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Coordinates: 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
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The [[Next of Kin]] Registry [[NOKR]] is assisting the Japanese Government to locate Next of Kin for those missing or deceased.<ref>{{cite web| title=Massive quake, tsunami slams Japan List Your Emergency Contacts find Family|url=http://www.prlog.org/11368072-massive-quake-tsunami-slams-japan-list-your-emergency-contacts-find-family.html}}</ref>
The [[Next of Kin]] Registry [[NOKR]] is assisting the Japanese Government to locate Next of Kin for those missing or deceased.<ref>{{cite web| title=Massive quake, tsunami slams Japan List Your Emergency Contacts find Family|url=http://www.prlog.org/11368072-massive-quake-tsunami-slams-japan-list-your-emergency-contacts-find-family.html}}</ref>


It has been confirmed that four passenger trains containing an unknown number of passengers disappeared in a coastal area during the tsunami.<ref name=autogenerated3>[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/japan.quake/index.html?hpt=T1 Widespread destruction from Japan earthquake, tsunamis - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Two of the trains were on the [[Senseki Line]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
It has been confirmed that four passenger trains containing an unknown number of passengers disappeared in a coastal area during the tsunami.<ref name=autogenerated3>[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/japan.quake/index.html?hpt=T1 Widespread destruction from Japan earthquake, tsunamis - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Two of the trains were on the [[Senseki Line]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> One of the Senseki Line trains was found derailed in the morning, and all passengers were rescued by a prefectural police helicopter. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20110312-OYT1T00215.htm]


A man who was taking pictures of the tsunami waves on the [[Northern California]] coast was also swept out to sea and later found dead.<ref>[http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/11/live-blog-japan-earthquake/?hpt=T1 Hundreds dead, injured in 8.9 quake, tsunami n JapanThis Just In - CNN.com Blogs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
A man who was taking pictures of the tsunami waves on the [[Northern California]] coast was also swept out to sea and later found dead.<ref>[http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/11/live-blog-japan-earthquake/?hpt=T1 Hundreds dead, injured in 8.9 quake, tsunami n JapanThis Just In - CNN.com Blogs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Revision as of 02:14, 12 March 2011

2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami is located in Japan
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
UTC time??
Magnitude8.8–9.1[1][2] Mw
Depth24.4 km (15.2 mi)
Epicenter38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
TypeMegathrust earthquake
Areas affectedJapan (primary)
Multiple nations (tsunami)
Total damageUnknown
TsunamiYes
LandslidesYes
AftershocksAt least 140 (21 above 6.0 Mw)

The 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku Chihō Taiheiyō-oki Jishin[7], literally "Tōhoku region Pacific Ocean offshore earthquake") was an 8.8 to 9.1-MW megathrust earthquake that created tsunami waves of up to 10 meters (33 ft).[2] It was measured at 7[8] on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in the northern Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.[9] The earthquake focus was reported to be 130 kilometres off the Oshika Peninsula, the east coast of Tōhoku on 11 March 2011, at 05:46 UTC (14:46 local time) at a depth of 24.4 kilometers (15.2 miles).[10][11] News reports by Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) indicate that 19,759 deaths,[12] people have died and another 2,553 people missing[13] are missing in six different prefectures.[5][6][14][15]

Estimates of magnitude range from 8.8 to 9.1 MW[16][17] making it the largest earthquake to hit Japan and one of the five largest earthquakes in the world since modern record-keeping began.[18][19][20]

Earthquake

The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, beginning with an 7.2MW event on 9 March approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) from the 11 March quake, and followed by another three on the same day in excess of 6MW in intensity.[18] One minute prior to the earthquake, Earthquake Early Warning connected to about 1,000 seismometers in Japan sent out warnings on television of an impending earthquake to millions. This is believed to have saved innumerable lives.[21]

The earthquake occurred in the western Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers (81 mi) east of Sendai, Honshu, Japan. Its epicenter was 373 kilometers (232 mi) from Tokyo, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Multiple aftershocks were reported after the initial M8.9 quake at 14:46 local time. A magnitude 7.0 aftershock was reported at 15:06 local time, M7.4 at 15:15 local time and M7.2 at 15:26 local time.[22] Over one hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or greater have occurred since the initial quake.

Map of the Sendai Earthquake 2011

Initially reported as 7.9 by the USGS, the magnitude was quickly restated as 8.8 and then 8.9.[18]

This earthquake occurred in the Japan Trench, where the Pacific Plate is subducting beneath the North American Plate. A quake of this size usually has a rupture length of at least 480 kilometers (300 mi) and requires a long, relatively straight fault line. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in this region is not so straight, earthquakes in this region are usually expected to be with magnitudes up to 8 to 8.5, and the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.[23] The hypocentral region of this earthquake extends from offshore Iwate to offshore Ibaraki.[24] The Japanese Meteorological Agency said that this earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 400 kilometers (250 mi) and a width of 200 kilometers (120 mi).[25] It has been pointed out that this earthquake may have the same mechanism as that of another large earthquake in 869, which also caused large tsunami.[26]

The quake registered a maximum 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture.[8][27] Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured lower 6, recording upper 5 in Tokyo.

A local official at the hardest-hit city of Kurihara in Miyagi Prefecture, in a telephone interview by Agence France-Presse (AFP) said:

We were shaken so strongly for a while that we needed to hold on to something in order not to fall. We couldn't escape the building immediately because the tremors continued... City officials are now outside, collecting information on damage.[28]

An earthquake measured magnitude of 6.7 by JMA occurred at 18:59 UTC, 12 March (03:59, 12 March local time).[29] Its hypocenter was in Niigata Prefecture at a depth of 10 kilometers (6.2 miles). The quake was recorded upper 6 on the JMA intensity scale in Nagano Prefecture and lower 6 in Niigata.

Tsunami

Wave height map for the tsunami from NOAA

The earthquake triggered a tsunami warning for Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile.[30][31][32][33] The tsunami warning issued by Japan was the most serious on its warning scale, implying that the wave was expected to be 10 meters (33 ft) high.[34] A wave that high was observed at 3:55 p.m. JST flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi prefecture,[35][36] with waves sweeping aside cars and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.[37] A four-meter-(13 ft) high tsunami hit Iwate Prefecture. A 0.5-meter (20 in)-high wave hit Japan's northern coast.[38][28] Reports indicate that the wall of water was higher than some Pacific islands and the danger of tsunami flooding prompted warnings for almost the entire Pacific basin.[39]

The United States West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas of California and Oregon from Point Conception, California, to the Oregon-Washington border.[33] The tsunami was as much as 1.5 to 2 meters (4.9 to 6.6 ft) high in parts of Hawaii with the surge reaching at least 30 meters (98 ft) inland on the south side of the Big Island, but no damage was reported.[40]

Estimated tsunami travel time forecast from WCATWC/NOAA.
Tide gauge & DART networks.

Other regions affected

Region Evacuation Tsunami alert Tsunami height Casualties Sources
Taiwan Yes Yes 01010 cm (3.9 in) 0 [41]
New Zealand No Yes 04040 cm (16 in) 0 [42]
Guam, USA Yes Yes 04040 cm (16 in) 0 [43][44][45]
Northern Mariana Islands, USA Yes Yes 04040 cm (16 in) 0 [43][44]
Hawaii (most areas), USA Yes Yes 2102.1 m (6.9 ft) 0 [46][47]
Philippines (most areas) Yes Yes 1001 m (3.3 ft) 0 [48][49]
Palau (some areas) Yes Yes 01111 cm (4.3 in) 0 [48][50][51][45][52][45][53]
North Sulawesi and Maluku Islands, Indonesia Yes Yes 01010 cm (3.9 in) 0 [48][49][48][54][41]
Sea of Okhotsk coastline, Russia Unknown Unknown 3303.3 m (11 ft) 0 [55]
Kuril Islands, Russia Yes Yes 3303.3 m (11 ft) 0 [55][56]
Midway Atoll, USA No No 1501.5 m (4.9 ft) 0 [57]
Maui, Hawaii, USA Yes Yes 2102.1 m (6.9 ft) 0 [58][57]
Shemya, Alaska, USA Yes Yes 1501.5 m (4.9 ft) 0 [57]
Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA Yes Yes 1501.5 m (4.9 ft) 0 [57]
Kona coast, Big Island, Hawaii, USA Yes Yes 3703.7 m (12 ft) 0 [57]
Wake Island, USA Yes Yes 1801.8 m (5.9 ft) 0 [57][45]
Brookings, Oregon, USA Yes Yes 0.6 m (2.0 ft) 0 [59]
California, USA Yes Yes 2002 m (6.6 ft) 1 [60][61][62]
Pacific coast, Mexico No Yes 07070 cm (2.3 ft) 0 [63]
British Columbia, Canada Yes Yes 05050 cm (1.6 ft) 0 [64]
Tahiti, French Polynesia Yes Yes 04040 cm (1.3 ft) 0 [65][66]
Easter Island, Chile Yes Yes 03030 cm (0.98 ft) 0 [67]

Aftermath

A view across the city of Toyko, with a burning building in the distance
The aftermath of the earthquake in Tokyo

Casualties

Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) has confirmed approximately 400 dead and another approximately 700 missing in six different prefectures (also reported as over 1100 dead/missing combined).[5]

Officials in Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai, which was heavily damaged by tsunami waves, stated that they had found the dead bodies of 200-300 victims.[68]

By 09:30 March 11 UTC, Google Person Finder, which was previously used in the Haiti, Chile, and Christchurch earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.[69][70] The Next of Kin Registry NOKR is assisting the Japanese Government to locate Next of Kin for those missing or deceased.[71]

It has been confirmed that four passenger trains containing an unknown number of passengers disappeared in a coastal area during the tsunami.[72] Two of the trains were on the Senseki Line.[68] One of the Senseki Line trains was found derailed in the morning, and all passengers were rescued by a prefectural police helicopter. [1]

A man who was taking pictures of the tsunami waves on the Northern California coast was also swept out to sea and later found dead.[73]

Infrastructure

Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara

The effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the Port of Tokyo with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's carpark.[74][28] Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo were suspended, though there were no derailments; Narita and Haneda Airport both suspended operations after the quake, with most flights diverted to other airports until further notice.[28] Various train services around Japan were also cancelled, with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day.[75] Four trains on coastal lines were reported as being out-of-contact with operators; one, a 4-car train on the Senseki Line which had derailed, had its occupants rescued shortly after 8 a.m. the next morning.[76]

Kyodo News reported a dam in Fukushima Prefecture failed, washing away homes. No casualties have been counted, but the Defense Ministry reported 1,800 homes downstream were destroyed.[72]

According to Tohoku Electric, around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.[77] Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake.

An oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture to the east of Tokyo.[78] Major fires broke out elsewhere, such as in the city of Kesennuma.[79][80]

Japan's transport network suffered as well. Many sections of Tohoku expressway serving northern Japan have been damaged.[81] All overground and underground railways services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across Tokyo.[82]. In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.[83]

According to an unnamed official from Chunghwa Telecom, the earthquake has caused "some damage" to undersea cable APCN 2 near Kita on the eastern coast of Japan but data transmission hasn't been interrupted.[84]

Nuclear power plants

Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, Fukushima I, Fukushima II and Tōkai nuclear power stations were automatically shut down following the earthquake. Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. The Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant, also on the coast, was being powered by emergency diesel generators.[85]

Separately, a fire broke out at the Onagawa plant.[85] The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor.[86]

Fukushima
Further information: Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant § 2011 earthquake events

Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.[87][86] Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency have reported that radiation levels inside the plant are up to 1000 times normal levels, and that an unknown amount of radiation has seeped from the plant.[88][57]

It was reported that The Tokyo Electric Power Company was considering venting superhot gas from the reactor vessel into the atmosphere. According to Tomoko Murakami of the nuclear energy group at Japan's Institute of Energy Economics, this would not result in the release of significant radiation.[89] The core of the reactor remains hot, however, so cooling is still required. The Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that due to lack of electricity, the emergency cooling system is currently running on backup battery power.[90] Residents living within a 6-kilometer (3.7 mi) radius of the plant were evacuated by the government, while residents living up to 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) away were recommended to evacuate.[91][92]

Stranded passengers on a Tokyo train. Major disruptions to train travel have occurred throughout Japan.

Economic impact

Economic analysts posit that ultimately, the catastrophe will improve Japan's economy, with increased job availability during restoration efforts. David Hensley of JPMorgan Chase, citing the 1989 San Francisco earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, noted that natural disasters "do eventually boost output". Takuji Okubo of Société Générale anticipated that Japan's economy will decline in March but will revive powerfully in the next months. He recalled that in January 1995 after the Kobe earthquake, industrial output dropped 2.6%, but in the next two months, it increased 2.2% and 1%, respectively. Japan's economy then accelerated substantially through the next two years, more than its former rate.[93]

Despite these optimistic long-term predictions, the quake has had significant impacts on business. Toyota has had to temporarily close three factories in the affected region, and Nissan has had to extinguish fires at two of its factories. The Bank of Japan has set up an emergency task force to ensure liquidity in the aftermath of the disaster.[94]

Financial markets

In the disaster's immediate aftermath, Japan’s Nikkei saw its futures slide 5% in after-market trading.[95] Other stock markets around the world were also affected;[96] the German DAX lost 1.2% and fell to 6,978 points within minutes.[97] Bombay Stock Exchange or Sensex (India) also plunged by 0.84%.[96] Hong Kong's Hang Seng index fell by 1.8%, while South Korea's Kospi index slumped by 1.3%.[98] By the end of trading on Friday, the MSCI Asia Pacific Index had dropped by 1.8%.[99] Oil prices also dropped as a result of the closure of Japanese refineries despite the ongoing violence in Libya and expected demonstrations in Saudi Arabia. US crude dropped as low as $99.01 from $100.08 by lunchtime, with Brent Crude falling $2.62 to $112.81.[100] In Hong Kong, the Financial Secretary John Tsang warned investors to "take extra care" as the earthquake may have a short term impact on the local stock market.[101]

Response

Government response

Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced the government has mobilized the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in various earthquake disaster zones.[102] He asked the Japanese public to act calmly and tune into various media for updated information.[102][103] He also reported numerous nuclear power plants have automatically shut down to prevent damage and radiation leaks.[102] PM Kan also set up emergency headquarters in his office to coordinate the government's response.[103]

Central banks have vowed to do their utmost to ensure financial market stability.[104]

International response

Japan received condolence messages and offers of assistance from a range of international leaders. According to the United Nations, search and rescue teams from 45 countries had been offered to Japan. Japan specifically requested teams from Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, and the U.S.;[105] it also requested (via its space agency JAXA) the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, allowing satellite imagery of affected regions to be readily shared with rescue and aid organisations.[106] The United States moved naval vessels closer to Japan for the purposes of providing aid.[107] Germany is sending search and rescue specialists from the Technisches Hilfswerk.[108] Google enacted its People Finder app. [109]

See also

Wikinews has related news:

References

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