministerial Committee of Six, as it was now called, included the new members represented by [[Indonesia]] and [[Bangladesh]], as well as the four members of the original ministerial commission, [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Senegal]] and [[Somalia]]. Indonesia became the committee [[Chairman|chair]] mediating the talks between the Philippine government and the MNLF.<ref name="oishi">{{cite book | last =Oishi | first =Mikio | title =Contemporary Conflicts in Southeast Asia: Towards a New ASEAN Way of Conflict Management | publisher =[[Springer Publishing]] | year =2015 | pages =51 | isbn =978-9811000423 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_gUCwAAQBAJ&q=1996+final+peace+agreement&pg=PA50}}</ref> |
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When an interim [[ceasefire]] agreement was signed in 1993, Indonesia as a member of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] became responsible for implementing the ceasefire and provided personnel as ceasefire monitors. Philippine President [[Fidel V. Ramos]] encouraged the participation of Indonesia and the OIC; further peace talks were held and representatives from both parties met in [[Jakarta]]. Indonesia facilitated the '''Jakarta Agreement''' in 1996, which was supposed to lead to the full implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement.<ref name="oishi"/> |
When an interim [[ceasefire]] agreement was signed in 1993, Indonesia as a member of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] became responsible for implementing the ceasefire and provided personnel as ceasefire monitors. Philippine President [[Fidel V. Ramos]] encouraged the participation of Indonesia and the OIC; further peace talks were held and representatives from both parties met in [[Jakarta]]. Indonesia facilitated the '''Jakarta Agreement''' in 1996, which was supposed to lead to the full implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement.<ref name="oishi"/> |
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The 1996 Final Peace Agreement divided the mechanism for implementation of the 1976 Tripoli agreement into two phases: |
The 1996 Final Peace Agreement divided the mechanism for implementation of the 1976 Tripoli agreement into two phases: |
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*Phase I |
*Phase I – Three years were allotted for the establishment of the Special Zone of Peace and Development, the Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD) and the Consultative Assembly. At this point, the agreement enabled qualified MNLF members to enter the ranks of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] and the [[Philippine National Police]]. The Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development was dominated by the MNLF. Misuari then ran unopposed as governor of the ARMM.<ref name="rap">{{cite news | last =Casauay | first =Angela | title =The MNLF, MILF and 2 peace agreements |work=Rappler| date = May 25, 2015 | url =http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/38547-milf-mnlf-peace-agreements | accessdate = May 18, 2016}}</ref> |
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*Phase II |
*Phase II – This aspect involved the repeal or amendment of Republic Act No. 6734, otherwise known as the Organic Act which established the ARMM, through [[Congress of the Philippines|Congressional]] action and the subsequent submission of the amended law to the people of the affected areas via [[plebiscite]]. This was to be done within two years from the establishment of the SPCPD. |
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The peace agreement earned Ramos and Misuari the 1997 [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]].<ref>{{cite web | author = |
The peace agreement earned Ramos and Misuari the 1997 [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize]].<ref>{{cite web | author = Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize | author-link = Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize | title = 1997 Prizewinners: Mr Fidel V. Ramos, President of the Republic of the Philippines, and Mr Nur Misuari, Chairman of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Philippines | url= http://www.unesco.org/new/en/houphouet-boigny-peace-prize/award/prizewinners/1997-prizewinners/| accessdate = May 18, 2016}}</ref> |
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==Succeeding treaties== |
==Succeeding treaties== |
||
The [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]], a faction of the MNLF which had broken away in 1977, initially supported the MNLF during the peace talks. They however, rejected the 1996 Final Peace Agreement as inadequate, reiterating a demand for a "Bangsamoro Islamic State", and not just simple political autonomy.<ref name="oishi"/> That same year, the MILF began informal talks with the Ramos-led government. These, however, were not pursued and the MILF began recruiting and establishing camps, becoming the dominant Muslim rebel group. The administration of [[Joseph Estrada]] advocated a [[hardline]] stance against the MILF; that of [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] tried to sign a peace agreement with it, but it was declared [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] by the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]].<ref name="rap"/> |
The [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]], a faction of the MNLF which had broken away in 1977, initially supported the MNLF during the peace talks. They however, rejected the 1996 Final Peace Agreement as inadequate, reiterating a demand for a "Bangsamoro Islamic State", and not just simple political autonomy.<ref name="oishi"/> That same year, the MILF began informal talks with the Ramos-led government. These, however, were not pursued and the MILF began recruiting and establishing camps, becoming the dominant Muslim rebel group. The administration of [[Joseph Estrada]] advocated a [[hardline]] stance against the MILF; that of [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] tried to sign a peace agreement with it, but it was declared [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] by the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]].<ref name="rap"/> |
||
Shortly after [[Benigno Aquino III]] assumed the Presidency in 2010, he met with MILF chairman [[Murad Ebrahim]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. In 2012, the Philippine government and the MILF signed the [[Bangsamoro peace process|Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro]],<ref name="rap"/> which calls for the creation of the [[ |
Shortly after [[Benigno Aquino III]] assumed the Presidency in 2010, he met with MILF chairman [[Murad Ebrahim]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. In 2012, the Philippine government and the MILF signed the [[Bangsamoro peace process|Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro]],<ref name="rap"/> which calls for the creation of the [[Bangsamoro]], an autonomous political entity which will replace the [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]], which Aquino describes as a "failed experiment".<ref>{{cite news | work=GMA News|last =Calonzo | first =Andreo | title =Govt, MILF agree to create 'Bangsamoro' to replace ARMM | publisher = GMA Network| date = October 7, 2012 | url =http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/277218/news/nation/govt-milf-agree-to-create-bangsamoro-to-replace-armm | accessdate = May 18, 2016}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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{{Moro conflict}} |
{{Moro conflict}} |
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[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1996]] |
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1996]] |
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[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]] |
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]] |
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[[Category:Presidency of Fidel Ramos]] |
[[Category:Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos]] |
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[[Category:Moro National Liberation Front]] |
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[[Category:September 1996 events in Asia]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:32, 21 October 2023
| The Final Agreement on the Implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Moro National Liberation Front with the participation of the Organization of Islamic Conference Ministerial Committee of the Six and the Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Conference | |
|---|---|
| Context | Part of a series of peace agreements between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro National Liberation Front seeking resolution to the Moro conflict |
| Signed | September 2, 1996 |
| Location | Manila, Philippines |
| Effective | September 2, 1996 |
| Condition | Following date of its signature, unless otherwise provided therein |
| Signatories |  Manuel Yan  Nur Misuari  Ali Alatas  Hamid Algabid |
| Parties | Philippines Moro National Liberation Front |
| Language | Arabic, English, French |
The 1996 Final Peace Agreement, also called the Jakarta Accord[1] was signed on September 2, 1996 in Manila, Philippines by Manuel Yan, representing the Government of the Philippines and Nur Misuari of the Moro National Liberation Front. The culmination of four years of peace talks, the agreement established mechanisms designed to bring about the full implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement.
Previous treaties[edit]
In 1976, the Philippine government and the MNLF had agreed to submit the proposal of regional autonomy for thirteen provinces in the southern Philippines to a plebiscite.[2] However, then Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos implemented the agreement by creating two autonomous regions (instead of one) consisting of ten (instead of thirteen) provinces. This led to the collapse of the peace pact and the resumption of hostilities between the MNLF and Philippine government forces.[3][4]
A year after Marcos was ousted from power during the People Power Revolution, the government under Corazon Aquino signed the 1987 Jeddah Accord in Saudi Arabia with the MNLF, agreeing to hold further discussions on the proposal for autonomy to the entirety of Mindanao and not just the thirteen provinces stated in the 1976 Tripoli Agreement. In 1989, however, an act establishing the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao was passed. The MNLF demanded that the thirteen Tripoli Agreement provinces be included in the ARMM, but the government refused; eight of those provinces, due to continuous Resettlement Policy all throughout silence of Peace Process were now predominantly Christian populated. Shortly thereafter, the government held a plebiscite in the thirteen provinces. Four provinces; Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-tawi voted to be included in the ARMM. The MNLF boycotted the plebiscite and refused to recognize the ARMM.[4]
The agreement[edit]
Background[edit]
In the early 1990s, the Organization of Islamic Conference expanded its Quadripartite Ministerial Commission, which had been facilitating peace talks between the Philippine Government and the MNLF. The Ministerial Committee of Six, as it was now called, included the new members represented by Indonesia and Bangladesh, as well as the four members of the original ministerial commission, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Senegal and Somalia. Indonesia became the committee chair mediating the talks between the Philippine government and the MNLF.[5]
When an interim ceasefire agreement was signed in 1993, Indonesia as a member of ASEAN became responsible for implementing the ceasefire and provided personnel as ceasefire monitors. Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos encouraged the participation of Indonesia and the OIC; further peace talks were held and representatives from both parties met in Jakarta. Indonesia facilitated the Jakarta Agreement in 1996, which was supposed to lead to the full implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement.[5]
Phases of implementation[edit]
The 1996 Final Peace Agreement divided the mechanism for implementation of the 1976 Tripoli agreement into two phases:
- Phase I – Three years were allotted for the establishment of the Special Zone of Peace and Development, the Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD) and the Consultative Assembly. At this point, the agreement enabled qualified MNLF members to enter the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police. The Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development was dominated by the MNLF. Misuari then ran unopposed as governor of the ARMM.[6]
- Phase II – This aspect involved the repeal or amendment of Republic Act No. 6734, otherwise known as the Organic Act which established the ARMM, through Congressional action and the subsequent submission of the amended law to the people of the affected areas via plebiscite. This was to be done within two years from the establishment of the SPCPD.
The peace agreement earned Ramos and Misuari the 1997 Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize.[7]
Succeeding treaties[edit]
The Moro Islamic Liberation Front, a faction of the MNLF which had broken away in 1977, initially supported the MNLF during the peace talks. They however, rejected the 1996 Final Peace Agreement as inadequate, reiterating a demand for a "Bangsamoro Islamic State", and not just simple political autonomy.[5] That same year, the MILF began informal talks with the Ramos-led government. These, however, were not pursued and the MILF began recruiting and establishing camps, becoming the dominant Muslim rebel group. The administration of Joseph Estrada advocated a hardline stance against the MILF; that of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo tried to sign a peace agreement with it, but it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.[6]
Shortly after Benigno Aquino III assumed the Presidency in 2010, he met with MILF chairman Murad Ebrahim in Tokyo, Japan. In 2012, the Philippine government and the MILF signed the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro,[6] which calls for the creation of the Bangsamoro, an autonomous political entity which will replace the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which Aquino describes as a "failed experiment".[8]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Marsden, Lee (2016). The Ashgate Research Companion to Religion and Conflict Resolution. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 978-1317041832.
- ^ "The Tripoli Agreement". Retrieved May 17, 2016.
- ^ Kin Wah, Chin (2004). Southeast Asian Affairs 2004. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812302387.
- ^ a b Howe, Brendan M. (2014). Post-Conflict Development in East Asia. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1409469438.
- ^ a b c Oishi, Mikio (2015). Contemporary Conflicts in Southeast Asia: Towards a New ASEAN Way of Conflict Management. Springer Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-9811000423.
- ^ a b c Casauay, Angela (May 25, 2015). "The MNLF, MILF and 2 peace agreements". Rappler. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize. "1997 Prizewinners: Mr Fidel V. Ramos, President of the Republic of the Philippines, and Mr Nur Misuari, Chairman of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Philippines". Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Calonzo, Andreo (October 7, 2012). "Govt, MILF agree to create 'Bangsamoro' to replace ARMM". GMA News. GMA Network. Retrieved May 18, 2016.