China–Turkmenistan relations: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary Tags: references removed Visual edit |
|||
Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–Turkmenistan|China|Turkmenistan|file=China Turkmenistan Locator.svg}} |
{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–Turkmenistan|China|Turkmenistan|file=China Turkmenistan Locator.svg}} |
||
'''China–Turkmenistan relations''' are the [[bilateral relations]]hip between China and [[Turkmenistan]]. China was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan after it declared independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xi Jinping Exchanges Messages of Congratulations with Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov on the 30th Anniversary of the Establishment of China-Turkmenistan Diplomatic Relations |url=http://lr.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyw/202201/t20220106_10479390.htm |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=lr.china-embassy.org}}</ref> On January 6, 1992, China signed communiqués on the establishment of diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China entered into diplomatic relations with independent former Soviet republics |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/200011/t20001117_697835.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn}}</ref> |
'''China–Turkmenistan relations''' are the [[bilateral relations]]hip between China and [[Turkmenistan]]. China was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan after it declared independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xi Jinping Exchanges Messages of Congratulations with Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov on the 30th Anniversary of the Establishment of China-Turkmenistan Diplomatic Relations |url=http://lr.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyw/202201/t20220106_10479390.htm |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=lr.china-embassy.org}}</ref> On January 6, 1992, China signed communiqués on the establishment of diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China entered into diplomatic relations with independent former Soviet republics |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/200011/t20001117_697835.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn}}</ref> |
||
== Modern Bilateral Relations == |
|||
Turkmenistan follows isolationist foreign policy it labels "permanent neutrality." It is a policy of non-alignment, neutrality, and nonengagement enshrined in law<ref>{{Cite web |title=POSITIVE NEUTRALITY- PEACE AND NEIGHBORHOOD – STATE MIGRATION SERVICE OF TURKMENISTAN |url=https://migration.gov.tm/en/articles/positive-neutrality-peace-and-neighborhood/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Despite this, China has taken significant steps to bring Turkmenistan into its regional sphere of influence through economic diplomacy and the use of Chinese National Oil Companies<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amineh |first=Mendih |last2=van Driel |first2=Melanie |date=2018 |title=China’s Statist Energy Relations with Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan |url=https://web-s-ebscohost-com.www2.lib.ku.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=e0da7db6-1405-4318-8d17-ee5340cb061b%40redis |journal=African and Asian studies |volume=17 |issue=1-2 |pages=63-89 |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>. |
|||
In 1992, China and Turkmenistan signed a bilateral investment treaty allowing investors from either country to invest in the other<ref>{{Cite web |last=EDIT |title=China - Turkmenistan BIT (1992) - Electronic Database of Investment Treaties (EDIT) |url=https://edit.wti.org/document/show/5703b50d-598b-4102-bf90-388dd556535f?textBlockId=18925f16-6234-4fc2-b46e-a66890cefebe&page=1 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=edit.wti.org |language=en}}</ref>. |
|||
== Strategic Cooperation == |
== Strategic Cooperation == |
Revision as of 00:46, 15 July 2023
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
China |
Turkmenistan |
---|
China–Turkmenistan relations are the bilateral relationship between China and Turkmenistan. China was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan after it declared independence.[1] On January 6, 1992, China signed communiqués on the establishment of diplomatic relations with Turkmenistan.[2]
Strategic Cooperation
China is by far Turkmenistan's largest trading partner. In 2020, the China exports to Turkmenistan were valued at $445 US million and Turkmenistan exports to China were valued at $5.3 US billion.[3] In 2022, China accounted for 65% of Turkmenistan's total trade.[4]
Energy
Turkmenistan exports significant amounts of natural gas to China, with more than half of these exports going through the Central Asia–China gas pipeline.[5] On 3 April 2006, China and Turkmenistan signed a framework agreement on a potential pipeline construction and long-term gas supply.[6] In June 2007, during his visit to China, Turkmeni President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow signed an accord to speed up implementation of the Turkmeni-Chinese gas pipeline project.[7] In July 2007, it was formally announced that Turkmenistan will join the original Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline project.[8] The whole pipeline was inaugurated on 14 December 2009.[9]
The pipeline project allowed Turkmenistan to significantly decrease its previous dependence on Russia; previously, nearly 70% of Turkmenistan's gas exports transited through Russian pipelines.[10]
References
- ^ "Xi Jinping Exchanges Messages of Congratulations with Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov on the 30th Anniversary of the Establishment of China-Turkmenistan Diplomatic Relations". lr.china-embassy.org. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- ^ "China entered into diplomatic relations with independent former Soviet republics". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- ^ "China (CHN) and Turkmenistan (TKM) Trade | OEC".
- ^ Gizitdinov, Nariman (6 June 2023). "China Edging Out Russia as Sanctions Redraw Kazakhstan Trade". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
- ^ Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) “China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia”, in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation. London: Routledge, p. 125.
- ^ Daniel Kimmage (2006-04-10). "Central Asia: Turkmenistan-China Pipeline Project Has Far-Reaching Implications". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
- ^ "Analysis: Turkmen Gas Deal Extends Chinese Influence". BBC Monitoring Central Asia. Downstream Today. 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
- ^ "Turkmenistan to join China, Kazakhstan pipeline project – KazMunaiGas EP CEO". Forbes. AFX News. 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2007-07-27.[dead link]
- ^ Gurt, Marat (2009-12-14). "China extends influence into C.Asia with pipeline". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
- ^ Philip H. de Leon (2009-12-22). "China secures gas from Turkmenistan: Who's the real winner?". Resource Investor. Retrieved 2009-12-23.