1597: Difference between revisions

1597 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1597; MDXCVII
Ab urbe condita	2350
Armenian calendar	1046; ԹՎ ՌԽԶ
Assyrian calendar	6347
Balinese saka calendar	1518–1519
Bengali calendar	1004
Berber calendar	2547
English Regnal year	39 Eliz. 1 – 40 Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar	2141
Burmese calendar	959
Byzantine calendar	7105–7106
Chinese calendar	丙申年 (Fire Monkey); 4294 or 4087; — to —; 丁酉年 (Fire Rooster); 4295 or 4088
Coptic calendar	1313–1314
Discordian calendar	2763
Ethiopian calendar	1589–1590
Hebrew calendar	5357–5358
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1653–1654
- Shaka Samvat	1518–1519
- Kali Yuga	4697–4698
Holocene calendar	11597
Igbo calendar	597–598
Iranian calendar	975–976
Islamic calendar	1005–1006
Japanese calendar	Keichō 2; (慶長２年)
Javanese calendar	1517–1518
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	3930
Minguo calendar	315 before ROC; 民前315年
Nanakshahi calendar	129
Thai solar calendar	2139–2140
Tibetan calendar	阳火猴年; (male Fire-Monkey); 1723 or 1342 or 570; — to —; 阴火鸡年; (female Fire-Rooster); 1724 or 1343 or 571

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century; 16th century ; 17th century;
Decades:	1570s; 1580s; 1590s ; 1600s; 1610s;
Years:	1594; 1595; 1596; 1597 ; 1598; 1599; 1600;

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1597 (MDXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1597th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 597th year of the 2nd millennium, the 97th year of the 16th century, and the 8th year of the 1590s decade. As of the start of 1597, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

The yellowed title page of Andreas Libavius's Alchemia, in Latin. — Andreas Libavius's *Alchemia*, an early chemistry text, is published.

January–March

January 4 – Japan's Chancellor of the Realm, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, sends 26 European Christians, arrested on December 8, 1596, on a forced march from Kyoto to Nagasaki.
January 24 – Battle of Turnhout: Maurice of Nassau defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas, in the Netherlands.^[1]
February 5 – In Japan, 26 European Catholic Christians are executed in Nagasaki by crucifixion. They had the misfortune of being shipwrecked on the Japanese coast on October 19, 1596.
February 8 – Sir Anthony Shirley, England's "best-educated pirate", raids Jamaica.
February 24 – The last battle of the Cudgel War is fought on the Santavuori Hill in Ilmajoki, Ostrobothnia.^[2]
March 11 – Amiens is taken by Spanish forces.

April–June

April 10 – The Serb uprising of 1596–97 ends in defeat for the rebels, at the field of Gacko (Gatačko Polje).
April 19 – Prince Nyaungyan Min ignores the orders of King Nanda Bayin of Burma and seizes control of the Kingdom of Ava (now in Upper Myanmar)
April 23 – Probable first performance of William Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor.
April 27 – Johannes Kepler marries Barbara Muhleck.^[3]
May 13 – King Henry IV of France and England's General Thomas Baskerville begin the siege of the city of Amiens in France, which had been captured on March 11 by the Spanish Army. The city is recaptured by September 25.
May 27 – The Kingdom of Kotte, on most of the western side of the island of Sri Lanka, upon the death of King Dharmapala. With no heirs, Dharmapala had made a will bequeathing the entire kingdom to the European nation of Portugal, creating the territory of Portuguese Ceylon (Puruthugisi Lankawa or Porthueka Ilankai).
June 13 – The Staten-Generaal of the Dutch Republic approves a proposal for the Generaliteitscollege, a common board for the Republic's five separate navies, the Admiralty of Amsterdam, the Admiralty of Rotterdam, the Admiralty of Zeeland, the Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier and the Admiralty of Friesland.

July–September

July 14 – Scottish poet Alexander Montgomerie is declared an outlaw, after the collapse of a Catholic plot.
July 28 – After the performance of the satirical play The Isle of Dogs, written by Thomas Nashe and Ben Jonson, at the Swan Theatre, the Privy Council of England concludes that the "lewd play" is full of seditious and slanderous matter. Jonson is arrested, along with two actors, Gabriel Spenser and Robert Shaa, and the three are sent to Marshalsea Prison. A raid on the home of Thomas Nashe seizes his papers, but Nashe is not found. The three prisoners are released later in the year and return to the stage. All copies of The Isle of Dogs script are destroyed.
August 13 – The Siege of Namwon begins in Korea.
August 14 – First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia: A Dutch expedition commanded by Cornelis de Houtman returns to Amsterdam, after having successfully reached Java. This achievement opens the Spice trade, which had until then been monopolised by the Portuguese, to the Dutch, who in the next years launch several more expeditions to the Indies.
August 17 – Islands Voyage: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Sir Walter Raleigh set sail on an expedition to the Azores.
August 19 – Rheinberg capitulates to forces led by Maurice of Naussau.
August 24 – Christian IV of Denmark-Norway refuses to let Tycho Brahe return to Denmark.
August 28 – Imjin War: Battle of Chilcheollyang – The Japanese fleet defeats the Koreans, in their only naval victory of the war.^[4]
September 25 – Amiens is retaken from the Spanish by Anglo-French forces, led by Henry IV of France, after a four-month siege.

October–December

October 18 – The 3rd Spanish Armada, a fleet of 140 ships, departs from the port of La Coruña with 12,634 soldiers and sailors and a plan to invade the British Isles with a landing at Falmouth in Cornwall. ^[5]
October 21 – The Spanish Armada reaches the English Channel without opposition. An English ship sees the invading force's approach, but is intercepted and sunk, with the survivors being taken prisoner. The Armada encounters a storm the next day. ^[6]
October 25 – Following the loss of an artillery ship and the galleon San Bartolome, Spanish Admiral Diego Brochero orders the remaining ships in the attacking Armada to disperse until the weather improves. ^[6]
October 26 – Battle of Myeongnyang: The Koreans, commanded by Yi Sunsin, are victorious over a Japanese invasion fleet.
November 10 – In the last major action during the war of the 3rd Spanish Armada, the galleon Bear of Amsterdam is captured as it approaches Falmouth, where an English squadron intercepts it and leads it into Dartmouth.
November 12 – Lingen capitulates to forces led by Maurice of Nassau.
November 21 – The remainder of the 3rd Spanish Armada is assembled at La Coruña. Only 108 of the original fleet of 140 ships is left, and many of the vessels require food and supplies. King Philip elects not to attempt another invasion of the British Isles.
December 6 – Queen Elizabeth of England appoints George Nicholson as the English Resident in Scotland, the London's chief diplomatic official to Edinburgh, with a letter of accreditation for Nicholson to present to King James VI of Scotland. ^[7]
December 7 – Lazzaro Grimaldi Cebà is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, as the previous chief executive, Matteo Senarega completes his two-year term. Senarega is given the post of procuratore perpetuo.
December 23
- The Roman Catholic order of the Congregatio Patrum Doctrinae Christianae, which will later be more commonly known as the Christian Doctrine Fathers, is approved by Pope Clement VIII. Founded on September 29, 1592, the order continues to operate more than four centuries later and is headquartered in Rome.
- Prince Sigismund Báthory signs an agreement with Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor to abdicate the throne of Transylvania in return for the Silesian duchies of Racibórz and Opole and an annual subsidy of 50,000 thalers.

Date unknown

Abbas I ends the Uzbek raids on his lands.
Yaqob succeeds his father Sarsa Dengel, as Emperor of Ethiopia at the age of 7.
Jacopo Peri writes Dafne, now recognised as the first opera.
The first edition of Francis Bacon's Essays is published.^[8]
Andreas Libavius publishes Alchemia, a pioneering chemistry textbook.^[9]
12 million pesos of silver cross the Pacific. Although it is unknown just how much silver flowed from the Spanish base of Manila in the Philippines to the Ming Dynasty of China, it is known that the main port for the Mexican silver trade—Acapulco—shipped out 150,000 to 345,000 kg (4 to 9 million taels) of silver annually from this year to 1602.
Tobias Hess corresponds with Simon Studion and agrees with him that the Papacy must fall in 1604.

Births

January–March

January 12 – François Duquesnoy, Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome (d. 1643)
January 25 – Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, German Duke (d. 1639)
January 31 – John Francis Regis, French Jesuit priest (d. 1640)
February 24 – Vincent Voiture, French poet (d. 1648)^[10]
March 1 – Jean-Charles de la Faille, Belgian mathematician (d. 1652)
March 10 – Ercole Gennari, Italian drawer and painter (d. 1658)
March 18 – Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, French nobleman, founder of Montreal and an order of nursing Sisters (d. 1659)
March 21 – Juan Alonso y Ocón, Spanish Catholic prelate, Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas (d. 1656)
March 27 – William Hyde, President of English College, Douai (d. 1651)

April–June

April 9 – John Davenport, English Puritan clergyman, co-founder of the American colony of New Haven (d. 1670)
April 13 – Giovanni Battista Hodierna, Italian astronomer (d. 1660)
April 23 – Alvise Contarini, Italian diplomat, nobleman (d. 1651)
May 13 – Cornelis Schut, Flemish painter, draughtsman and engraver (d. 1655)
May 15 – Squire Bence, English politician (d. 1648)
May 25 – Veit Erbermann, German theologian (d. 1675)
May 31 – Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, French author (d. 1654)
June 9 – Pieter Jansz. Saenredam, Dutch painter (d. 1665)

July–September

July 2 – Theodoor Rombouts, Flemish painter (d. 1637)
July 13 – Sebastian Stoskopff, French painter (d. 1657)
July 22 – Virgilio Mazzocchi, Italian Baroque composer (d. 1646)
July 29 – Abdias Treu, German mathematician and academic (d. 1669)
August 20
- Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1685)
- Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic, Polish poet (d. 1677)
August 21 – Roger Twysden, English antiquarian and royalist (d. 1672)
August 29 – Henry Gage, Royalist officer in the English Civil War (d. 1645)
September 23 – Francesco Barberini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1679)
September 28 – Justus Sustermans, Flemish painter (d. 1681)

October–December

October 7 – Captain John Underhill, English settler and soldier (d. 1672)
October 13 – Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen, Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1634)
October 20 – Matthew Hutton, English politician (d. 1666)
November 15 – Juan Tellez-Girón y Enriquez de Ribera, 4th Duke of Osuna (d. 1656)
November 19 – Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, wife of George William, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1660)
December 16
- George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg (d. 1647)
- Pieter de Neyn, Dutch painter (d. 1639)
December 22 – Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1659)
December 23
- Martin Opitz, German poet (d. 1639)
December 24 – Honoré II, Prince of Monaco (d. 1662)

Date unknown

Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña, Spanish missionary and explorer (d. 1676)
Johan van Heemskerk, Dutch poet (d. 1656)
Cornelis Jol, Dutch naval commander and privateer (d. 1641)
Wang Wei, Chinese poet (d. 1647)

Deaths

January 29
- Maharana Pratap, Indian statesman (b. 1540)
- Elias Ammerbach, German organist (b. 1530)
February 2 – James Burbage, English actor
February 5
- Francisco Blanco, Spanish Franciscan and Roman Catholic priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. 1570)
- Gonsalo Garcia, Portuguese Franciscan and Roman Catholic priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. 1557)
- Paulo Miki, Japanese Roman Catholic priest, martyr and saint (b. c. 1562)
- Philip of Jesus, Mexican Roman Catholic priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. 1572)
- 26 Martyrs of Japan
February 6 – Franciscus Patricius, Italian philosopher and scientist (b. 1529)
February 16 – Gilbert Génébrard, French Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1535)
March 6 – William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham, English noble and politician (b. 1527)
April 2 – Blas Valera, Peruvian historian (b. 1545)
April 16 – Caspar Cruciger the Younger, German theologian (b. 1525)
June 6 – William Hunnis, English poet
June 8 – Barbara of Hesse (b. 1536)
June 9 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1534)
June 18 – Markus Fugger, German businessman (b. 1529)
June 20 – Willem Barents, Dutch navigator and explorer (b. c. 1550)^[11]
July 8 – Luís Fróis, Portuguese Jesuit missionary (b. 1532)
July 19 – Gunilla Bielke, Queen of Sweden (b. 1568)
July 20 – Franciscus Raphelengius, Dutch printer (b. 1539)
July 22 – Gabriele Paleotti, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1522)
August 27
- Won Gyun, Korean general and admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (b. 1540)
- Yi Eokgi, Korean admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (b. 1561)
September 3 – Jakobea of Baden, Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b. 1558)
September 9 – Helena Magenbuch, German pharmacist (b. 1523)
September 20 – Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria, Austrian archduchess (b. 1581)
September 30 – William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen (b. 1534)
October 4 – Sarsa Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1550)^[12]
October 19 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Japanese shōgun (b. 1537)
October 23 – Cyriakus Schneegass, German hymnwriter (b. 1546)
October 27 – Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (b. 1533)
November 1 – Edward Kelley, English spirit medium (b. 1555)
November 11 – Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (b. 1570)
November 6 – Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain (b. 1567)
December 17 – Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein (b. 1557)
December 21 – Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit priest and saint (b. 1521)^[13]
date unknown – Margaretha Coppier, Dutch heroine (b. 1516)

References

^ Chris Cook; Philip Broadhead (October 2, 2012). The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453-1763. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-134-13065-8.
^ Nuijasota – Ilmajoki (in Finnish)
^ John Hudson Tiner (1999). Johannes Kepler: Giant of Faith and Science. Mott Media. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-915134-11-3.
^ DK (October 1, 2009). War. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-4053-4778-5.
^ "A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony"", by Edward Tenace, in The English Historical Review (2003) pp. 869–872
^ ^a ^b R. B. Wernham, The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603 (Clarendon Press, 1994) pp. 185–187
^ John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603 (Edinburgh, 1969) p. 126.
^ Lisa Jardine; Professor of Renaissance Studies Lisa Jardine (1974). Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-521-20494-1.
^ "From liquid to vapor and back: origins". Special Collections Department. University of Delaware Library. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
^ The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Incorporated. 1999. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-7172-0131-0.
^ Barwolt Sijbrand Ebbinge; P. S. Tomkovich (2000). Heritage of the Russian Arctic: Research, Conservation, and International Co-operation : Proceedings of the International Scientific Willem Barents Memorial Arctic Conservation Symposium, Held in Moscow, Russia, 10-14 March 1998. Ecopros Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 978-5-88621-057-6.
^ Saheed A. Adejumobi (2007). The History of Ethiopia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-313-32273-0.
^ John McClintock (1981). Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Baker Book House. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8010-6123-3.

[1] Chris Cook; Philip Broadhead (October 2, 2012). The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453-1763. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-134-13065-8.

[2] Nuijasota – Ilmajoki (in Finnish)

[3] John Hudson Tiner (1999). Johannes Kepler: Giant of Faith and Science. Mott Media. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-915134-11-3.

[4] DK (October 1, 2009). War. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-4053-4778-5.

[Tenace-5] "A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony"", by Edward Tenace, in The English Historical Review (2003) pp. 869–872

[Wernham-6] R. B. Wernham, The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603 (Clarendon Press, 1994) pp. 185–187

[7] John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603 (Edinburgh, 1969) p. 126.

[8] Lisa Jardine; Professor of Renaissance Studies Lisa Jardine (1974). Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-521-20494-1.

[9] "From liquid to vapor and back: origins". Special Collections Department. University of Delaware Library. Retrieved March 12, 2007.

[10] The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Incorporated. 1999. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-7172-0131-0.

[11] Barwolt Sijbrand Ebbinge; P. S. Tomkovich (2000). Heritage of the Russian Arctic: Research, Conservation, and International Co-operation : Proceedings of the International Scientific Willem Barents Memorial Arctic Conservation Symposium, Held in Moscow, Russia, 10-14 March 1998. Ecopros Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 978-5-88621-057-6.

[12] Saheed A. Adejumobi (2007). The History of Ethiopia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-313-32273-0.

[13] John McClintock (1981). Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Baker Book House. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8010-6123-3.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Year dab|1597}}
 {{Year nav|1597}}
+[[File:Navalzhugenu2.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|[[October 26]]: [[Battle of Myeongnyang]]]]
 {{C16 year in topic}}
-[[File:Navalzhugenu2.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[October 26]]: [[Battle of Myeongnyang]]]]
 {{Year article header|1597}}
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 [[File:ALCHEMIA. ANDREAE LIBAVII.png|alt=The yellowed title page of Andreas Libavius's Alchemia, in Latin.|thumb|110px|Andreas Libavius's ''Alchemia'', an early chemistry text, is published.]]
 <onlyinclude>
-=== January–June ===
+=== January–March ===
+* [[January 4]] – Japan's Chancellor of the Realm, [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], sends [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan|26 European Christians]], arrested on December 8, 1596, on a forced march from [[Kyoto]] to [[Nagasaki]].
 * [[January 24]] – [[Battle of Turnhout (1597)|Battle of Turnhout]]: [[Maurice of Nassau]] defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas, in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Chris Cook|author2=Philip Broadhead|title=The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453-1763|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQkv6TFKMV4C&pg=PA110|date=2 October 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-13065-8|pages=110|language=en}}</ref>
+* [[February 5]] – In [[Japan]], [[26 Martyrs of Japan|26 European Catholic Christians]] are executed in [[Nagasaki]] by crucifixion. They had the misfortune of being shipwrecked on the Japanese coast on October 19, 1596.
-* [[February]] – [[Bali]] is discovered, by Dutch explorer [[Cornelis Houtman]].
-* [[February 5]] – In [[Nagasaki]], Japan, [[26 Martyrs of Japan|26 people are martyred]] by crucifixion. They practiced [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]], and were taken captive after all forms of [[Christianity]] were outlawed the previous year.
 * [[February 8]] – Sir [[Anthony Shirley]], England's "best-educated pirate", raids [[Colony of Santiago|Jamaica]].
-* [[February 24]] – The last battle of the [[Cudgel War]] was fought on the [[Santavuori Hill]] in [[Ilmajoki]], [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]].<ref>[https://ilmajoki.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/puistot-ja-yleiset-alueet/jaakko-ilkan-leikkipuisto/nuijasota/ Nuijasota – Ilmajoki] (in Finnish)</ref>
+* [[February 24]] – The last battle of the [[Cudgel War]] is fought on the [[Santavuori Hill]] in [[Ilmajoki]], [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]].<ref>[https://ilmajoki.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/puistot-ja-yleiset-alueet/jaakko-ilkan-leikkipuisto/nuijasota/ Nuijasota – Ilmajoki] (in Finnish)</ref>
 * [[March 11]] – [[Siege of Amiens (1597)#Spanish capture Amiens|Amiens is taken]] by [[Spain|Spanish]] forces.
-* After [[April 10]] – The [[Serb uprising of 1596–97]] ends in defeat for the rebels, at the field of [[Gacko]] ([[Gatačko Polje]]).
+=== April–June ===
+* [[April 10]] – The [[Serb uprising of 1596–97]] ends in defeat for the rebels, at the field of [[Gacko]] ([[Gatačko Polje]]).
+* [[April 19]] – Prince [[Nyaungyan Min]] ignores the orders of King [[Nanda Bayin]] of [[Burma]] and seizes control of the Kingdom of Ava (now in Upper Myanmar)
 * [[April 23]] – Probable first performance of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''.
 * [[April 27]] – [[Johannes Kepler]] marries Barbara Muhleck.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Hudson Tiner|title=Johannes Kepler: Giant of Faith and Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5mexmtKUXgC|year=1999|publisher=Mott Media|isbn=978-0-915134-11-3|page=86|language=en}}</ref>
+* [[May 13]] – King Henry IV of France and England's General [[Thomas Baskerville (general)|Thomas Baskerville]] begin the [[Siege of Amiens (1597)|siege of the city of Amiens]] in France, which had been captured on March 11 by the Spanish Army. The city is recaptured by September 25.
+* [[May 27]] – The [[Kingdom of Kotte]], on most of the western side of the island of [[Sri Lanka]], upon the death of [[Dharmapala of Kotte|King Dharmapala]]. With no heirs, Dharmapala had made a will bequeathing the entire kingdom to the European nation of [[Portugal]], creating the territory of [[Portuguese Ceylon]] (''Puruthugisi Lankawa'' or ''Porthueka Ilankai'').
+* [[June 13]] – The [[States General of the Netherlands|Staten-Generaal]] of the [[Dutch Republic]]  approves a proposal for the ''Generaliteitscollege'', a common board for the Republic's five separate navies, the [[Admiralty of Amsterdam]], the [[Admiralty of Rotterdam]], the [[Admiralty of Zeeland]], the [[Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier]] and the [[Admiralty of Friesland]].
-=== July–December ===
+=== July–September ===
-* c. [[July]] – [[Thomas Nashe]] and [[Ben Jonson]]'s satirical play ''[[The Isle of Dogs (play)|The Isle of Dogs]]'' is performed at the [[The Swan (theatre)|Swan Theatre]] in London; it is immediately suppressed by the authorities and no copy survives.
 * [[July 14]] – Scottish poet [[Alexander Montgomerie]] is declared an [[outlaw]], after the collapse of a Catholic plot.
+* [[July 28]] – After the performance of the satirical play ''[[The Isle of Dogs (play)|The Isle of Dogs]]'', written by [[Thomas Nashe]] and [[Ben Jonson]], at the [[The Swan (theatre)|Swan Theatre]], the [[Privy Council of England]] concludes that the "lewd play" is full of [[sedition|seditious]] and [[slander|slanderous]] matter. Jonson is arrested, along with two actors, [[Gabriel Spenser]] and Robert Shaa, and the three are sent to [[Marshalsea Prison]]. A raid on the home of Thomas Nashe seizes his papers, but Nashe is not found. The three prisoners are released later in the year and return to the stage. All copies of ''The Isle of Dogs'' script are destroyed.
 * [[August 13]] – The [[Siege of Namwon]] begins in [[Korea]].
 * [[August 14]] – [[First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia]]: A [[Netherlands|Dutch]] expedition commanded by [[Cornelis de Houtman]] returns to [[Amsterdam]], after having successfully reached [[Java]]. This achievement opens the [[Spice trade]], which had until then been monopolised by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], to the Dutch, who in the next years launch several more expeditions to the Indies.
 * [[August 17]] – [[Islands Voyage]]: [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex]], and Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] set sail on an expedition to the [[Azores]].
 * [[August 19]] – [[Siege of Rheinberg (1597)|Rheinberg capitulates]] to forces led by Maurice of Naussau.
-* [[August 24]] – [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV of Denmark-Norway]] refuses to let Tycho Brahe return to [[Denmark]].
+* [[August 24]] – [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV of Denmark-Norway]] refuses to let [[Tycho Brahe]] return to [[Denmark]].
 * [[August 28]] – [[Imjin War]]: [[Battle of Chilcheollyang]] – The [[Japan]]ese fleet defeats the [[Korea]]ns, in their only naval victory of the war.<ref>{{cite book|author=DK|title=War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Llw8JSZEXYC&pg=PA403|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=978-1-4053-4778-5|pages=403|language=en}}</ref>
 * [[September 25]] – [[Siege of Amiens (1597)|Amiens is retaken]] from the Spanish by Anglo-French forces, led by [[Henry IV of France]], after a four-month siege.
-* [[October]] – [[John Gerard]], a [[Jesuit]] priest, escapes from the [[Tower of London]].
+=== October–December ===
-* [[October]]/November – The [[3rd Spanish Armada]] is dispersed by a storm; a number of Spanish ships are captured off the coasts of Wales, Cornwall and Devon.
+* [[October 18]] – The [[3rd Spanish Armada]], a fleet of 140 ships, departs from the port of [[La Coruña]] with 12,634 soldiers and sailors and a plan to invade the British Isles with a landing at [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]] in [[Cornwall]]. <ref name=Tenace>"A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony"", by Edward Tenace, in ''The English Historical Review'' (2003) pp. 869–872</ref>
+* [[October 21]] – The Spanish Armada reaches the [[English Channel]] without opposition. An English ship sees the invading force's approach, but is intercepted and sunk, with the survivors being taken prisoner. The Armada encounters a storm the next day. <ref name=Wernham> R. B. Wernham, ''The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603'' (Clarendon Press, 1994) pp. 185–187</ref>
+* [[October 25]] – Following the loss of an artillery ship and the galleon ''San Bartolome'', Spanish Admiral [[Diego Brochero]] orders the remaining ships in the attacking Armada to disperse until the weather improves. <ref name=Wernham/>
 * [[October 26]] – [[Battle of Myeongnyang]]: The Koreans, commanded by [[Yi Sunsin]], are victorious over a Japanese invasion fleet.
+* [[November 10]] – In the last major action during the war of the [[3rd Spanish Armada]], the galleon ''Bear of Amsterdam'' is captured as it approaches Falmouth, where an English squadron intercepts it and leads it into Dartmouth.
 * [[November 12]] – [[Siege of Lingen (1597)|Lingen capitulates]] to forces led by [[Maurice, Prince of Orange|Maurice of Nassau]].
+* [[November 21]] – The remainder of the 3rd Spanish Armada is assembled at La Coruña. Only 108 of the original fleet of 140 ships is left, and many of the vessels require food and supplies. King Philip elects not to attempt another invasion of the British Isles.
+* [[December 6]] – Queen Elizabeth of England appoints [[George Nicholson (diplomat)|George Nicholson]] as the English Resident in Scotland, the [[London]]'s chief diplomatic official to [[Edinburgh]], with a letter of accreditation for Nicholson to present to King James VI of Scotland. <ref>John Duncan Mackie, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603'' (Edinburgh, 1969) p. 126.</ref>
+* [[December 7]] – [[Lazzaro Grimaldi Cebà]] is elected as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]], as the previous chief executive, [[Matteo Senarega]] completes his two-year term. Senarega is given the post of ''procuratore perpetuo''.
+* [[December 23]]
+**The Roman Catholic order of the [[Christian Doctrine Fathers|Congregatio Patrum Doctrinae Christianae]], which will later be more commonly known as the Christian Doctrine Fathers, is approved by [[Pope Clement VIII]]. Founded on September 29, 1592, the order continues to operate more than four centuries later and is headquartered in [[Rome]].
+**Prince [[Sigismund Báthory]] signs an agreement with [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor]] to abdicate the throne of Transylvania in return for the Silesian duchies of Racibórz and Opole and an annual subsidy of 50,000 thalers.
 === Date unknown ===
@@ Line 87: / Line 104: @@
 * [[October 20]] – [[Matthew Hutton (MP)|Matthew Hutton]], English politician (d. [[1666]])
 * [[November 15]] – [[Juan Tellez-Girón y Enriquez de Ribera, 4th Duke of Osuna]] (d. [[1656]])
-* [[November 19]] – [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (1597–1660)|Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]], wife of George William (d. [[1660]])
+* [[November 19]] – [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (1597–1660)|Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate]], wife of George William, Elector of Brandenburg (d. [[1660]])
 * [[December 16]]
 ** [[George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg]] (d. [[1647]])
@@ Line 113: / Line 130: @@
 ** [[Francisco Blanco (martyr)|Francisco Blanco]], Spanish [[Franciscan]] and [[Roman Catholic]] priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. [[1570]])
 ** [[Gonsalo Garcia]], Portuguese [[Franciscan]] and [[Roman Catholic]] priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. [[1557]])
-** [[Paulo Miki]], Japanese [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and saint (b. c.[[1562]])
+** [[Paulo Miki]], Japanese [[Roman Catholic]] priest, martyr and saint (b. {{Circa|[[1562]]}})
 ** [[Philip of Jesus]], Mexican [[Roman Catholic]] priest, missionary, martyr and saint (b. [[1572]])
 ** [[26 Martyrs of Japan]]
@@ Line 125: / Line 142: @@
 * [[June 9]] – [[José de Anchieta]], Spanish [[Jesuit]] missionary (b. [[1534]])
 * [[June 18]] – [[Markus Fugger]], German businessman (b. [[1529]])
-* [[June 20]] – [[Willem Barents]], Dutch navigator and explorer (b. c. [[1550]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barwolt Sijbrand Ebbinge|author2=P. S. Tomkovich|title=Heritage of the Russian Arctic: Research, Conservation, and International Co-operation : Proceedings of the International Scientific Willem Barents Memorial Arctic Conservation Symposium, Held in Moscow, Russia, 10-14 March 1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOPaAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Ecopros Publishers|isbn=978-5-88621-057-6|page=1}}</ref>
+* [[June 20]] – [[Willem Barents]], Dutch navigator and explorer (b. {{Circa|[[1550]]}})<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barwolt Sijbrand Ebbinge|author2=P. S. Tomkovich|title=Heritage of the Russian Arctic: Research, Conservation, and International Co-operation : Proceedings of the International Scientific Willem Barents Memorial Arctic Conservation Symposium, Held in Moscow, Russia, 10-14 March 1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOPaAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Ecopros Publishers|isbn=978-5-88621-057-6|page=1}}</ref>
 * [[July 8]] – [[Luís Fróis]], Portuguese [[Jesuit]] missionary (b. [[1532]])
 * [[July 19]] – [[Gunilla Bielke]], Queen of Sweden (b. [[1568]])
@@ Line 134: / Line 151: @@
 ** [[Yi Eokgi]], Korean admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (b. [[1561]])
 * [[September 3]] – [[Jakobea of Baden]], Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b. [[1558]])
+* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Helena Magenbuch]], German pharmacist (b. [[1523]])
 * [[September 20]] – [[Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria]], Austrian archduchess (b. [[1581]])
 * [[September 30]] – [[William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen]] (b. [[1534]])
@@ Line 145: / Line 163: @@
 * [[December 17]] – [[Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein]] (b. [[1557]])
 * [[December 21]] – [[Petrus Canisius]], Dutch [[Jesuit]] priest and saint (b. [[1521]])<ref>{{cite book|author=John McClintock|title=Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dkolilnkt6oC|year=1981|publisher=Baker Book House|isbn=978-0-8010-6123-3|page=74|language=en}}</ref>
-* date unknown - [[Margaretha Coppier]], Dutch heroine  (b. [[1516]])
+* date unknown – [[Margaretha Coppier]], Dutch heroine (b. [[1516]])
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