Chattonella: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of algae}} |
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{{italic title}} |
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{{Taxobox |
{{Taxobox |
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| name = Chatonella |
| name = ''Chatonella'' |
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| domain = [[ |
| domain = [[Eukaryota]] |
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| unranked_regnum = [[SAR supergroup|SAR]] |
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| superphylum = [[Heterokonta]] |
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| phylum = [[Ochrophyta]] |
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| classis = [[Raphidophyceae]] |
| classis = [[Raphidophyceae]] |
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| ordo = [[Chattonellales]] |
| ordo = [[Chattonellales]] |
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| familia = [[Chattonellaceae]] |
| familia = [[Chattonellaceae]] |
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| genus = '''''Chatonella''''' |
| genus = '''''Chatonella''''' |
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| genus_authority = Biecheler 1936 |
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| type_species = ''Chatonella subsalsa'' |
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| type_species_authority = Biecheler 1936 |
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| subdivision_ranks = Species |
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| subdivision = |
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* ?''C. harima'' <small>Okaichi</small> |
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* ''C. antiqua'' <small>(Hada 1974) Ono 1980</small> |
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* ''C. marina'' <small>(Subrahmanyan 1954) Hara & Chihara 1982</small> |
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* ''C. minima'' <small>Hara & Chihara 1994</small> |
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* ''C. ovata'' <small>Hara & Chihara 1994</small> |
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* ''C. subsalsa'' <small>Biecheler 1936</small> |
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| synonyms = |
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* ''Hornellia'' <small>Subrahmanyan 1954 non Walker 1904</small> |
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* ''Hemieutreptia'' <small>Hada 1974</small> |
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}} |
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'''Chattonella''' is a genus of marine [[Raphidophyte]] which includes the species ''Chattonella subsalsa'', a [[Algal bloom|bloom]] forming alga responsible for large scale fish deaths due to the synthesis of toxic compounds related to [[brevetoxin]].<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Khan, S.; Arakawa, O.; Onoue, Y. | title = A toxicological study of the marine phytoflagellate, Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae) | journal = Phycologica | year = 1996 | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 239–244 | DOI: 10.2216/i0031-8884-35-3-239.1 }}</ref> |
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'''''Chattonella''''' is a genus of the marine class [[raphidophyte]]s associated with red tides and can be found in the phylum Heterokontophyta in [[stramenopile]]s.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Imai |first1=Ichiro |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=Mineo |date=2012-02-01 |title=Life cycle, physiology, ecology and red tide occurrences of the fish-killing raphidophyte ''Chattonella'' |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988311001429 |journal=Harmful Algae |series=Harmful Algae--The requirement for species-specific information |language=en |volume=14 |pages=46–70 |doi=10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.014 |issn=1568-9883}}</ref> These unicellular [[flagellate]]s are found in brackish ecosystems. The genus ''Chattonella'' is composed of five species: ''C. subsalsa'', ''C. antiqua'', ''C. marina'', ''C. minima'', and ''C. ovata''.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Demura |first1=Mikihide |last2=Noël |first2=Mary-Hélène |last3=Kasai |first3=Fumie |last4=Watanabe |first4=Makoto M. |last5=Kawachi |first5=Masanobu |date=November 2009 |title=Taxonomic revision of ''Chattonella antiqua'', ''C. marina'' and ''C. ovata'' (Raphidophyceae) based on their morphological characteristics and genetic diversity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2216/08-98.1 |journal=Phycologia |language=en |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=518–535 |doi=10.2216/08-98.1 |s2cid=85252183 |issn=0031-8884}}</ref> |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Structure and synthesis == |
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The ''Chattonella'' species contain an [[Ectoplasm (cell biology)|ectoplasm]] with vacuoles, chloroplasts, and mucocysts and an [[Endoplasmic reticulum|endoplasm]] with a nucleus and other organelles.<ref name=":13"/> Due to their lack of cell wall, these species have the ability to change size and shape. Therefore, fish populations cannot recognize the toxins and cannot defend themselves. Each species of the ''Chattonella'' genus is very similar or identical in DNA sequencing.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last1=Hosoi-Tanabe |first1=Shoko |last2=Otake |first2=Isamu |last3=Sako |first3=Yoshihiko |date=2006-11-01 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of noxious red tide flagellates ''Chattonella antiqua'', ''C. marina'', ''C. ovata'', and ''C. verruculosa'' (Raphidophyceae) based on the rRNA gene family |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01277.x |journal=Fisheries Science |language=en |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1200–1208 |doi=10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01277.x |s2cid=22773011 |issn=1444-2906}}</ref> ''C. minima'' has an identical morphological structure to ''C. antiqua'', so researchers are developing ways to search for the gene responsible for differentiating between the different ''Chattonella'' strains.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Kamikawa |first1=Ryoma |last2=Masuda |first2=Isao |last3=Oyama |first3=Kenichi |last4=Yoshimatsu |first4=Sadaaki |last5=Sako |first5=Yoshihiko |date=August 2007 |title=Genetic variation in mitochondrial genes and intergenic spacer region in harmful algae ''Chattonella'' species |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01408.x |journal=Fisheries Science |language=en |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=871–880 |doi=10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01408.x |s2cid=46240315 |issn=0919-9268}}</ref> The only currently known difference between the two strains is the number of chromosomes; ''C. minima'' contains 90-110 chromosomes while ''C. marina'' contains 29 chromosomes.<ref name=":33"/> |
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''Chattonella'' algal blooms synthesis is compared to "diatom resting hypothesis" with the only major difference being that ''Chattonella'' cysts can germinate in the dark as opposed to [[diatom]]s which can germinate only in sunlight.<ref name=":33"/> Factors such as water temperature, salinity, irradiance, and nutrients each contribute to the growth of ''Chattonella''.<ref name=":33"/> |
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{{chromalveolate-stub}} |
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== Environmental impact == |
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Algal species can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to environmental ecosystems. Three of these species, ''C. antiqua'', ''C. marina'', and ''C. ovata,'' contribute the growing problem of [[harmful algal bloom]]s (HAB).<ref name=":03"/> ''Chattonella'' outbreaks are known to be enhanced by [[eutrophication]].<ref name=":33"/> ''C. verruculosa'' was originally categorized with these toxic species, but further [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis showed it actually belonged to class [[Dictyochophyceae]], not [[Raphidophyte|Raphidophyceae]].<ref name=":23"/> These harmful algal species trigger the [[necrosis]] of gill cells in fish.<ref name=":03"/> More specifically, the toxins produce reactive oxygen species that disrupt oxygen transport and ultimately lead to suffocation.<ref name=":33" /> Fish species such as ''Thunnus maccoyii'', ''Seriola quinqueradiata'', and others are declining rapidly in Australia, Japan, India, China, Brazil, Mexico, and USA, greatly affecting fishing industries.<ref name=":23"/> As HABs become more common, more research is dedicated to preventing these outbreaks. |
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== Analysis methods == |
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To prevent ''Chattonella'' HABs, the individual species must first be studied. A technique using [[monoclonal antibodies]] can be used to identify the genus, while the [[Random amplification of polymorphic DNA|RAPD]] reaction can be used to distinguish between different species within the genus. Other researchers use PCR-RFLP is also used to identify species of ''Chattonella''.<ref name=":03"/> They sequence ITS rDNA and rRNA, and [[mitochondrial DNA]] of the species to try to target the highly variable regions with molecular markers.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":03" /><ref name=":23"/> Inverted optical microscopes and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are also used to compare cell size and structure of different ''Chattonella'' species.<ref name=":03" /> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{heterokont}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q5087960}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Ochrophyte genera]] |
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[[Category:Ochrophyta]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:52, 6 July 2024
| Chatonella | |
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| Genus: | Chatonella Biecheler 1936
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| Type species | |
| Chatonella subsalsa Biecheler 1936
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| Species | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Chattonella is a genus of the marine class raphidophytes associated with red tides and can be found in the phylum Heterokontophyta in stramenopiles.[1] These unicellular flagellates are found in brackish ecosystems. The genus Chattonella is composed of five species: C. subsalsa, C. antiqua, C. marina, C. minima, and C. ovata.[2]
Structure and synthesis
[edit]The Chattonella species contain an ectoplasm with vacuoles, chloroplasts, and mucocysts and an endoplasm with a nucleus and other organelles.[2] Due to their lack of cell wall, these species have the ability to change size and shape. Therefore, fish populations cannot recognize the toxins and cannot defend themselves. Each species of the Chattonella genus is very similar or identical in DNA sequencing.[3] C. minima has an identical morphological structure to C. antiqua, so researchers are developing ways to search for the gene responsible for differentiating between the different Chattonella strains.[4] The only currently known difference between the two strains is the number of chromosomes; C. minima contains 90-110 chromosomes while C. marina contains 29 chromosomes.[1]
Chattonella algal blooms synthesis is compared to "diatom resting hypothesis" with the only major difference being that Chattonella cysts can germinate in the dark as opposed to diatoms which can germinate only in sunlight.[1] Factors such as water temperature, salinity, irradiance, and nutrients each contribute to the growth of Chattonella.[1]
Environmental impact
[edit]Algal species can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to environmental ecosystems. Three of these species, C. antiqua, C. marina, and C. ovata, contribute the growing problem of harmful algal blooms (HAB).[4] Chattonella outbreaks are known to be enhanced by eutrophication.[1] C. verruculosa was originally categorized with these toxic species, but further phylogenetic analysis showed it actually belonged to class Dictyochophyceae, not Raphidophyceae.[3] These harmful algal species trigger the necrosis of gill cells in fish.[4] More specifically, the toxins produce reactive oxygen species that disrupt oxygen transport and ultimately lead to suffocation.[1] Fish species such as Thunnus maccoyii, Seriola quinqueradiata, and others are declining rapidly in Australia, Japan, India, China, Brazil, Mexico, and USA, greatly affecting fishing industries.[3] As HABs become more common, more research is dedicated to preventing these outbreaks.
Analysis methods
[edit]To prevent Chattonella HABs, the individual species must first be studied. A technique using monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify the genus, while the RAPD reaction can be used to distinguish between different species within the genus. Other researchers use PCR-RFLP is also used to identify species of Chattonella.[4] They sequence ITS rDNA and rRNA, and mitochondrial DNA of the species to try to target the highly variable regions with molecular markers.[2][4][3] Inverted optical microscopes and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are also used to compare cell size and structure of different Chattonella species.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Imai, Ichiro; Yamaguchi, Mineo (2012-02-01). "Life cycle, physiology, ecology and red tide occurrences of the fish-killing raphidophyte Chattonella". Harmful Algae. Harmful Algae--The requirement for species-specific information. 14: 46–70. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.014. ISSN 1568-9883.
- ^ a b c Demura, Mikihide; Noël, Mary-Hélène; Kasai, Fumie; Watanabe, Makoto M.; Kawachi, Masanobu (November 2009). "Taxonomic revision of Chattonella antiqua, C. marina and C. ovata (Raphidophyceae) based on their morphological characteristics and genetic diversity". Phycologia. 48 (6): 518–535. doi:10.2216/08-98.1. ISSN 0031-8884. S2CID 85252183.
- ^ a b c d Hosoi-Tanabe, Shoko; Otake, Isamu; Sako, Yoshihiko (2006-11-01). "Phylogenetic analysis of noxious red tide flagellates Chattonella antiqua, C. marina, C. ovata, and C. verruculosa (Raphidophyceae) based on the rRNA gene family". Fisheries Science. 72 (6): 1200–1208. doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01277.x. ISSN 1444-2906. S2CID 22773011.
- ^ a b c d e f Kamikawa, Ryoma; Masuda, Isao; Oyama, Kenichi; Yoshimatsu, Sadaaki; Sako, Yoshihiko (August 2007). "Genetic variation in mitochondrial genes and intergenic spacer region in harmful algae Chattonella species". Fisheries Science. 73 (4): 871–880. doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01408.x. ISSN 0919-9268. S2CID 46240315.