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[[Image:The_Sandman_a_B-24_Liberator,_piloted_by_Robert_Sternfels.jpg|thumb|250px|right|B-24 "Sandman" on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in [[Ploieşti]], [[Romania]], during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duga |first=James |author2=Stewart, Carroll |title=Ploesti |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KV8Ma-VA6fIC&pg=RA1-PA180 |format=html--Google books |page= |accessdate=2009-03-26 | isbn=978-1-57488-510-1 | year=2002 | publisher=Brassey's}}</ref>]] |
[[Image:The_Sandman_a_B-24_Liberator,_piloted_by_Robert_Sternfels.jpg|thumb|250px|right|B-24 "Sandman" on a bomb run over the Astra Romana refinery in [[Ploieşti]], [[Romania]], during [[Operation Tidal Wave]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Duga |first=James |author2=Stewart, Carroll |title=Ploesti |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KV8Ma-VA6fIC&pg=RA1-PA180 |format=html--Google books |page= |accessdate=2009-03-26 | isbn=978-1-57488-510-1 | year=2002 | publisher=Brassey's}}</ref>]] |
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This article lists the [[ |
This article lists the [[strategic bombing]] of [[cities]] and [[town]]s and their death tolls of [[civilians]] throughout history, starting from [[World War I]] and is still practiced today. |
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==Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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! City |
! City/Town |
||
! Country |
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! Date |
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! Estimated death toll |
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! Attacking force |
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! Notes |
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|- |
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| [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]] |
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| [[Spain]] |
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| 1 April 1937 |
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| 159 |
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| [[German Luftwaffe]] "[[Condor Legion]]" |
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| See: [[Bombing of Jaén]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Guernica]] |
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| [[Spain]] |
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| 26 April 1937 |
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| 126–400 |
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| [[German Luftwaffe]] "[[Condor Legion]]" and the [[Italian Fascist]] [[Aviazione Legionaria]] |
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| Considered to be the first aerial attack that caused widespread destruction of a city in [[military aviation]] history.<br/>See: [[Bombing of Guernica]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Barcelona]] |
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| [[Spain]] |
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| 16–19 March 1938 |
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| 1,000–1,300 |
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| [[Italian Fascist]] [[Aviazione Legionaria]] |
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| See: [[Bombing of Barcelona]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Alicante]] |
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| [[Spain]] |
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| 25 May 1938 |
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| 275–393 |
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| [[Italian Fascist]] [[Aviazione Legionaria]] |
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| See: [[Bombing of Alicante]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Granollers]] |
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| [[Spain]] |
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| 31 May 1938 |
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| 100–224 |
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| [[Italian Fascist]] [[Aviazione Legionaria]] |
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| See: [[Bombing of Granollers]]. |
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|- |
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| [[La Garriga]] |
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| [[Spain]] |
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| 28–29 January 1939 |
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| 13 |
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| [[Italian Fascist]] [[Aviazione Legionaria]] |
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| See: [[Bombing of La Garriga]]. |
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|} |
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==Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! City/Town |
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! Country |
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! Date |
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! Estimated death toll |
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! Attacking force |
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! Notes |
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|- |
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| [[Nanking]] |
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| [[China]] |
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| 25 September 1937 |
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| 600 |
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| [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]] |
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| See: [[Battle of Nanking#Aerial_bombardment of Nanking|Bombing of Nanking]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Guangzhou]] |
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| [[China]] |
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| 28 May 1938 and 4 June 1938<ref name="BOM">[http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=281 Bombing of Shanghai, Chongqing, and other Cities]</ref><ref name="LIFE">LIFE, June 20, 1938, Page 9</ref> |
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| 1,400-1,450 |
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| [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] |
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| Japanese naval bombers attacked Guangzhou, killing 700–750 civilians and wounding 1,350 on 28 May 1938. Seven days later, the city was attacked again, causing an estimated 2,000 casualties (700 deaths). Combined the dates, an estimated 1,400–1,450 Chinese civilians were killed.<ref name="BOM"></ref><ref name="LIFE"></ref> |
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|} |
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==World War II (1939–1945)== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! City/Town |
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! Country |
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! Date |
! Date |
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! Estimated death toll |
! Estimated death toll |
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Line 12: | Line 92: | ||
|- |
|- |
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| [[Rotterdam]] |
| [[Rotterdam]] |
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| [[Netherlands]] |
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| 14 May 1940 |
| 14 May 1940 |
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| 884 |
| 884 |
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| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Rotterdam Blitz]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[London]] |
| [[London]] |
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| [[United Kingdom]] |
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| 7 September 1940 |
| 7 September 1940 |
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| 430 |
| 430 |
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| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[London Blitz]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Coventry]] |
| [[Coventry]] |
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| [[United Kingdom]] |
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| 14 November 1940 |
| 14 November 1940 |
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| 568 |
| 568 |
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| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Coventry Blitz]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Birmingham]] |
| [[Birmingham]] |
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| [[United Kingdom]] |
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| 19 November 1940 |
| 19 November 1940 |
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| 450 |
| 450 |
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| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Birmingham Blitz]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Bristol]] |
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| [[United Kingdom]] |
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| 24 November 1940 |
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| 207 |
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| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Bristol Blitz]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Belgrade]] |
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| [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] |
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| 6–8 April 1941 |
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| 1,500–17,000 |
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| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
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| See: [[Bombing of Belgrade in World War II]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Chongqing]] |
| [[Chongqing]] |
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| [[China]] |
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| 5 June 1941 |
| 5 June 1941 |
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| 4,000 |
| 4,000 |
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| [[ |
| [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]] and the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] |
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| [[Conflagration]]. Within three hours of bombing, 4,000 residents were [[asphyxiated]] to death.<br/>See |
| [[Conflagration]]. Within three hours of bombing, 4,000 residents were [[asphyxiated]] to death.<br/>See: [[Bombing of Chongqing]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Leningrad]] |
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| [[Russia]] |
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| 19 September 1941 |
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| 1,000 |
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| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
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| See: [[Siege of Leningrad]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Paris]] |
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| [[France]] |
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| 2–3 March 1942 |
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| 600 |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
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| See: [[Bombing of France during World War II]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Rangoon]] |
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| [[Burma]] |
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| 23 and 25 December 1941 |
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| 1,250-7,000 |
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| [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]] |
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| Lack of adequate protection of the city caused extensive damage to houses and mass civilian casualties.<br/>See: [[Japanese conquest of Burma]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Cologne]] |
| [[Cologne]] |
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| [[Germany]] |
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| 30–31 May 1942 |
| 30–31 May 1942 |
||
| |
| 411 |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Bombing of Cologne in World War II]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Stalingrad]] |
| [[Stalingrad]] |
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| [[Russia]] |
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| 23 August 1942 |
| 23 August 1942 |
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| 25,000–40,000<ref name="STALIN">[http://www.akademediasrbija.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6957:at-stalingrad-ante-pavelic-and-the-hrvatska-legija-1941-1943&catid=45:english&Itemid=59 AT STALINGRAD: ANTE PAVELIC AND THE HRVATSKA LEGIJA, 1941-1943.]</ref> |
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| |
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| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
| [[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe|Oberkommando der]] [[Luftwaffe]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]]. Over 1,000 German planes flew 1,660 sorties, dropping 1,000 tons of [[incendiary bombs]] on the first day of the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], effectively gutting the city's residential area.<ref name="STALIN"></ref><br/>See: [[Bombing of Stalingrad in World War II]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Hamburg]] |
| [[Hamburg]] |
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| [[Germany]] |
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| 24–30 July 1943 |
| 24–30 July 1943 |
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| 42,600{{sfn|Frankland|Webster|1961|pp=260-261}} |
| 42,600{{sfn|Frankland|Webster|1961|pp=260-261}} |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] and the [[USAAF]] [[Eighth Air Force]] |
| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] and the [[USAAF]] [[Eighth Air Force]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].{{sfn|Dyson|2006|p=3}}<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].{{sfn|Dyson|2006|p=3}}<br/>See: [[Battle of Hamburg (air)|Battle of Hamburg]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Kassel]] |
| [[Kassel]] |
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| [[Germany]] |
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| 22-23 October 1943 |
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| 22–23 October 1943 |
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| 10,000 |
| 10,000 |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Bombing of Kassel in World War II]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Augsburg]] |
| [[Augsburg]] |
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| [[Germany]] |
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| 25-26 February 1944 |
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| 25–26 February 1944 |
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| 730 |
| 730 |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] and the [[USAAF]] [[Eighth Air Force]] |
| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] and the [[USAAF]] [[Eighth Air Force]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Bombing of Augsburg in World War II]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Caen]] |
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| [[France]] |
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| 7 July 1944 |
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| 400 |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
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| The bombing failed, as the main German armor and infantry positions to the north of Caen remained intact. The markers were dropped too far forward, pushing the bombed zone well into Caen itself and further away from the German defenses, and thus inflicting heavy French civilian casualties.<br/>See: [[Operation Charnwood]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Darmstadt]] |
| [[Darmstadt]] |
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| [[Germany]] |
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| 11–12 September 1944 |
| 11–12 September 1944 |
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| 11,500 |
| 11,500 |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Duisburg]] |
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| [[Germany]] |
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| 14–15 October 1944 |
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| 2,500 |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Bombing of Duisburg in World War II]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Ulm]] |
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| [[Germany]] |
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| 17 December 1944 |
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| 707<ref name="ULM">[http://www.desertwar.net/bombing-of-ulm-in-world-war-ii.html Bombing of Ulm in World War II]</ref> |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<ref name="ULM"></ref><br/>See: [[Bombing of Ulm in World War II]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Dresden]] |
| [[Dresden]] |
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| [[Germany]] |
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| 13–15 February 1945 |
| 13–15 February 1945 |
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| 22, |
| 22,700–25,000{{sfn|Neutzner|2010|p=17}} |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] and the [[USAAF]] [[Eighth Air Force]] |
| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] and the [[USAAF]] [[Eighth Air Force]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/> See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/> See: [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Pforzheim]] |
| [[Pforzheim]] |
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| [[Germany]] |
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| 23 February 1945 |
| 23 February 1945 |
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| 17,600 |
| 17,600 |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/> See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/> See: [[Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II]]. |
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|- |
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| [[The Hague]] |
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| [[Netherlands]] |
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| 3 March 1945 |
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| 551 |
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| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
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| The high rate of civilian casualties resulted due to the wrong coordinates given to RAF pilots which dropped the bombs on the densely-populated neighborhood of [[Bezuidenhout]] instead of [[Haagse Bos]] where the Germans had installed [[V-2]] launching facilities that had been used to attack English cities.<br/>See: [[Bombing of the Bezuidenhout]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Tokyo]] |
| [[Tokyo]] |
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| [[Japan]] |
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| 9–10 March 1945 |
| 9–10 March 1945 |
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| 88, |
| 88,000–100,000 |
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| [[USAAF]] [[Twentieth Air Force]] |
| [[USAAF]] [[Twentieth Air Force]] |
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| [[Conflagration]]. 279 [[B-29]]s dropped about {{convert|1,700|ST|MT}} of bombs, destroying 16 square miles (41 km²) of the city.<ref name=Mar45Chronology>[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/mar45.htm U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology. ''March 1945''.] Air Force Historical Studies Office. Retrieved 3 March 2009.</ref> <ref>{{citation |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/17724/page5/ |last=Freeman Dyson. |title=Part I: A Failure of Intelligence |work=Technology Review |date=1 November 2006 |publisher= [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]}}</ref><ref>[http://japanfocus.org/products/details/1581 David McNeill. "The night hell fell from the sky". ''Japan Focus'', 10 March 2005].</ref> <ref>Rhodes, Richard. ''The Making of the Atomic Bomb''. p 599. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks (1984) ISBN 0-684-81378-5.</ref> <ref>[http://www.japanfocus.org/-Mark-Selden/2414 Mark Selden. "A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from the Pacific War to Iraq". ''Japan Focus'', 2 May 2007].</ref> <br/>See |
| [[Conflagration]]. 279 [[B-29]]s dropped about {{convert|1,700|ST|MT}} of bombs, destroying 16 square miles (41 km²) of the city.<ref name=Mar45Chronology>[http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/mar45.htm U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology. ''March 1945''.] Air Force Historical Studies Office. Retrieved 3 March 2009.</ref> <ref>{{citation |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/17724/page5/ |last=Freeman Dyson. |title=Part I: A Failure of Intelligence |work=Technology Review |date=1 November 2006 |publisher= [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]}}</ref><ref>[http://japanfocus.org/products/details/1581 David McNeill. "The night hell fell from the sky". ''Japan Focus'', 10 March 2005].</ref> <ref>Rhodes, Richard. ''The Making of the Atomic Bomb''. p 599. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks (1984) ISBN 0-684-81378-5.</ref> <ref>[http://www.japanfocus.org/-Mark-Selden/2414 Mark Selden. "A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from the Pacific War to Iraq". ''Japan Focus'', 2 May 2007].</ref> <br/>See: [[Bombing of Tokyo]] |
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|- |
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| [[Osaka]] |
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| [[Japan]] |
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| 13–14 March 1945 |
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| 3,987 |
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| [[USAAF]] [[Twentieth Air Force]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Bombing of Osaka]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Würzburg]] |
| [[Würzburg]] |
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| [[Germany]] |
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| 16 March 1945 |
| 16 March 1945 |
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| 5,000 |
| 5,000 |
||
| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
| [[RAF]] [[RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] |
||
| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].<br/>See: [[Bombing of Würzburg in World War II]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Kobe]] |
| [[Kobe]] |
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| [[Japan]] |
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| 16-17 March 1945 |
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| 16–17 March 1945 |
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| 8,841<ref name = tact-43>21st Bomber Command Tactical Mission Report 43, April 19th, 1945</ref> |
| 8,841<ref name = tact-43>21st Bomber Command Tactical Mission Report 43, April 19th, 1945</ref> |
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| [[USAAF]] [[Twentieth Air Force]] |
| [[USAAF]] [[Twentieth Air Force]] |
||
| [[Firestorm]].<ref name = tact-43>21st Bomber Command Tactical Mission Report 43, April 19th, 1945</ref><br/>See |
| [[Firestorm]].<ref name = tact-43>21st Bomber Command Tactical Mission Report 43, April 19th, 1945</ref><br/>See: [[Bombing of Kobe in World War II]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Taipei]] |
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| [[Taiwan]] |
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| 31 May 1945 |
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| 3,000 |
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| [[USAAF]] [[Fifth Air Force]] |
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| See: [[Raid on Taipei]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]] |
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| [[Japan]] |
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| 29 July 1945 |
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| 1,767<ref name="TED">Wainstock. ''The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb''. Page 9</ref> |
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| [[USAAF]] [[Twentieth Air Force]] |
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| [[Firestorm]].<ref name="TED"></ref><br/>See: [[Bombing of Aomori in World War II]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[Hiroshima]] |
| [[Hiroshima]] |
||
| [[Japan]] |
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| 6 August 1945 |
| 6 August 1945 |
||
| |
| 50,000–60,000 |
||
| [[USAAF]] [[393rd Bomb Squadron]] |
| [[USAAF]] [[393rd Bomb Squadron]] |
||
| First ever [[nuclear attack]]. [[Uranium]]-based [[nuclear weapon]]: codename [[Little Boy]].<br/> |
| First ever [[nuclear attack]]. [[Uranium]]-based [[nuclear weapon]]: codename [[Little Boy]].<br/>See: [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Nagasaki]] |
| [[Nagasaki]] |
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| [[Japan]] |
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| 9 August 1945 |
| 9 August 1945 |
||
| |
| 35,000–40,000 |
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| [[USAAF]] [[393rd Bomb Squadron]] |
| [[USAAF]] [[393rd Bomb Squadron]] |
||
| [[Plutonium]]-based [[nuclear weapon]]: codename [[Fat Man]].<ref>''Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation'' (BEIR VII; Report to the National Academies of Science), 2007</ref><br/> |
| [[Plutonium]]-based [[nuclear weapon]]: codename [[Fat Man]].<ref>''Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation'' (BEIR VII; Report to the National Academies of Science), 2007</ref><br/>See: [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]. |
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|} |
|} |
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* [[Roerich Pact]] |
* [[Roerich Pact]] |
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* [[Strategic bombing]] |
* [[Strategic bombing]] |
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* [[Terror bombing]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
Revision as of 20:05, 11 August 2014
This article lists the strategic bombing of cities and towns and their death tolls of civilians throughout history, starting from World War I and is still practiced today.
Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
City/Town | Country | Date | Estimated death toll | Attacking force | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jaén | Spain | 1 April 1937 | 159 | German Luftwaffe "Condor Legion" | See: Bombing of Jaén. |
Guernica | Spain | 26 April 1937 | 126–400 | German Luftwaffe "Condor Legion" and the Italian Fascist Aviazione Legionaria | Considered to be the first aerial attack that caused widespread destruction of a city in military aviation history. See: Bombing of Guernica. |
Barcelona | Spain | 16–19 March 1938 | 1,000–1,300 | Italian Fascist Aviazione Legionaria | See: Bombing of Barcelona. |
Alicante | Spain | 25 May 1938 | 275–393 | Italian Fascist Aviazione Legionaria | See: Bombing of Alicante. |
Granollers | Spain | 31 May 1938 | 100–224 | Italian Fascist Aviazione Legionaria | See: Bombing of Granollers. |
La Garriga | Spain | 28–29 January 1939 | 13 | Italian Fascist Aviazione Legionaria | See: Bombing of La Garriga. |
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
City/Town | Country | Date | Estimated death toll | Attacking force | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nanking | China | 25 September 1937 | 600 | Imperial Japanese Army Air Service | See: Bombing of Nanking. |
Guangzhou | China | 28 May 1938 and 4 June 1938[2][3] | 1,400-1,450 | Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service | Japanese naval bombers attacked Guangzhou, killing 700–750 civilians and wounding 1,350 on 28 May 1938. Seven days later, the city was attacked again, causing an estimated 2,000 casualties (700 deaths). Combined the dates, an estimated 1,400–1,450 Chinese civilians were killed.[2][3] |
World War II (1939–1945)
See also
- Aerial bombardment and international law
- Aerial bombing of cities
- Civilian casualties
- Roerich Pact
- Strategic bombing
Notes
- ^ Duga, James; Stewart, Carroll (2002). Ploesti (html--Google books). Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-510-1. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
- ^ a b Bombing of Shanghai, Chongqing, and other Cities
- ^ a b LIFE, June 20, 1938, Page 9
- ^ a b AT STALINGRAD: ANTE PAVELIC AND THE HRVATSKA LEGIJA, 1941-1943.
- ^ Frankland & Webster 1961, pp. 260–261.
- ^ Dyson 2006, p. 3.
- ^ a b Bombing of Ulm in World War II
- ^ Neutzner 2010, p. 17.
- ^ U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology. March 1945. Air Force Historical Studies Office. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
- ^ Freeman Dyson. (1 November 2006), "Part I: A Failure of Intelligence", Technology Review, MIT
- ^ David McNeill. "The night hell fell from the sky". Japan Focus, 10 March 2005.
- ^ Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. p 599. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks (1984) ISBN 0-684-81378-5.
- ^ Mark Selden. "A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from the Pacific War to Iraq". Japan Focus, 2 May 2007.
- ^ a b 21st Bomber Command Tactical Mission Report 43, April 19th, 1945 Cite error: The named reference "tact-43" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b Wainstock. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb. Page 9
- ^ Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR VII; Report to the National Academies of Science), 2007
References
- Dyson, Freeman (1 November 2006), "Part I: A Failure of Intelligence", Technology Review: 3, retrieved 2009-04-24
- Frankland, Charles; Webster (1961), The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939-1945, Volume II: Endeavour, Part 4, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, p. 260-261
- Neutzner, Matthias (2010), Abschlussbericht der Historikerkommission zu den Luftangriffen auf Dresden zwischen dem 13. und 15. Februar 1945 (PDF) (in German), Landeshauptstadt Dresden, pp. 17, 38–39, 70–81, retrieved 7 June 2011
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