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Coordinates: 32°20′9.5″N 110°58′30.5″W / 32.335972°N 110.975139°W / 32.335972; -110.975139
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| susperp = [[Jared Lee Loughner]]<ref name="Kanalley2011-01-08" />
| susperp = [[Jared Lee Loughner]]<ref name="Kanalley2011-01-08" />
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On January 8, 2011 a mass shooting<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/01/tucson-hospital-to-close-giffords-tribute-site-next-week/1|title=Tucson hospital to close tribute site next week|date=January 28,2011|work=USA Today|accessdate=30 January 2011}}</ref> occurred near Tucson, Arizona. Twenty people were injured, nineteen from gunfire,<ref name="WP-20110114-victims" /><ref name="Grady-Medina2011-01-14" /> six of them fatally, during an open meeting that [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] [[Gabrielle Giffords]] was holding with members of her constituency in a [[Casas Adobes, Arizona|Casas Adobes]] supermarket parking lot.<ref name="LaceyHerszenhorn2011-01-09" /><ref name="CNN2011-01-08" /> Those killed in the incident include [[United States District Court for the District of Arizona]] Chief Judge [[John Roll]] and one of Rep. Giffords's staffers.<ref name="azcentral2011-01-08-optimistic" /><ref name="LaceyHerszenhorn2011-01-09" /><ref name="CNN2011-01-08" /><ref name="complaint" /> News reports identified the target of the attack as Giffords, a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] representing {{ushr|Arizona|8|}}.<ref name="LaceyHerszenhorn2011-01-09" /> She was shot through the head<ref name="Grady-Medina2011-01-14" /> at [[point-blank range]],<ref name="usatoday" /> and her [[medical state|medical condition]] was initially described as "critical".<ref name="LaceyHerszenhorn2011-01-09" /><ref name="CNN2011-01-08" />

⚫
A '''shooting near Tucson, Arizona''', occurred on January 8, 2011. Twenty people were injured, nineteen from gunfire,<ref name="WP-20110114-victims" /><ref name="Grady-Medina2011-01-14" /> six of them fatally, during an open meeting that [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] [[Gabrielle Giffords]] was holding with members of her constituency in a [[Casas Adobes, Arizona|Casas Adobes]] supermarket parking lot.<ref name="LaceyHerszenhorn2011-01-09" /><ref name="CNN2011-01-08" /> Those killed in the incident include [[United States District Court for the District of Arizona]] Chief Judge [[John Roll]] and one of Rep. Giffords's staffers.<ref name="azcentral2011-01-08-optimistic" /><ref name="LaceyHerszenhorn2011-01-09" /><ref name="CNN2011-01-08" /><ref name="complaint" /> News reports identified the target of the attack as Giffords, a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] representing {{ushr|Arizona|8|}}.<ref name="LaceyHerszenhorn2011-01-09" /> She was shot through the head<ref name="Grady-Medina2011-01-14" /> at [[point-blank range]],<ref name="usatoday" /> and her [[medical state|medical condition]] was initially described as "critical".<ref name="LaceyHerszenhorn2011-01-09" /><ref name="CNN2011-01-08" />


A 22-year-old Tucson man, [[Jared Lee Loughner]], was arrested at the scene.<ref name="Kanalley2011-01-08"/> [[Federal prosecutors]] have filed five charges against him, including the attempted assassination of a member of Congress, those charges carrying the possibility of the [[death penalty]].<ref name="complaint" /><ref name="I planned" /><ref name="Lacey2011-01-09" /> Court filings include notes allegedly handwritten by Loughner indicating he planned to assassinate Giffords.<ref name="I planned" /> The motive for the shooting remains unclear, as the suspect has not cooperated with authorities and has invoked his [[Right to silence#United States|right to remain silent]].<ref name="CNN2011-01-08" />
A 22-year-old Tucson man, [[Jared Lee Loughner]], was arrested at the scene.<ref name="Kanalley2011-01-08"/> [[Federal prosecutors]] have filed five charges against him, including the attempted assassination of a member of Congress, those charges carrying the possibility of the [[death penalty]].<ref name="complaint" /><ref name="I planned" /><ref name="Lacey2011-01-09" /> Court filings include notes allegedly handwritten by Loughner indicating he planned to assassinate Giffords.<ref name="I planned" /> The motive for the shooting remains unclear, as the suspect has not cooperated with authorities and has invoked his [[Right to silence#United States|right to remain silent]].<ref name="CNN2011-01-08" />

Revision as of 03:15, 30 January 2011

2011 Tucson shooting
First responders at the crime scene outside the Casas Adobes Safeway
Location of the shooting
LocationCasas Adobes, Arizona (part of Tucson metro area)
Coordinates32°20′9.5″N 110°58′30.5″W / 32.335972°N 110.975139°W / 32.335972; -110.975139
DateSaturday, January 8, 2011
10:10 am MST[1] (UTC-7)
TargetU.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords
Attack type
shooting
Weapons9mm Glock model 19 pistol
Deaths6[2]
Injured14 (13 by gunfire)[3]

On January 8, 2011 a mass shooting[5] occurred near Tucson, Arizona. Twenty people were injured, nineteen from gunfire,[3][6] six of them fatally, during an open meeting that U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords was holding with members of her constituency in a Casas Adobes supermarket parking lot.[7][8] Those killed in the incident include United States District Court for the District of Arizona Chief Judge John Roll and one of Rep. Giffords's staffers.[2][7][8][9] News reports identified the target of the attack as Giffords, a Democrat representing Arizona's 8th congressional district.[7] She was shot through the head[6] at point-blank range,[10] and her medical condition was initially described as "critical".[7][8]

A 22-year-old Tucson man, Jared Lee Loughner, was arrested at the scene.[4] Federal prosecutors have filed five charges against him, including the attempted assassination of a member of Congress, those charges carrying the possibility of the death penalty.[9][11][12] Court filings include notes allegedly handwritten by Loughner indicating he planned to assassinate Giffords.[11] The motive for the shooting remains unclear, as the suspect has not cooperated with authorities and has invoked his right to remain silent.[8]

Shooting

Roadside sign for the "Congress on Your Corner" constituent meeting.

The shooting took place on January 8, 2011, at 10:10 am MST (UTC-7).[1][13] A United States Representative from Arizona, Gabrielle Giffords, was holding a constituent meeting called "Congress on Your Corner"[12][14] at the Safeway supermarket in La Toscana Village mall, which is in Casas Adobes, an unincorporated area north of Tucson, Arizona.[15] Giffords had set up a table outside the store and about 20 to 30 people were gathered around her when the gunman drew a pistol and shot Giffords in the head.[16][17][18] The shooting was caught on video by a store security camera.[13][19] He then allegedly proceeded to fire apparently randomly at other members of the crowd.[2][20] The weapon used was reported to be a 9mm Glock model 19 semi-automatic pistol with a 33-round magazine.[21][22] A nearby store employee said he heard "15 to 20 gunshots".[23] After the gunman ran out of ammunition in the first magazine, he stopped to reload, but dropped the loaded magazine from his pocket to the sidewalk, from where bystander Patricia Maisch grabbed it.[24] A bystander clubbed the back of the assailant's head with a folding chair in the process injuring his elbow and representing the 20th injury.[25] The gunman was then tackled to the ground by 74-year-old retired colonel Bill Badger,[26] who himself had been shot, and was further subdued by Maisch and bystanders Roger Sulzgeber and Joseph Zamudio.[27]

The first call from the scene to emergency services was received at 10:11 am.[1] While waiting for help to arrive, Giffords' intern Daniel Hernández Jr. applied pressure to the gunshot wound on her forehead, and made sure she did not choke on her blood. Hernández was credited with saving Giffords' life.[28][29][30] David and Nancy Bowman, a married doctor and nurse who were shopping in the store, immediately set up triage and attended to nine-year-old Christina-Taylor Green.[31] Police arrived on the scene at 10:15 am, with paramedics arriving at 10:16 am.[32] Badger observed the assailant attempting to discard a small bag containing money and identification, which was recovered by the officers.[33]

Five people died at the scene,[34] including Chief Judge John Roll and Giffords' community outreach director Gabe Zimmerman.[2][9] Most of the injured were taken to University Medical Center in Tucson.[35] Christina-Taylor Green was later pronounced dead at the hospital.[8][36]

Target of the attack

U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords (D-Arizona 8)

Gabrielle Giffords was reported to be the target of the shootings.[7] Some news organizations initially reported that she had been killed, but these statements were quickly revised to reflect that she had survived with a gunshot wound to the head.[37][38] At one point, Giffords' husband Mark E. Kelly and his children thought she had died because of the erroneous news reports.[39] Giffords was taken to University Medical Center in critical condition,[2][40] though she was still conscious and "following commands". Within 38 minutes,[41] Giffords underwent emergency surgery to extract skull bone fragments and a small amount of necrotic brain tissue.[42] Part of Gifford's skull was removed to prevent further brain damage caused by swelling.[41]

According to Dr. Peter M. Rhee of the medical center, she was "shot through and through on one side of the head....[it] went through her brain."[6][43] The bullet traveled through the left hemisphere of her brain without crossing the midline, where the most critical injuries result.[8][44] Civilian doctors who first treated Giffords said the bullet had entered the back of her head and exited through the front of her skull, but experienced military physicians later concluded that it had traveled in the opposite direction.[16] Neurosurgeon and medical commentator Sanjay Gupta said that the exit of the bullet was a factor in her survival as not all of its energy was transferred to the brain.[41]

Recovery

Further information: [[:Gabrielle Giffords: Recovery]]

The suspect, identified as Jared Lee Loughner,[45] was detained by bystanders until he was taken into police custody.[46] Federal officials charged Loughner on the next day with killing federal government employees, attempting to assassinate a member of Congress and attempting to kill federal employees.[47][48][49]

Giffords was immediately evacuated to the University Medical Center of Tucson in critical condition,[50][51] though she was still conscious and "following commands" at the time.[50][41] Doctors performed emergency surgery to extract skull fragments and a small amount of necrotic tissue from her brain.[50][42] The bullet had passed through Giffords' head without crossing the midline of the brain, where the most critical injuries result.[50] Part of her skull was removed to avoid further damage to the brain from pressure caused by swelling.[50][41] Civilian doctors who first treated Giffords said the bullet had entered the back of her head and exited through the front of her skull, but experienced military physicians later concluded that it had traveled in the opposite direction.[16] Upon receiving a call from a staffer about Giffords' injury, husband Mark E. Kelly and his daughters flew in a friend's aircraft directly from Houston to Tucson.[39][52]

File:Mark Kelly with Gabrielle Giffords in recovery 2011.jpg
Husband Mark E. Kelly at Giffords' side in the University Medical Center at Tucson.

Giffords initially was placed in a medically-induced coma to allow her brain to rest. She was able to respond to simple commands when periodically awoken, but was unable to speak as she was on a ventilator.[53] Nancy Pelosi said Mark E. Kelly acknowledged that there is a "rough road ahead" for his wife's recovery, but was encouraged by her responsiveness,[54] which included the ability to signal with her hand and move both arms.[55] U.S. Army neurologist Geoffrey Ling of the Uniformed Services University in Bethesda, Maryland, was sent to Tucson to consult on Giffords' condition. Ling stated, "Her prognosis for maintaining the function that she has is very good. It's over 50 percent."[56] On January 11, neurosurgeon G. Michael Lemole Jr. said that Giffords' sedation had been reduced and that she could breathe on her own.[57] On January 12, President Barack Obama visited Giffords at the medical center and publicly stated in an evening memorial ceremony that she had "opened her eyes for the first time" that day.[58]

As Giffords' status improved, she began simple physical therapy,[59] including sitting up with the assistance of hospital staff and moving her legs upon command.[52] On January 15, surgeons performed a tracheotomy, replacing the ventilator tube with a smaller one inserted through Giffords' throat to assist independent breathing.[60][61] Doctors plan to evaluate her ability to speak after the breathing tube is removed.[62] Ophthalmologist Lynn Polonski surgically repaired Giffords' eye socket,[63] with additional reconstructive surgery to follow.[64] Giffords' condition was upgraded to "serious" on January 17,[65] and to "good" on January 25.[66]

Investigation

Police investigate the crime scene, seen here around two hours after the attack

The gunman, described as a white male in his mid-20s with short hair and "dressed in a shabby manner", was arrested after being detained by bystanders.[7][67] Police identified the suspect as Jared Lee Loughner, born on September 10, 1988.[68] The FBI attempted to question the suspect, but he reportedly refused to cooperate with authorities and invoked his Fifth Amendment right.[7][8][69] Authorities have said the alleged shooter's motivation was unknown.[8] However, evidence seized from a safe in the suspect's home included an envelope marked with notes reading "I planned ahead", "My assassination", and "Giffords", as well as a letter from Giffords's office thanking him for attending a similar event in 2007.[11][70]

As the shooting occurred outside the Tucson city limits in unincorporated Casas Adobes, the Pima County Sheriff's Department started the initial investigation with assistance from the Tucson Police Department and the Arizona Department of Public Safety.[71] Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Director Robert Mueller was ordered to the location by President Obama, and the FBI is ready to take over the investigation.[72] The Capitol Police are also conducting an investigation.[7]

Suspect

Main article: Jared Lee Loughner

Jared Lee Loughner, the primary suspect, was 22 years old and lived with his parents in Tucson, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the site of the shooting.[68][73] Grant Wiens, who attended high school and college with Loughner, described him as "kind of an interesting character" who kept to himself and was opinionated.[2] Caiti Parker, who claimed she knew the suspect in high school four years earlier, described him as a politically radical loner.[74] Classmates noted that Loughner was critical of religion.[75]

Little was initially known about the suspect,[4][76] but his online presence was soon discovered, as he had accounts on both Myspace and YouTube. His Myspace profile included a pistol on a photograph of a U.S. history textbook. Hours before the incident, Loughner's Myspace page was updated with posts from his account stating, "Goodbye," and said to friends: "Please don't be mad at me."[73][77][78][79][80] Long before the shooting, Loughner had posted numerous text and videos on the Internet.[73] He briefly discussed terrorism saying:[73]

If I define terrorist then a terrorist is a person who employs terror or terrorism, especially as a political weapon. I define terrorist ... If you call me a terrorist then the argument to call me a terrorist is ad hominem. You call me a terrorist.

A YouTube channel under an account called "Classitup10" was attributed to Loughner.[81][82][83] The profile of this account stated among other things that some of the subject's favorite books were The Communist Manifesto, Animal Farm, Mein Kampf, Plato's Republic, and We the Living; one video told viewers that they "don't have to accept the federalist laws", called for a return to the gold standard, and accused the government of mind-controlling and brainwashing the citizenry.[73][74][83][84] The YouTube profile also listed works such as The Wizard of Oz, Peter Pan, Gulliver's Travels, and Through the Looking-Glass.[80] Sheriff Clarence Dupnik conceded that there was no evidence that the shooting was a result of anything in particular that Loughner might have read or heard.[85]

Loughner attended Pima Community College until school authorities suspended him after receiving complaints of his inappropriate behavior in class.[73][86] He had also posted a video on YouTube on September 23, 2010, in which he described the college as "one of the biggest scams in America".[87] Loughner chose to drop out in October 2010, rather than having the mental health evaluation and clearance which would have been required for him to re-enroll.[73][86]

According to court records, Loughner had two previous offenses, one of which was for drug possession.[74] U.S. Army officials said that Loughner had attempted to enlist, but his application had been rejected as "unqualified" for service in 2008.[86] They declined further disclosure due to confidentiality rules,[68][73][88] although an administration official indicated to the media that this was due to a failed drug test.[89]

Bryce Tierney, a friend of Loughner, received a voice message from Loughner eight hours before the shooting. Tierney stated that Loughner held a grudge against Giffords for failing to answer a question sufficiently, in his view.[90] Loughner previously met Giffords at a "Congress on your Corner" event in a Tucson mall on August 25, 2007, where he asked the congresswoman, "How do you know words mean anything?"[91]

Pima County Registrar of Voters records show that Loughner registered as an independent on September 29, 2006, and voted in 2006 and 2008 but not in 2010.[92][93]

Police reports reveal he had purchased a Glock pistol at a Sportsman's Warehouse store less than six weeks before and attempted to buy additional bullets for the pistol at a Wal-Mart on the morning of the shooting.[94] News reports indicate that the clerk at the first Wal-Mart where Loughner attempted to buy the ammunition may have refused to sell it to him based on his appearance and demeanor.[95][96] Wal-Mart declined requests to confirm or deny the incident.[97]

On the day of the attack Loughner's parents arrived at their home after a shopping trip, unaware of the shootings, to find police tape and police cars around their house. Neighbor Wayne Smith told them what happened. Smith said Loughner's mother "almost passed out right there," while his father sat in the road and cried. Smith described the family as "devastated", feeling guilty, and wondering "where did they fail?"[98] Loughner's parents released a statement on January 11, 2011, expressing remorse for the victims and saying "We don't understand why this happened."[99]

Earlier on the day of the shooting, Loughner is reported to have had an altercation with his father, who had watched his son take a black bag from a car trunk. After being confronted about the bag, Loughner mumbled and ran away, resulting in his father chasing him in a car.[100] A bag matching the description was later found in a nearby desert area containing 9mm amunition, and according to a Pima County Sheriff's Deputy it is believed to belong to Loughner.[101] Later that morning, at approximately 7:30 am, Loughner was stopped by an Arizona Game and Fish Department officer after running a red light, but was released with a warning after it was determined that there were no outstanding warrants against him.[100]

Federal Correctional Institution, Phoenix, where Loughner is being held.[102]

As of January 20, 2011, Loughner is being held in the Federal Correctional Institution at Phoenix without bail.[102][103] He was charged in federal court with one count of attempted assassination of a member of Congress, two counts of killing a federal employee, and two counts of attempting to kill a federal employee.[9][12][104]

On January 10, all federal judges based in Tucson disqualified themselves from the case,[105] and all other federal judges in Arizona recused themselves the next day because of their ties to the late John Roll.[106] At the direction of Ninth Circuit Chief Judge Alex Kozinski, the federal case will be heard by a San Diego-based jurist, Judge Larry Burns from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California.[107]

Prosecutors representing the State of Arizona announced they intend to file murder and attempted murder charges on behalf of the victims who were not federal employees. The state has concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute the shootings of the five federal employees and is considering filing charges on behalf of those victims as well. Under Arizona's speedy trial statutes, Arizona state prosecutors normally have ten days from the time a suspect is taken into custody to file charges, but time spent in federal custody does not count toward this limitation.[108]

Public defender Judy Clarke (also based in San Diego) was appointed to represent Loughner in federal court.[109][110][111] If convicted in either federal or state court, Loughner could face the death penalty. The United States federal laws governing defendants with mental diseases or defects were reviewed and resulted in the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, after John Hinckley, Jr. was acquitted by a court over the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan in March 1981.[112] Arizona law does not permit a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity, but does allow for a verdict of guilty but insane.[113]

On January 19, 2011, a federal grand jury handed down a indictment for three counts against Jared Lee Loughner for the attempt to assassinate Representative Giffords, and attempted murder of two federal employees, Ron Barber and Pamela Simon. Further indictments are expected in the future.[114]

Victims

Chief Judge John Roll
Chief Judge John Roll
Gabe Zimmerman
Gabe Zimmerman

Six people were killed in the attack;[115] all but Christina-Taylor Green died at the scene of the shooting.[116] The deceased are (in alphabetical order by surname):

  1. Christina-Taylor Green, 9, of Tucson.[117] Green was accompanied to the meeting by neighbor Susan Hileman.[36][118] Born on September 11, 2001, she had appeared in the book Faces of Hope: Babies Born on 9/11 (page 41).[119][120][121] She was the granddaughter of former Major League Baseball player and manager Dallas Green.[120][122]
  2. Dorothy "Dot" Morris, 76, a retired secretary from Oro Valley; wife of George, who was wounded.[115][123]
  3. John Roll, 63, chief judge of the U.S. District Court for Arizona, named to the federal bench by President George H. W. Bush in 1991.[36][124][125][126]
  4. Phyllis Schneck, 79, homemaker from Tucson.[115][127]
  5. Dorwan Stoddard, 76, retired construction worker, from a gunshot wound to the head; his wife Mavy was wounded.[115][128]
  6. Gabriel "Gabe" Zimmerman, 30, community outreach director for Giffords,[7][36] and a member of Giffords' staff since 2006.[129]

Thirteen people were wounded in the attack; a fourteenth person was injured at the scene, but was determined not to have been shot. Gabrielle Giffords and two other members of her staff were among the surviving gunshot victims.[3]

Aftermath and reactions

Political figures

Memorial at site of shooting

U.S. President Barack Obama called the shooting an "unspeakable tragedy," adding that "such a senseless and terrible act of violence has no place in a free society."[130] Arizona Governor Jan Brewer said, "My thoughts and prayers are with Congresswoman Giffords and her family, the Congresswoman's staff and their families, as well as the other victims of this senseless and cruel violence."[131] House Speaker John Boehner said, "An attack on one who serves is an attack on all who serve. Acts and threats of violence against public officials have no place in our society... This is a sad day for our country."[132] Chief Justice John Roberts issued a statement noting, "we in the judiciary have suffered the terrible loss of one of our own", with the death of Chief Judge John Roll.[133]

Many other politicians from Arizona and across the United States spoke publicly regarding the shooting, including Arizona's United States Senators Jon Kyl[134] John McCain,[135] House Majority Leader Eric Cantor, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi;[136] 2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin offered "sincere condolences".[137] Numerous foreign politicians commented on the shooting. Fidel Castro condemned the shooting, while Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon,[138] British and Spanish prime ministers David Cameron, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero offered condolences.[136][139][140]

Senator Chuck Schumer called for a fresh look at gun control laws in the United States, including the possibility of prohibiting the sale of high capacity magazines, and prohibiting a person who has been rejected for military service due to drug use from owning a gun.[141] Homeland Security Committee chairman Peter T. King announced that he would introduce a bill to ban the carrying of firearms within 1,000 feet (300 m) of certain federal officials.[142] Representative Carolyn McCarthy announced that she would introduce legislation to ban the sale of high-capacity ammunition magazines to civilians.[143]

On the night of January 11, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer signed emergency legislation to prohibit protests within 300 feet (91 m) of any funeral services, in response to an announcement by the Westboro Baptist Church that it planned to picket the funeral of shooting victim Christina-Taylor Green.[144][145]

In light of the Tucson shooting, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado has proposed that members of both houses sit together in the US Capitol at the 2011 State of the Union Address regardless of party, breaking with tradition.[146] Sixty members of the House and Senate have signaled their support for the plan,[147] with members of both houses planning to sit with members of the opposite party. One seat was left empty in honor of Representative Giffords.

Memorials

Main article: Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech

President Obama ordered on January 9, 2011 that U.S. flags be displayed at half-staff until sunset on January 15, 2011 in honor of the victims of the Tucson shooting. The directive applied to all federal buildings, grounds, and military posts.[148]

A national moment of silence was held at 11:00 am EST on January 10, 2011, led by Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama from a gathering on the South Lawn of the White House. Hundreds of members of Congress and their aides also gathered in observation of silence on the steps of the United States Capitol.[149]

Obama traveled to Tucson to attend a memorial ceremony on January 12 for the victims of the shooting. Obama met with the families of the deceased victims and visited Giffords at her bedside in the medical center before the ceremony.[150][151] During the evening event, titled "Together We Thrive: Tucson and America", Obama spoke of Giffords' improving condition. He recalled and praised the victims of the attack, and held up Christina-Taylor Green and her interest in civics and leadership as examples for how American politics should function.[58] "I want us to live up to her expectations," stated Obama. "I want our democracy to be as good as she imagined it. All of us—we should do everything we can to make sure this country lives up to our children's expectations."[58][152] While Obama's speech was widely praised, some critics felt that excessive applause and cheering from the audience created an inappropriate pep rally-like atmosphere at the service.[153]

Political climate

The shooting came at a time of an acrimonious political climate.[154] Democrats and Republicans both called for a cooling of political rhetoric as a result of the heated controversy building up before the shooting.[155] On the eve of the shooting, Giffords wrote to a Republican friend, Trey Grayson, Secretary of State of Kentucky saying, "we need to figure out how to tone our rhetoric and partisanship down."[156]

After the shooting, Pima County Sheriff Clarence Dupnik expressed concern that overheated political rhetoric and violence may be related, observing, "When you look at unbalanced people, how they respond to the vitriol that comes out of certain mouths about tearing down the government. The anger, the hatred, the bigotry that goes on in this country is getting to be outrageous." He felt that Arizona had unfortunately become "the capital" of this. "We have become the mecca for prejudice and bigotry," he said.[157] Dupnik later said that he had no evidence that the alleged murders were a result of anything particular Loughner may have read or heard.[158]

Giffords had expressed concerns about the crosshairs on a national midterm election map on Sarah Palin's campaign webpage denoting targeted congressional seats including Giffords's, in Arizona's 8th district. The image was removed from Palin's "takebackthe20" website following the attack.[159][160][161] In March 2010, shortly after the map's posting and her office's subsequent vandalization, Giffords said: "We're in Sarah Palin's 'targeted' list, but the thing is that the way she has it depicted, we're in the crosshairs of a gun sight over our district. When people do that, they've got to realize that there are consequences to that action."[20][160] After the attack, commentators defending Palin pointed to previous examples of "targeting" being used in political imagery prior to the "crosshairs" map. Various pundits, such as Howard Kurtz and Toby Harnden, took issue with the media for a rush to judgment about the shooter's motivation, disputing the view that the shooting was the result of the Tea Party movement or anything in connection to Palin.[162][163][164][165] Harnden felt that some of Loughner's stated political positions were more left-wing than right-wing, while most were unclassifiable on the political spectrum.[163] International media referred to the political climate in the US and the Palin map in particular.[166][167][168] About the political tensions, Le Monde said that the attack seemed to confirm "an alarming premonition that has been gaining momentum for a long time: that the verbal and symbolic violence that the most radical right-wing opponents have used in their clash with the Obama administration would at some point lead to tragic physical violence."[169] In the Netherlands, historian Maarten van Rossem mentioned that "a strong political polarization in the United States has led to a poisoned political climate".[170]

Palin responded to her critics in a January 12 video, rejecting the notion that anyone other than the actual gunman could bear any responsibility for the Tucson shooting and accusing the press of manufacturing a "blood libel" to blame her and the right wing for the attacks.[171][172][173] A new round of controversy was sparked by her use of this phrase,[171] first used as a defense against culpability for the Arizona shootings in an opinion piece[174] and quickly picked up by others on the political right.[175] Jewish groups believed Palin's reference to this historical antisemitic slur was inappropriate, particularly when interjected into a discussion on the shooting of Congresswoman Giffords, a Reform Jew.[172][176] However, Alan Dershowitz defended Palin's use of the term, stating that "There is nothing improper and certainly nothing anti-Semitic in Sarah Palin using the term to characterize what she reasonably believes are false accusations that her words or images may have caused a mentally disturbed individual to kill and maim."[177]

With renewed calls to tone down political rhetoric after the shooting,[178][179][180] Keith Olbermann apologized for any of his own words that might have incited violence saying, "Violence, or the threat of violence, has no place in our Democracy, and I apologize for and repudiate any act or any thing in my past that may have even inadvertently encouraged violence."[178] Jon Stewart stated that he did not know whether or not the political environment contributed to the shooting, but, "For all the hyperbole and vitriol that's become a part of our political process—when the reality of that rhetoric, when actions match the disturbing nature of words, we haven't lost our capacity to be horrified. ... Maybe it helps us to remember to match our rhetoric with reality more often."[180]

Shooting victims

On Sunday, January 16, eight days after the shooting, Vietnam War veteran James Eric Fuller, who had been shot in the knee during the Loughner attack, was arrested for disorderly conduct at a town hall meeting. After Tucson Tea Party figure Trent Humphries, who had faulted Giffords for not having enough security, stated that gun control measures should not be discussed until all those killed in the shooting were buried, Fuller allegedly took a picture of Humphries and shouted, "You're dead." In an interview during the week after the shooting, Fuller had criticized Palin and what he called the "Tea Party crime-syndicate" for promoting a divisive political climate before the attacks.[14] The police then committed him to an undisclosed medical facility to undergo a psychiatric evaluation. A police spokesman stated that the hospital will determine when he will be released.[181] Meanwhile Humphries said that he was worried about Fuller's threat, and the dozens of other angry e-mails he received from people blaming right-wing political rhetoric for contributing to the assassination attempt on Giffords.[182]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Police create timeline of Loughner's morning before arrest". USA Today. January 14, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
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  181. ^ "Tucson Shooting Victim Detained at Taping of TV Special". msnbc.com. January 16, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
  182. ^ "Ariz. Shooting Victim Apologizes for Outburst". CBS News. January 17, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
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