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| depth =
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| citations =
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| casualties =
| casualties = 25<ref name=":0"/>
| aftershocks = Yes
| aftershocks = Yes
| foreshocks =
| foreshocks =
| landslide =
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| tsunami = 2.4 meters (Transatlantic)
| tsunami = {{convert|2.4|m}}
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| duration = 8 minutes
| duration = 8 minutes
| local-time = 12:01 pm [[Western European Time|WET]]
| local-time = 12:01 pm [[Western European Time|WET]]
| local-date = March 31, 1761
| local-date = 31 March 1761
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The '''1761 Lisbon earthquake''' and its subsequent [[tsunami]] occurred in the north [[Atlantic Ocean]] and south of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. This violent shock which struck just after noon on March 31, 1761, was felt across many parts of [[Western Europe]]. Its direct effects were even observed far north in [[Scotland]] and [[Amsterdam]], and to the south in the [[Canary Islands]] of [[Spain]]. The estimated surface-wave magnitude 8.5 event was the largest in the region, and the most significant earthquake in Europe since the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Great Lisbon earthquake]] of 1755.
The '''1761 Lisbon earthquake''' and its subsequent [[tsunami]] occurred in the north [[Atlantic Ocean]] and south of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. This violent shock which struck just after noon on 31 March 1761, was felt across many parts of [[Western Europe]] and in [[Morocco]]. Its direct effects were observed even far north in [[Scotland]] and [[Amsterdam]], and to the south in the [[Canary Islands]] of [[Spain]]. The estimated surface-wave magnitude 8.5 event was the largest in the region, and the most significant earthquake in Europe since the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Great Lisbon earthquake]] of 1755.


Records of this disaster are sparse as the Portuguese government censored much information in order to avoid panic in the already ruined city. Damage was significant in older parts of the city and among buildings damaged by the previous earthquake.
Records of this disaster are sparse as the Portuguese government censored much information in order to avoid panic in the already ruined city. Damage was significant in older parts of the city and among buildings damaged by the previous earthquake.


== Tectonic setting ==
== Tectonic setting ==
The [[Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault|Azores-Gibraltar Fault]] forms part of the complex and poorly defined plate boundary between the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, which converge at a rate of 3.8&nbsp;mm/yr. Here, a collection of [[strike-slip fault|strike-slip]] and [[thrust fault]]s accommodate motion between the two plates, including the Horseshoe Fault, Marques Pombal Fault, Gorringe Bank Fault and Cádiz Subduction Zone.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wronna, Martin; Baptista, Maria Ana; Miranda, Jorge Miguel|first=|date=2019|title=Reanalysis of the 1761 transatlantic tsunami|url=https://d-nb.info/1161036407/34|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|volume=19|issue=2|pages=337–352|doi=10.5194/nhess-2018-30|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The [[Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault|Azores-Gibraltar Fault]] forms part of the complex and poorly defined plate boundary between the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, which converge at a rate of {{cvt|3.8|mm}}/yr. Here, a zone of [[strike-slip fault|strike-slip]] and [[thrust fault]]s accommodate motion between the two plates, including the Horseshoe Fault, Marques Pombal Fault, Gorringe Bank Fault and Cádiz Subduction Zone.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wronna, Martin; Baptista, Maria Ana; Miranda, Jorge Miguel|date=2019|title=Reanalysis of the 1761 transatlantic tsunami|url=https://d-nb.info/1161036407/34|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|volume=19|issue=2|pages=337–352|doi=10.5194/nhess-2018-30|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.21/9946|hdl-access=free}}</ref>


The earthquake is thought to have originated in a thrust fault located beneath the Coral Patch Seamount with an estimated rupture dimension of 200&nbsp;km by 50&nbsp;km.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M. A. Baptista|first=|date=2019|title=Tsunamis Along the Azores Gibraltar Plate Boundary|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00024-019-02344-8|journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics|volume=117|pages=1713–1724|doi=10.1007/s00024-019-02344-8|via=}}</ref> The Coral Patch Thrust Fault is a component in the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy Barkan, Uri S. ten Brink, Jian Lin|first=|date=2009|title=Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean|url=https://www.whoi.edu/science/GG/people/jlin/papers/Barkan_tenBrink_Lin_Mar_Geol_2009.pdf|journal=Marine Geology|volume=264|pages=109–122|doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.010}}</ref> From an analysis of the reported duration of shaking, the rupture was suggested to propagate northwards, from the northern end of the 1755 rupture. This earthquake is likely to be a result of [[coulomb stress transfer|stress transfer]] from the 1755 event.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robert Muir-WoodArnaud Mignan|first=|date=2009|title=A Phenomenological Reconstruction of the Mw9 November 1st 1755 Earthquake Source. In: The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: Revisited|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-8609-0_8|journal=Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering|volume=7|pages=121–146|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-8609-0_8|via=}}</ref> Based on measuring the tsunami run-up height, the estimated tsunami magnitude for this earthquake is 8.5, and is unlikely to be larger than the 1755 event.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baptista, M. & Miranda, Jym & Luis, Joaquim|first=|date=2006|title=In Search of the 31 March 1761 Earthquake and Tsunami Source|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/96/2/713/146815/In-Search-of-the-31-March-1761-Earthquake-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=96|pages=713–721|doi=10.1785/0120050111|via=}}</ref>
The earthquake is thought to have originated along a thrust fault located beneath the [[Coral Patch Seamount]] with an estimated rupture dimension of {{cvt|200|km}} by {{cvt|50|km}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=M. A. Baptista|date=2019|title=Tsunamis Along the Azores Gibraltar Plate Boundary|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00024-019-02344-8|journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics|volume=117|issue=4|pages=1713–1724|doi=10.1007/s00024-019-02344-8|bibcode=2019PApGe.177.1713B|s2cid=204741694|via=}}</ref> The Coral Patch Thrust Fault is a component in the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy Barkan, Uri S. ten Brink, Jian Lin|date=2009|title=Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean|url=https://www.whoi.edu/science/GG/people/jlin/papers/Barkan_tenBrink_Lin_Mar_Geol_2009.pdf|journal=Marine Geology|volume=264|issue=1–2|pages=109–122|doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.010|bibcode=2009MGeol.264..109B}}</ref> From an analysis of the reported duration of shaking, the rupture was suggested to propagate northwards, from the northern end of the 1755 rupture. This earthquake is likely a result of [[coulomb stress transfer]] from the 1755 event.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robert Muir-WoodArnaud Mignan|date=2009|title=A Phenomenological Reconstruction of the Mw9 November 1st 1755 Earthquake Source. In: The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: Revisited|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-8609-0_8|journal=Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering|volume=7|pages=121–146|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-8609-0_8|via=}}</ref> Based on measuring the tsunami run-up height, the estimated tsunami magnitude ({{M|t|link=y}}) for this earthquake is 8.5, and is unlikely that it was larger than the 1755 event.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baptista, M. & Miranda, Jym & Luis, Joaquim|date=2006|title=In Search of the 31 March 1761 Earthquake and Tsunami Source|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/96/2/713/146815/In-Search-of-the-31-March-1761-Earthquake-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=96|issue=2|pages=713–721|doi=10.1785/0120050111|bibcode=2006BuSSA..96..713B|via=}}</ref>


== Earthquake ==
== Earthquake ==
At noon on March 31, the Portuguese city of Lisbon was rocked by an earthquake that lasted up to three minutes. Ruins in the city left by the 1755 earthquake collapsed while frightened residents ran outside. Shipping vessels offshore felt jolts during the earthquake. It was felt in many Spanish cities including Madrid and Aranjuez. Other European locations that felt the earthquake include Bayonne, Bordeaux and Roussillon in France, Amsterdam in The Netherlands, Cork in Ireland, and the Azores Islands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|first=|date=|title=Significant Earthquake Information PORTUGAL: LISBON|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/6035|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204235020/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/6035 |archive-date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2021-02-01|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|language=en}}</ref>
At noon on 31 March, the Portuguese city of Lisbon was rocked by an earthquake for three to seven minutes.<ref name=":1"/> Ruins in the city left by the 1755 earthquake collapsed while frightened residents ran outside. Shipping vessels offshore felt jolts during the earthquake. It was felt in many cities of Spain including Madrid and Aranjuez. Other locations that felt the earthquake included [[Bayonne]], [[Bordeaux]] and [[Roussillon]] in [[Southern France]], [[Amsterdam]] in the [[Netherlands]], [[Cork (city)|Cork]] in [[Ireland]], the Azores Islands,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|title=Significant Earthquake Information PORTUGAL: LISBON|year=1972|publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/6035|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204235020/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/6035 |archive-date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2021-02-01|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|language=en}}</ref> and Morocco.<ref name="Muir_Wood_&_Mignan_2009">{{Cite book |last1=Muir-Wood |first1=R. |title=The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: Revisited |last2=Mignan |first2=A. |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media B.V. |isbn=978-1-4020-8609-0 |editor-last=Mendes-Victor |editor-first=L.A. |series=Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering |volume=7 |publication-place=Dordrecht |chapter=A Phenomenological Reconstruction of the Mw9 November 1st 1755 Earthquake Source |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-8609-0_8 |editor-last2=Oliveira |editor-first2=C.S. |editor-last3=Azevedo |editor-first3=J. |editor-last4=Ribeiro |editor-first4=A.}}</ref>


Much of the damage in Lisbon was to older houses and to buildings already compromised by the 1755 earthquake. The city shook for at least five minutes. Piles of debris from the previous quake collapsed. The nearby mountain ranges were affected by rockslides. Shaking damaged a prison, and some 300 inmates managed to escape.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Borlase|first=William|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstl.1761.0067|title=LXV. Some account of the extraordinary agitation of the waters in Mount's-bay, and other places, on the 31st of March 1761: In a letter to the Reverend Dr. Charles Lyttelton, Dean of Exeter, from the Reverend William Borlase, M. A. F. R. S|publisher=The Royal Society|date=1 January 1761|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Surprisingly, no lives were lost in Lisbon but the damage was greater than 20,000 moidores. On the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale]], the earthquake reached an estimated VI (''Strong'') to VII (''Very strong''). The greatest destruction was in Setúbal and Vila Franca. In Porto, the city suffered heavy damage worse than that sustained in 1755, resulting in several people being killed. In Madeira, rockfalls were triggered, tumbling into the sea and destroying a church. Four people died as a result, with two being crushed while fishing when boulders tumbled on them.<ref name=":1" />
Much of the damage in Lisbon was to older houses and to buildings already compromised by the 1755 earthquake. Piles of debris from the previous quake collapsed. The nearby mountain ranges were affected by [[rockslide]]s. Shaking damaged a prison, and some 300 inmates managed to escape.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Borlase|first=William|title=LXV. Some account of the extraordinary agitation of the waters in Mount's-bay, and other places, on the 31st of March 1761: In a letter to the Reverend Dr. Charles Lyttelton, Dean of Exeter, from the Reverend William Borlase, M. A. F. R. S|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|publisher=The Royal Society|date=1 January 1761|volume=52|pages=418–433|doi=10.1098/rstl.1761.0067|doi-access=free}}</ref> Surprisingly, there were no deaths in Lisbon but the damage was greater than 20,000 [[moidores]] (Portuguese gold coins). On the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale]], the earthquake reached an estimated VI–VII (''Strong–Very strong''). The greatest destruction was in [[Setúbal]] and Vila Franca. In [[Porto]], the city suffered heavy damage worse than that sustained in 1755, resulting in several people being killed. In [[Madeira]], rockfalls were triggered, tumbling into the sea and destroying a church. Four people died as a result, with two being crushed while fishing when boulders tumbled on them.<ref name=":1" />


In Madrid, ground motions went on for five to 23 minutes. Some houses shook violently causing furniture to topple. Frightened residents ran out of their houses for fear of them collapsing. This prompted an inquiry from the Council of Castile and Diocese of Cartagena to obtain more information about the earthquake.<ref name=":1" />
In [[Madrid]], ground motions persisted for five to 23 minutes. Some houses shook violently, causing furniture to topple. Frightened residents ran out of their houses for fear of them collapsing. This prompted an inquiry from the [[Council of Castile]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cartagena]] to obtain more information about the earthquake. In Cork, Ireland, the city experienced strong shaking described as more violent than in 1755.<ref name=":1" /> In [[Fort Augustus]], [[Scotland]], the water level at [[Loch Ness]] rose approximately {{convert|2|ft|m}}, and then subsided. The unusual lake behavior persisted for 45 minutes to an hour. In Amsterdam, the [[chandelier]] of a church started vibrating in the afternoon, an occurrence likely associated with the earthquake.<ref name=":0" />

In Fort Augustus, Scotland, the water level at [[Loch Ness]] rose some {{convert|2|ft|m|spell=in}} and then subsided. The unusual lake behavior continued for forty-five minutes to an hour. In Amsterdam, the chandelier of a church started vibrating in the afternoon, possibly caused by the earthquake.<ref name=":0" />

Cork, Ireland saw strong shaking, more violent than the 1755 quake.<ref name=":1" />


== Tsunami ==
== Tsunami ==
One hour and 25 minutes after the earthquake was felt in Lisbon, waves measuring up to {{convert|8|ft|m|spell=in}} were observed approaching the coast and damaging ships. The sea retreated and advanced repeatedly even 13 hours after the earthquake, continuing into the night.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database|first=|date=|title=Tsunami Event Information SW PORTUGAL|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/468|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509161957/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/468 |archive-date=2021-05-09 |access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.ngdc.noaa.gov|language=en}}</ref>
One hour and 25 minutes after the earthquake was felt in Lisbon, waves measuring up to {{convert|8|ft|m}} were observed approaching the coast and damaging ships. The sea retreated and advanced repeatedly even 13 hours after the earthquake, continuing into the night.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database|date=|title=Tsunami Event Information SW PORTUGAL|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/468|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509161957/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/468 |archive-date=2021-05-09 |access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.ngdc.noaa.gov|language=en}}</ref> On [[Terceira Island]] in the [[Azores]], the tsunami picked up boats and smashed them against the rocky coastline.<ref name="NCEI_runup_Terceira">{{Cite journal |last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |title=Runup Information: Terceira |publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/runup-more-info/9117 |doi=10.7289/V5PN93H7}}</ref> Along the coasts of Spain, changes to the sea were witnessed but there were no records of the tsunami arriving, nor their heights.<ref name="NCEI_runup_Cadiz">{{Cite journal |last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |title=Runup Information: Cadiz |publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/runup-more-info/15661 |doi=10.7289/V5PN93H7}}</ref>


⚫
At [[Mount's Bay]] in Cornwall, a tsunami of up to {{convert|6|ft|m}} advanced five times, beginning at 17:00. and lasting for an hour. In the [[Isles of Scilly]], the sea rose up to {{convert|4|ft|m}} at the time waves were seen in Cornwall. Penzance saw waves up to {{convert|6|ft|m}} arriving five times in the early evening. At Newlyn, the sea rose nearly six feet. Along the Irish coasts, the same phenomena were observed. At Kinsale, at about 18:00, the sea rose suddenly {{convert|2|ft|m}} and retreated rapidly in four minutes, this being repeated, though to a less extent, several times. At Carrick, at 16:00, the surface of the [[River Suir]] rose {{convert|1|ft|m|spell=in}} in five minutes. At Dungarvan, the sea ebbed and flowed five times between 4 and 9 p.m. At Waterford, the sea advanced {{convert|30|ft|m}} along the shore, while at Ross, County Wexford, a violent agitation of the river occurred at 19:00.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=M. A. Baptista and J. M. Miranda|date=2009|title=Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis|url=https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/9/25/2009/nhess-9-25-2009.pdf|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|volume=9|issue=1|pages=25–42|via=|doi=10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009|bibcode=2009NHESS...9...25B|doi-access=free}}</ref> In [[Barbados]], waves between {{convert|18|in|m}} and {{convert|4|ft|m}} that swept along the coast were attributed to the earthquake.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
Along the coasts of Spain, changes to the sea were witnessed but there were no records of the tsunami arriving, nor their heights.<ref name="NCEI_runup_Cadiz">{{Cite web |last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |title=Runup Information: Cadiz |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/runup-more-info/15661 |doi=10.7289/V5PN93H7}}</ref>

In [[Barbados]], waves between {{convert|18|in|m}} and {{convert|4|ft|m|spell=in}} that swept along the coast were attributed to the earthquake.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

On [[Terceira Island]] in the [[Azores]], the tsunami picked up boats and smashed them against the rocky coastline.<ref name="NCEI_runup_Terceira">{{Cite web |last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |title=Runup Information: Terceira |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/runup-more-info/9117 |doi=10.7289/V5PN93H7}}</ref>

⚫
At [[Mount's Bay]] in Cornwall, a tsunami of up {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in}} advanced five times at 5 p.m. for an hour. In the [[Isles of Scilly]], the sea rose up to {{convert|4|ft|m|spell=in}} at the time waves were seen in Cornwall. Penzance saw waves up to {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in}} arriving in the early evenings five times. At Newlyn, the sea rose nearly six feet. Along the Irish coasts, the same phenomena were observed. At Kinsale, at about 6 p.m., the sea rose suddenly {{convert|2|ft|m}} and retreated rapidly in 4 minutes, this being repeated, though to a less extent, several times. At Carrick, at 4 pm, the surface of the [[River Suir]] rose {{convert|1|ft|m|spell=in}}. in five minutes. At Dungarvan, the sea ebbed and flowed five times between 4 and 9 pm. At Waterford, the sea advanced {{convert|30|ft|m}} along the shore, while at Ross, County Wexford, a violent agitation of the river occurred at 7 p.m.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=M. A. Baptista and J. M. Miranda|first=|date=2009|title=Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis|url=https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/9/25/2009/nhess-9-25-2009.pdf|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|volume=9|issue=1|pages=25–42|via=|doi=10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009|doi-access=free}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Earth sciences|Portugal}}

*[[List of historical earthquakes]]
*[[List of historical earthquakes]]
*[[List of earthquakes in the Azores]]
*[[List of earthquakes in the Azores]]
Line 82: Line 72:
== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Portugal topics}}
{{Reflist}}{{Portugal topics}}
{{Earthquakes in Africa}}


[[Category:1761 disasters]]
[[Category:1761 disasters in Africa]]
[[Category:1761 in Portugal]]
[[Category:1761 in Portugal]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Portugal]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Portugal]]

Revision as of 11:08, 11 April 2024

For other uses, see Lisbon earthquake (disambiguation).
1761 Lisbon earthquake
1761 Lisbon earthquake is located in North Atlantic
1761 Lisbon earthquake
1761 Lisbon earthquake (North Atlantic)
Local date31 March 1761
Local time12:01 pm WET
Duration8 minutes
Magnitude8.5 Ms
Epicenter34°30′N 13°00′W / 34.5°N 13.0°W / 34.5; -13.0
Areas affectedNorth Atlantic Ocean
Max. intensityMMI IX (Violent)
Tsunami2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in)
AftershocksYes
Casualties25[1]

The 1761 Lisbon earthquake and its subsequent tsunami occurred in the north Atlantic Ocean and south of the Iberian Peninsula. This violent shock which struck just after noon on 31 March 1761, was felt across many parts of Western Europe and in Morocco. Its direct effects were observed even far north in Scotland and Amsterdam, and to the south in the Canary Islands of Spain. The estimated surface-wave magnitude 8.5 event was the largest in the region, and the most significant earthquake in Europe since the Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755.

Records of this disaster are sparse as the Portuguese government censored much information in order to avoid panic in the already ruined city. Damage was significant in older parts of the city and among buildings damaged by the previous earthquake.

Tectonic setting

The Azores-Gibraltar Fault forms part of the complex and poorly defined plate boundary between the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, which converge at a rate of 3.8 mm (0.15 in)/yr. Here, a zone of strike-slip and thrust faults accommodate motion between the two plates, including the Horseshoe Fault, Marques Pombal Fault, Gorringe Bank Fault and Cádiz Subduction Zone.[2]

The earthquake is thought to have originated along a thrust fault located beneath the Coral Patch Seamount with an estimated rupture dimension of 200 km (120 mi) by 50 km (31 mi).[3] The Coral Patch Thrust Fault is a component in the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary.[4] From an analysis of the reported duration of shaking, the rupture was suggested to propagate northwards, from the northern end of the 1755 rupture. This earthquake is likely a result of coulomb stress transfer from the 1755 event.[5] Based on measuring the tsunami run-up height, the estimated tsunami magnitude (Mt) for this earthquake is 8.5, and is unlikely that it was larger than the 1755 event.[6]

Earthquake

At noon on 31 March, the Portuguese city of Lisbon was rocked by an earthquake for three to seven minutes.[7] Ruins in the city left by the 1755 earthquake collapsed while frightened residents ran outside. Shipping vessels offshore felt jolts during the earthquake. It was felt in many cities of Spain including Madrid and Aranjuez. Other locations that felt the earthquake included Bayonne, Bordeaux and Roussillon in Southern France, Amsterdam in the Netherlands, Cork in Ireland, the Azores Islands,[1] and Morocco.[8]

Much of the damage in Lisbon was to older houses and to buildings already compromised by the 1755 earthquake. Piles of debris from the previous quake collapsed. The nearby mountain ranges were affected by rockslides. Shaking damaged a prison, and some 300 inmates managed to escape.[7] Surprisingly, there were no deaths in Lisbon but the damage was greater than 20,000 moidores (Portuguese gold coins). On the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, the earthquake reached an estimated VI–VII (Strong–Very strong). The greatest destruction was in Setúbal and Vila Franca. In Porto, the city suffered heavy damage worse than that sustained in 1755, resulting in several people being killed. In Madeira, rockfalls were triggered, tumbling into the sea and destroying a church. Four people died as a result, with two being crushed while fishing when boulders tumbled on them.[7]

In Madrid, ground motions persisted for five to 23 minutes. Some houses shook violently, causing furniture to topple. Frightened residents ran out of their houses for fear of them collapsing. This prompted an inquiry from the Council of Castile and Roman Catholic Diocese of Cartagena to obtain more information about the earthquake. In Cork, Ireland, the city experienced strong shaking described as more violent than in 1755.[7] In Fort Augustus, Scotland, the water level at Loch Ness rose approximately 2 feet (0.61 m), and then subsided. The unusual lake behavior persisted for 45 minutes to an hour. In Amsterdam, the chandelier of a church started vibrating in the afternoon, an occurrence likely associated with the earthquake.[1]

Tsunami

One hour and 25 minutes after the earthquake was felt in Lisbon, waves measuring up to 8 feet (2.4 m) were observed approaching the coast and damaging ships. The sea retreated and advanced repeatedly even 13 hours after the earthquake, continuing into the night.[9] On Terceira Island in the Azores, the tsunami picked up boats and smashed them against the rocky coastline.[10] Along the coasts of Spain, changes to the sea were witnessed but there were no records of the tsunami arriving, nor their heights.[11]

At Mount's Bay in Cornwall, a tsunami of up to 6 feet (1.8 m) advanced five times, beginning at 17:00. and lasting for an hour. In the Isles of Scilly, the sea rose up to 4 feet (1.2 m) at the time waves were seen in Cornwall. Penzance saw waves up to 6 feet (1.8 m) arriving five times in the early evening. At Newlyn, the sea rose nearly six feet. Along the Irish coasts, the same phenomena were observed. At Kinsale, at about 18:00, the sea rose suddenly 2 feet (0.61 m) and retreated rapidly in four minutes, this being repeated, though to a less extent, several times. At Carrick, at 16:00, the surface of the River Suir rose one foot (0.30 m) in five minutes. At Dungarvan, the sea ebbed and flowed five times between 4 and 9 p.m. At Waterford, the sea advanced 30 feet (9.1 m) along the shore, while at Ross, County Wexford, a violent agitation of the river occurred at 19:00.[9][12] In Barbados, waves between 18 inches (0.46 m) and 4 feet (1.2 m) that swept along the coast were attributed to the earthquake.[7][9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information PORTUGAL: LISBON". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  2. ^ Wronna, Martin; Baptista, Maria Ana; Miranda, Jorge Miguel (2019). "Reanalysis of the 1761 transatlantic tsunami". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 19 (2): 337–352. doi:10.5194/nhess-2018-30. hdl:10400.21/9946.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ M. A. Baptista (2019). "Tsunamis Along the Azores Gibraltar Plate Boundary". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 117 (4): 1713–1724. Bibcode:2019PApGe.177.1713B. doi:10.1007/s00024-019-02344-8. S2CID 204741694.
  4. ^ Roy Barkan, Uri S. ten Brink, Jian Lin (2009). "Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean" (PDF). Marine Geology. 264 (1–2): 109–122. Bibcode:2009MGeol.264..109B. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.010.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Robert Muir-WoodArnaud Mignan (2009). "A Phenomenological Reconstruction of the Mw9 November 1st 1755 Earthquake Source. In: The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: Revisited". Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering. 7: 121–146. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8609-0_8.
  6. ^ Baptista, M. & Miranda, Jym & Luis, Joaquim (2006). "In Search of the 31 March 1761 Earthquake and Tsunami Source". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 96 (2): 713–721. Bibcode:2006BuSSA..96..713B. doi:10.1785/0120050111.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e Borlase, William (1 January 1761). "LXV. Some account of the extraordinary agitation of the waters in Mount's-bay, and other places, on the 31st of March 1761: In a letter to the Reverend Dr. Charles Lyttelton, Dean of Exeter, from the Reverend William Borlase, M. A. F. R. S". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 52. The Royal Society: 418–433. doi:10.1098/rstl.1761.0067.
  8. ^ Muir-Wood, R.; Mignan, A. (2009). "A Phenomenological Reconstruction of the Mw9 November 1st 1755 Earthquake Source". In Mendes-Victor, L.A.; Oliveira, C.S.; Azevedo, J.; Ribeiro, A. (eds.). The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: Revisited. Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering. Vol. 7. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8609-0_8. ISBN 978-1-4020-8609-0.
  9. ^ a b c NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database. "Tsunami Event Information SW PORTUGAL". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  10. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. "Runup Information: Terceira". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. "Runup Information: Cadiz". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ M. A. Baptista and J. M. Miranda (2009). "Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 9 (1): 25–42. Bibcode:2009NHESS...9...25B. doi:10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009.
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