Jump to content

Cockade: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
m made Austria (before 1918) to Austrian empire
 
(66 intermediate revisions by 43 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Rosette or knot of ribbon used as an ornament}}
[[File:Grottger-pozegnanie fragm.jpg|thumb|right|A woman fastening a [[Flag of Poland|red-and-white]] cockade to a Polish insurgent's square-shaped ''[[rogatywka]]'' cap during the [[January Uprising]] of 1863–64]]
[[File:Grottger-pozegnanie fragm.jpg|thumb|right|A woman fastening a [[Flag of Poland|red-and-white]] cockade to a Polish insurgent's square-shaped ''[[rogatywka]]'' cap during the [[January Uprising]] of 1863–64]]
[[File:William Mosman - Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 1720 - 1788. Eldest son of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Hat with a white cockade (Prince [[Charles Edward Stuart]])]]
[[File:William Mosman - Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 1720 - 1788. Eldest son of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Charles Edward Stuart]] wearing a hat with a white ([[Jacobitism|Jacobite]]) cockade]]
[[File:Don Juan d'Austria 1.JPG|180px|thumb|[[John of Austria]] wearing as a [[brassard]] the red cockade of the Spanish armies]]
[[File:Don Juan d'Austria 1.JPG|180px|thumb|[[John of Austria]] wearing as a [[brassard]] the red cockade of the Spanish armies]]
A '''cockade''' is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colours which is usually worn on a [[hat]].
A '''cockade''' is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colours which is usually worn on a [[hat]] or [[cap]].

The word cockade derives from the French ''cocarde'', from Old French ''coquarde'', feminine of ''coquard'' (vain, arrogant), from ''coc'' (cock), of imitative origin. The earliest documented use was in 1709.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wordsmith.org/words/cockade.html | title=Cockade }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=cockade | title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Cockade }}</ref>


==Eighteenth century==
==Eighteenth century==
[[File:Nice,musée Masséna058,général Masséna1796.jpg|thumb|General [[André Masséna]] of the [[French Revolutionary Army]] wearing a bicorne with a [[Flag of France|tricolor]] cockade]]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegiance of their wearers to some political faction, or to show their rank or to indicate a servant's livery.<ref name="google31">{{cite book|title=Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe’s Age of Revolutions|author=Maxwell, A.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781137277145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLpCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic|author=Newman, S.P.|date=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780812200478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvKSSSZzrBoC&pg=PA161|page=161|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> Because individual armies might wear a variety of differing regimental [[Military uniform|uniforms]], cockades were used as an effective and economical means of national identification.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Mollo|page=22|title=Military Fashion|ISBN=0-214-65349-8}}</ref>
[[File:Magyar kokárda.png|alt=kokárda|thumb|Hungarian ''kokárda'', is worn on the 15th of March to commemorate the 1848 Revolution and its ideals. It was originally worn by the Youth of March.]]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegiance of their wearers to some political faction, or to show their rank or to indicate a servant's livery.<ref name="google31">{{cite book|title=Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions|author=Maxwell, A.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781137277145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLpCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic|author=Newman, S.P.|date=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780812200478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvKSSSZzrBoC&pg=PA161|page=161|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> Because individual armies might wear a variety of differing regimental [[Military uniform|uniforms]], cockades were used as an effective and economical means of national identification.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Mollo|page=22|title=Military Fashion|year=1972 |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins |isbn=0-214-65349-8}}</ref>


A cockade was pinned on the side of a man's [[tricorne]] or [[cocked hat]], or on his lapel. Women could also wear it on their hat or in their hair.
A cockade was pinned on the side of a man's [[tricorne]] or [[cocked hat]], or on his lapel. Women could also wear it on their hat or in their hair.
Line 11: Line 16:
In pre-revolutionary France, the cockade of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] dynasty was all white.<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=The White Cockade; Or, Bourbon Songster: Being a Patriotic Collection of Songs on the Downfall of Tyranny, and Restoration of Louis XVIII., Etc. &#91;A Chap-book.&#93;|date=1814|publisher=J. Evans & Son|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzZYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA2|page=2|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=Cobbett's Political Register|author=Cobbett, W.|date=1814|volume=25|publisher=William Cobbett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hxbAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT219|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=Paris: Biography of a City|author=Jones, C.|date=2006|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=9780141941912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SsbYzVMR9gC&pg=PT356|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> In the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] supporters of a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] restoration wore white cockades, while the recently established [[House of Hanover|Hanover]]ian monarchy used a black cockade.<ref name="google6">{{cite book|title=Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789-1794|author=Cormack, W.S.|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521893756|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoYNr3k9I9kC&pg=PA65|page=65|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google7">{{cite book|title=The Hanoverian Army of the Napoleonic Wars|author1=Hofschröer, P.|author2=Fosten, B.|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780965178|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbqHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google8">{{cite book|title=Travels in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Turkey: also on the coasts of the sea of Azof and of the Black sea; with a review of the trade in those seas, and of the systems adopted to man the fleets of the different powers of Europe, compared with that of England|author=Jones, G.M.|date=1827|publisher=J. Murray|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.7732|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.7732/page/n36 22]|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google9">{{cite book|title=British Army Uniforms of the American Revolution 1751-1783|author=Franklin, C.|date=2012|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|isbn=9781848846906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0DYFfcfgdsC&pg=PA111|page=111|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> The Hanoverians also accorded the right to all German nobility to wear the black cockade in the United Kingdom.
In pre-revolutionary France, the cockade of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] dynasty was all white.<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=The White Cockade; Or, Bourbon Songster: Being a Patriotic Collection of Songs on the Downfall of Tyranny, and Restoration of Louis XVIII., Etc. &#91;A Chap-book.&#93;|date=1814|publisher=J. Evans & Son|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzZYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA2|page=2|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=Cobbett's Political Register|author=Cobbett, W.|date=1814|volume=25|publisher=William Cobbett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hxbAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT219|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=Paris: Biography of a City|author=Jones, C.|date=2006|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=9780141941912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SsbYzVMR9gC&pg=PT356|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> In the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] supporters of a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] restoration wore white cockades, while the recently established [[House of Hanover|Hanover]]ian monarchy used a black cockade.<ref name="google6">{{cite book|title=Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789-1794|author=Cormack, W.S.|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521893756|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoYNr3k9I9kC&pg=PA65|page=65|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google7">{{cite book|title=The Hanoverian Army of the Napoleonic Wars|author1=Hofschröer, P.|author2=Fosten, B.|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780965178|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbqHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google8">{{cite book|title=Travels in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Turkey: also on the coasts of the sea of Azof and of the Black sea; with a review of the trade in those seas, and of the systems adopted to man the fleets of the different powers of Europe, compared with that of England|author=Jones, G.M.|date=1827|publisher=J. Murray|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.7732|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.7732/page/n36 22]|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google9">{{cite book|title=British Army Uniforms of the American Revolution 1751-1783|author=Franklin, C.|date=2012|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|isbn=9781848846906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0DYFfcfgdsC&pg=PA111|page=111|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> The Hanoverians also accorded the right to all German nobility to wear the black cockade in the United Kingdom.


During the 1780 [[Gordon Riots]] in London, the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters.<ref name="google10">{{cite book|title=Military Intervention in Britain: From the Gordon Riots to the Gibraltar Incident|author=Babington, A.|date=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317397717|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-SoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|page=21|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google11">{{cite book|title=The Covent Garden Journal ...|author=Stockdale, J.J.|date=1810|publisher=J.J. Stockdale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWVBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA130|page=130|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google12">{{cite book|title=Philosophical Melancholy and Delirium: Hume's Pathology of Philosophy|author=Livingston, D.W.|date=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226487175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VP6Xjt8R1sC&pg=PA275|page=275|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google13">{{cite book|title=The popular educator|author=Popular educator|date=1767|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDECAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA254|page=254|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google14">{{cite book|title=Riot City: Protest and Rebellion in the Capital|author=Bloom, C.|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137029362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pg5BR2DS40C&pg=PA147|page=147|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google15">{{cite book|title=The Vagabond|author1=Walker, G.|author2=Verhoeven, W.M.|date=2004|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=9781460404256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eARoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253|page=253|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google16">{{cite book|title=Clifford fo ever! O.P. and no P.B. The Trial between H. Clifford, plaintiff, and J. Brandon, defendant, for an assault and false imprisonment, etc|author1=CLIFFORD, H.|author2=Brandon, J.|date=1809|publisher=John Fairburn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edpZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA19|page=19|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google17">{{cite book|title=The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain|author1=Haywood, I.|author2=Seed, J.|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521195423|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ae9sYCAFJB4C&pg=PA107|page=107|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>
During the 1780 [[Gordon Riots]] in London, the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters.<ref name="google10">{{cite book|title=Military Intervention in Britain: From the Gordon Riots to the Gibraltar Incident|author=Babington, A.|date=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317397717|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-SoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|page=21|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google11">{{cite book|title=The Covent Garden Journal ...|author=Stockdale, J.J.|date=1810|publisher=J.J. Stockdale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWVBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA130|page=130|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google12">{{cite book|title=Philosophical Melancholy and Delirium: Hume's Pathology of Philosophy|author=Livingston, D.W.|date=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226487175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VP6Xjt8R1sC&pg=PA275|page=275|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google13">{{cite book|title=The popular educator|author=Popular educator|date=1767|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDECAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA254|page=254|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google14">{{cite book|title=Riot City: Protest and Rebellion in the Capital|author=Bloom, C.|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137029362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pg5BR2DS40C&pg=PA147|page=147|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="google15">{{cite book|title=The Vagabond|author1=Walker, G.|author2=Verhoeven, W.M.|date=2004|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=9781460404256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eARoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253|page=253|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google16">{{cite book|title=Clifford for ever! O.P. and no P.B. The Trial between H. Clifford, plaintiff, and J. Brandon, defendant, for an assault and false imprisonment, etc|author1=CLIFFORD, H.|author2=Brandon, J.|date=1809|publisher=John Fairburn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edpZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA19|page=19|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google17">{{cite book|title=The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain|author1=Haywood, I.|author2=Seed, J.|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521195423|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ae9sYCAFJB4C&pg=PA107|page=107|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>


During the [[American Revolution]], the [[Continental Army]] initially wore cockades of various colors as an ''ad hoc'' form of rank insignia, as General [[George Washington]] wrote:
During the [[American Revolution]], the [[Continental Army]] initially wore cockades of various colors as an ''ad hoc'' form of rank insignia, as General [[George Washington]] wrote:


{{quote |As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the privates, it is desired that some badge of distinction be immediately provided; for instance that the field officers may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats, the captains yellow or buff, and the [[subalterns]] green.<ref name="defense">{{cite web|url=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42199|publisher=archive.defense.gov|title=Defense.gov News Article: Insignia: The Way You Tell Who's Who in the Military|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google18">{{cite book|title=American archives|author=Force, P.|date=1844|publisher=Рипол Классик|isbn=9785885286961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5oTAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1745|pages=2–1745|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>}}
{{quote |As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the privates, it is desired that some badge of distinction be immediately provided; for instance that the field officers may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats, the captains yellow or buff, and the [[subalterns]] green.<ref name="defense">{{cite web|url=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42199|publisher=archive.defense.gov|title=Defense.gov News Article: Insignia: The Way You Tell Who's Who in the Military|access-date=2017-03-05|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123063615/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42199|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="google18">{{cite book|title=American archives|author=Force, P.|date=1844|publisher=Рипол Классик|isbn=9785885286961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5oTAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1745|pages=2–1745|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>}}


Before long however, the Continental Army reverted to wearing the black cockade they inherited from the British. Later, when [[Franco-American relations#France and the American Revolution|France became an ally of the United States]], the Continental Army pinned the white cockade of the French ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' onto their old black cockade; the French reciprocally pinned the black cockade onto their white cockade, as a mark of the French-American alliance. The black-and-white cockade thus became known as the "Union Cockade".<ref name="google19">{{cite book|title=LincolnÂ?s 90-Day Volunteers 1861: From Fort Sumter to First Bull Run|author1=Field, R.|author2=Hook, A.|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781782009214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKWqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|page=47|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google20">{{cite book|title=Early American Drama|author=Richards, J.H.|date=1997|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=9781101177211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLpLlr1gBBoC&pg=PA68|page=68|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google21">{{cite book|title=Lincoln's Citadel: The Civil War in Washington, DC|author=Winkle, K.J.|date=2013|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=9780393240573|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQBVqYGnyfIC&pg=PT67|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google22">{{cite book|title=Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe’s Age of Revolutions|author=Maxwell, A.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781137277145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLpCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google23">{{cite book|title=The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861-1865|author=Fahs, A.|date=2010|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807899298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LV3qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|page=43|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>
Before long however, the Continental Army reverted to wearing the black cockade they inherited from the British. Later, when [[Franco-American relations#France and the American Revolution|France became an ally of the United States]], the Continental Army pinned the white cockade of the French ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' onto their old black cockade; the French reciprocally pinned the black cockade onto their white cockade, as a mark of the French-American alliance. The black-and-white cockade thus became known as the "Union Cockade".<ref name="google19">{{cite book|title=LincolnÂ?s 90-Day Volunteers 1861: From Fort Sumter to First Bull Run|author1=Field, R.|author2=Hook, A.|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781782009214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKWqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|page=47|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google20">{{cite book|title=Early American Drama|author=Richards, J.H.|date=1997|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=9781101177211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLpLlr1gBBoC&pg=PA68|page=68|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google21">{{cite book|title=Lincoln's Citadel: The Civil War in Washington, DC|author=Winkle, K.J.|date=2013|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=9780393240573|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQBVqYGnyfIC&pg=PT67|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google22">{{cite book|title=Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions|author=Maxwell, A.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781137277145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLpCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google23">{{cite book|title=The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861-1865|author=Fahs, A.|date=2010|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807899298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LV3qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|page=43|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>


In the [[Storming of the Bastille]], [[Camille Desmoulins]] initially encouraged the revolutionary crowd to wear green. This colour was later rejected as it was associated with the [[Charles X of France|Count of Artois]]. Instead, revolutionaries would wear cockades with the traditional colours of the [[Coat of arms of Paris|arms of Paris]]: red and blue. Later, the Bourbon white was added to this cockade, thus producing the original [[cockade of France]].<ref name="google22"/> Later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer's faction; although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent, and they varied somewhat by region and period.
In the [[Storming of the Bastille]], [[Camille Desmoulins]] initially encouraged the revolutionary crowd to wear green. This colour was later rejected as it was associated with the [[Charles X of France|Count of Artois]]. Instead, revolutionaries would wear cockades with the traditional colours of the [[Coat of arms of Paris|arms of Paris]]: red and blue. Later, the Bourbon white was added to this cockade, thus producing the original [[cockade of France]].<ref name="google22"/> Later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer's faction; although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent, and they varied somewhat by region and period.
==European military==

==Cockades of the Confederate States==
Echoing their use when Americans rebelled against Britain, cockades – usually made with blue ribbons and worn on clothing or hats – were widespread tokens of [[Slave and free states|Southern]] support for [[Secession in the United States|secession]] preceding the [[American Civil War]] of 1861–1865.<ref>http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/female-partisans/ New York Times blogs</ref>

==Cockades of the European military==
[[File:Dom João, Príncipe Regente, passando revista às tropas na Azambuja - Domingos Sequeira, 1803 (cropped1).png|thumb|right|[[John VI of Portugal]] wearing the blue-and-red cockade of Portugal on a military cocked hat]]
[[File:Dom João, Príncipe Regente, passando revista às tropas na Azambuja - Domingos Sequeira, 1803 (cropped1).png|thumb|right|[[John VI of Portugal]] wearing the blue-and-red cockade of Portugal on a military cocked hat]]
[[File:Kokarde Schwarz-Weiß-Rot 1897.jpg|thumb|200px|A metal cockade on the swivel of a [[Pickelhaube]] helmet.]]
[[File:Kokarde Schwarz-Weiß-Rot 1897.jpg|thumb|200px|A metal cockade on the swivel of a [[Pickelhaube]] helmet.]]
From the 15th century, various [[Europe]]an monarchy realms used cockades to denote the nationalities of their militaries.<ref name="google24">{{cite book|title=The Little Bombardier, and Pocket Gunner. By Ralph Willett Adye|author=ADYE, R.W.|date=1802|publisher=T. Egerton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-thAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA271|page=271|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google25">{{cite book|title=Don Troiani's Soldiers in America, 1754-1865|author1=Troiani, D.|author2=Kochan, J.L.|author3=Coates, J.|author4=Kochan, J.|date=1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=9780811705196|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811705196|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811705196/page/99 99]|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> Their origin reverts to the distinctive colored band or ribbon worn by late medieval armies or jousting knights on their arms or headgear to distinguish friend from foe in the field of battle. Ribbon-style cockades were worn later upon helmets and brimmed hats or [[tricorne]]s and [[bicorne]]s just as the French did, and also on [[cocked hat]]s and [[shako]]es. Coloured metal cockades were worn at the right side of [[helmet]]s; while small button-type cockades were worn at the front of [[kepi]]s and peaked caps.<ref name="google27">{{cite book|title=The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One|author=Stone, D.|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781844862924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u7sCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT175|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google28">{{cite book|title=MILITARY UNIFORMS IN EUROPE 1900 - 2000 Volume One|author=Kidd, R.S.|date=2013|publisher=LULU Press|isbn=9781291187441|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FE4DBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|page=128|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> In addition to the significance of these symbols in denoting loyalty to a particular monarch, the coloured cockade served to provide a common and economical field sign at a time when the colours of uniform coats might vary widely between regiments in a single army.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Mollo|page=30-31|title=Military Fashion|ISBN=0-214-65349-8}}</ref>
From the 15th century, various [[Europe]]an monarchy realms used cockades to denote the nationalities of their militaries.<ref name="google24">{{cite book|title=The Little Bombardier, and Pocket Gunner. By Ralph Willett Adye|author=ADYE, R.W.|date=1802|publisher=T. Egerton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-thAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA271|page=271|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google25">{{cite book|title=Don Troiani's Soldiers in America, 1754-1865|author1=Troiani, D.|author2=Kochan, J.L.|author3=Coates, J.|author4=Kochan, J.|date=1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=9780811705196|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811705196|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811705196/page/99 99]|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> Their origin reverts to the distinctive colored band or ribbon worn by late medieval armies or jousting knights on their arms or headgear to distinguish friend from foe in the field of battle. Ribbon-style cockades were worn later upon helmets and brimmed hats or [[tricorne]]s and [[bicorne]]s just as the French did, and also on [[cocked hat]]s and [[shako]]es. Coloured metal cockades were worn at the right side of [[helmet]]s; while small button-type cockades were worn at the front of [[kepi]]s and peaked caps.<ref name="google27">{{cite book|title=The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One|author=Stone, D.|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781844862924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u7sCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT175|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google28">{{cite book|title=MILITARY UNIFORMS IN EUROPE 1900 - 2000 Volume One|author=Kidd, R.S.|date=2013|publisher=LULU Press|isbn=9781291187441|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FE4DBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|page=128|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> In addition to the significance of these symbols in denoting loyalty to a particular monarch, the coloured cockade served to provide a common and economical field sign at a time when the colours of uniform coats might vary widely between regiments in a single army.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Mollo|pages=30–31|title=Military Fashion|year=1972 |isbn=0-214-65349-8}}</ref>
During the [[Napoleonic wars]], the armies of [[France]] and [[Russia]], had the imperial French cockade or the larger cockade of [[St. George]] pinned on the front of their [[shako]]s.<ref name="google29">{{cite book|title=Napoleon's Mercenaries: Foreign Units in the French Army Under the Consulate and Empire, 1799-1814|author=Dempsey, G.|date=2002|publisher=Greenhill Books|isbn=9781853674884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUuaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267|page=267|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>
During the [[Napoleonic wars]], the armies of [[France]] and [[Russia]], had the imperial French cockade or the larger cockade of [[St. George]] pinned on the front of their [[shako]]s.<ref name="google29">{{cite book|title=Napoleon's Mercenaries: Foreign Units in the French Army Under the Consulate and Empire, 1799-1814|author=Dempsey, G.|date=2002|publisher=Greenhill Books|isbn=9781853674884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUuaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267|page=267|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>


The Second [[German Empire]] (1870–1918) used two cockades on each army headgear: one (black-white-red) for the empire; the other for one of the monarchies the empire was composed of, which had used their own colors long before. The only exceptions were the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg, having preserved the right to keep their own armed forces which were not integrated in the Imperial Army. Their only cockades were either white-blue-white (Bavaria) or black-red-black (Württemberg).<ref>{{cite book|first=R.Spencer|last=Kidd|page=5|title=Military Uniforms in Europe 1900-2000 Vol. One|ISBN=978-1-291-18744-1}}</ref><ref name="google31"/><ref name="google32">{{cite book|title=Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History &#91;4 volumes&#93;: 400 Years of Military History|author=D, D.T.Z.P.|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598849813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCWMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA494|page=494|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>
The Second [[German Empire]] (1870–1918) used two cockades on each army headgear: one (black-white-red) for the empire; the other for one of the monarchies the empire was composed of, which had used their own colors long before. The only exceptions were the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg, having preserved the right to keep their own armed forces which were not integrated in the Imperial Army. Their only cockades were either white-blue-white (Bavaria) or black-red-black (Württemberg).<ref>{{cite book|first=R.Spencer|last=Kidd|page=5|title=Military Uniforms in Europe 1900-2000 Vol. One|date=October 2013 |isbn=978-1-291-18744-1}}</ref><ref name="google31"/><ref name="google32">{{cite book|title=Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History &#91;4 volumes&#93;: 400 Years of Military History|author=D, D.T.Z.P.|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598849813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCWMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA494|page=494|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>


The [[Weimar Republic]] (1919–1933) removed these, as they might promote separatism which would lead to the dissolution of the German nation-state into regional countries again.<ref name="google33">{{cite book|title=U-Boat Crews 1914–45|author1=Williamson, G.|author2=Pavlovic, D.|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780967905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WI3vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>
The [[Weimar Republic]] (1919–1933) removed these, as they might promote separatism which would lead to the dissolution of the German nation-state into regional countries again.<ref name="google33">{{cite book|title=U-Boat Crews 1914–45|author1=Williamson, G.|author2=Pavlovic, D.|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780967905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WI3vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>
Line 39: Line 40:


[[Hungarians|Hungarian]] revolutionaries wore cockades during the [[Hungarian revolution of 1848]] and during the [[1956 revolution]]. Because of this, Hungarians traditionally wear cockades on 15 March.<ref name="google36">{{cite book|title=Democracy and Myth in Russia and Eastern Europe|author1=Wöll, A.|author2=Wydra, H.|date=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134089086|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCUHwCwLAr8C&pg=PA182|page=182|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google37">{{cite book|title=Constructing and Communicating Europe|author1=Gyarfasova, O.|author2=Liebhart, K.|date=2014|publisher=Lit Verlag|isbn=9783643905154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBCSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202|page=202|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>
[[Hungarians|Hungarian]] revolutionaries wore cockades during the [[Hungarian revolution of 1848]] and during the [[1956 revolution]]. Because of this, Hungarians traditionally wear cockades on 15 March.<ref name="google36">{{cite book|title=Democracy and Myth in Russia and Eastern Europe|author1=Wöll, A.|author2=Wydra, H.|date=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134089086|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCUHwCwLAr8C&pg=PA182|page=182|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="google37">{{cite book|title=Constructing and Communicating Europe|author1=Gyarfasova, O.|author2=Liebhart, K.|date=2014|publisher=Lit Verlag|isbn=9783643905154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBCSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202|page=202|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>

==Confederate States==
Echoing their use when Americans rebelled against Britain, cockades – usually made with blue ribbons and worn on clothing or hats – were widespread tokens of [[Slave and free states|Southern]] support for [[Secession in the United States|secession]] preceding the [[American Civil War]] of 1861–1865.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/female-partisans/ |title= Female Partisans| first= Adam| last= Goodheart | work= The New York Times |format= blog| date= November 15, 2010| access-date= October 14, 2022}}</ref>


==List of national cockades==
==List of national cockades==
[[File:Кокарда-лоцманов-Финляндии.png|thumb|180px|Cockade on the caps of certified persons serving in the pilot service of [[Russian Empire|Russia]], 1913.]]
Below is a list of national cockades (colors listed from center to ring):<ref name="gallica">{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53093616d/f1.item.r=cocardes.zoom|publisher=gallica.bnf.fr|title=Tableau comparatif de la superficie, population totale et pop. par m. géogr. de tous les Etats du monde, avec les cocardes et pavillons les plus connus / dressé d'après Malte-Brun, Hassel, Balbi et autres sources authentiques par C. Desjardins ; A. Haas, script. &#124; Gallica, 1833 |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="gallica2">{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53093617v/f1.item.r=cocardes.zoom|publisher=gallica.bnf.fr|title=Tableau comparatif de la superficie et de la population absolue et relative de tous les Etats du monde avec leurs pavillons et cocardes / dressé d'après les documens les plus récens par Ct. Desjardins,... ; Lith. de Mantoux,... &#124; Gallica, 1842 |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>
{{See also|Military aircraft insignia}}

Below is a list of national cockades (colors listed from center to ring):<ref name="gallica">{{cite web| url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53093616d/f1.item.r=cocardes.zoom| publisher= | via= gallica.bnf.fr |title=Tableau comparatif de la superficie, population totale et pop. par m. géogr. de tous les Etats du monde, avec les cocardes et pavillons les plus connus / dressé d'après Malte-Brun, Hassel, Balbi et autres sources authentiques par C. Desjardins ; A. Haas, script. |place= Gallica| year= 1833 | language= fr |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref><ref name="gallica2">{{cite web| url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53093617v/f1.item.r=cocardes.zoom|publisher= | via= gallica.bnf.fr| title=Tableau comparatif de la superficie et de la population absolue et relative de tous les Etats du monde avec leurs pavillons et cocardes / dressé d'après les documens les plus récens par Ct. Desjardins,... ; Lith. de Mantoux,... |place= Gallica| year= 1842 | language= fr |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Country<br><small>and date</small>
!Description
!Image
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}
|red-black-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Albania.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Cockade of Argentina|sky blue-white-sky blue]]
|[[File:National Cockade of Argentina.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|orange-blue-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Armenia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Austrian Empire|empire}}<br><small>before 1918</small>
|black-gold
|[[File:National Cockade of Austria (until 1918).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}<br><small>since 1918</small>
|red-white-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Austria.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|green-red-light blue
|[[File:National Cockade of Azerbaijan.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|black-yellow-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Belgium.svg|30px]]
|-
|[[File:State flag of Bolivia (1825-1826).svg|22px]] [[Bolivia]]<br><small>(1825–1826)</small>
|green-red-green (with a white 5 pointed star in the center)
|[[File:National Cockade of Bolivia (1825-1826).svg|30px]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Alto Peru (1828-1829).svg|22px]] [[Bolivia]]<br><small>(1826–1851)</small>
|green-red-yellow
|[[File:National Cockade of Bolivia (1826-1851).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|green-yellow-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Bolivia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|blue-yellow-green
|[[File:National Cockade of Brazil.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|red-green-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Bulgaria.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|blue-white-red (with a white 5 pointed star in the blue portion)
|[[File:National Cockade of Chile.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|yellow-blue-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Colombia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|red-white-blue
|[[File:National Cockade of Croatia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}<br><small>(1920–1993)</small>
|blue-red-white
|[[File:National Cockade of the Czech Republic.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|blue-red-white
|[[File:National Cockade of the Czech Republic.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}<br><small>(early 19th century)</small>
|black
|
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|red-white-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Denmark.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|red-blue-yellow
|[[File:National Cockade of Ecuador.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Egypt|1922}}<br><small>(1922–1953)</small>
|green-white-green
|[[File:National Cockade of Egypt (1922-1953).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|black-white-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Egypt.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|white-black-blue
|[[File:National Cockade of Estonia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Ethiopia|1897}}<br><small>(until 1936)</small>
|green-yellow-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Ethiopia (until 1936).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|red-yellow-green
|[[File:National Cockade of Ethiopia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}
|white-blue-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Finland.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|France}}<br><small>(1794–1814, 1815 and current since 1830)</small>
|[[Cockade of France|blue-white-red]]
|[[File:National Cockade of France.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|France}}<br><small>(before 1794, 1814–1815 and 1815–1830)</small>
|white
|
|-
|{{flag|Gabon}}
|green-yellow-light blue
|[[File:National Cockade of Gabon.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Georgia|1990}}<br><small>(1990–2004)</small>
|black-white-wine red
|[[File:National Cockade of Georgia (until 2004).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|German Confederation}}<br><small>(1848–1871)</small>
|gold-red-black
|
|-
|{{flag|German Empire}} <small>(1871–1918)</small><br>{{flag|Weimar Germany}} <small>(1918–1933)</small><br>{{flag|Nazi Germany}} <small>(1933–1945)</small>
|red-white-black
|[[File:National Cockade of Germany (1871-1945).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|East Germany}}<br><small>(1956–1959)</small>
|black-red-gold
|[[File:National Cockade of Germany.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|black-red-gold
|[[File:National Cockade of Germany.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|green-yellow-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Ghana.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Greece|old}}<br><small>(1822)</small>
|white-blue-white
|[[File:National Emblem of Greece (1822).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Greece|royal}}<br><small>(1833)</small>
|blue-white
|[[File:Cockade of Greece (1833).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|blue-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Greece.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|green-white-red
|[[File:Hungary cockade.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}}
|blue-white-red-white-blue
|[[File:National Cockade of Iceland.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|green-white-saffron
|[[File:National Cockade of India.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
|red-white-green
|[[File:National Cockade of Iran.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}<br><small>(until 1922)</small>
|green or sky blue
|[[File:National Cockade of Ireland (until 1922).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}<br><small>(since 1922)</small>
|green-white-orange
|[[File:National Cockade of Ireland.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Italy|royal}}<br><small>(1861–1948)</small>
|savoy blue
|[[File:Italy 2 Cockade Blu Savoia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}<br><small>(since 1948)</small>
|[[Cockade of Italy|green-white-red]]
|[[File:National Cockade of Italy and Hungary.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|red-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Japan.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Kenya}}
|green-white-red-white-black
|[[File:National Cockade of Kenya.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Latvia}}
|carmine-white-carmine
|[[File:National Cockade of Latvia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Lithuania}}
|red-green-yellow
|[[File:National Cockade of Lithuania.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|green-white-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Mexico.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|white-red-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Monaco.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|orange
|[[File:National Cockade of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|green-white-green
|[[File:National Cockade of Nigeria.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Norway}}
|red-white-blue-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Norway.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|white-green-yellow
|[[File:National Cockade of Pakistan.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|blue-white-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Paraguay.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Cockade of Peru|Peru]]
|[[Cockade of Peru|red-white-red]]
|[[File:National Cockade of Peru.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[First Philippine Republic|Philippines]]<br><small>(1898–1901)</small>
|red-blue-silver
|[[File:Military Cockade of the Philippines (1898-1901).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
|red-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Poland.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]<br><small>(1797–1820 and 1823–1830)</small>
|blue-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Portugal (1797-1820).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1830}} [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]<br><small>(1821–1823 and 1830–1910)</small>
|blue-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Portugal (1820-1910).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|green-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Portugal.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}
|blue-yellow-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Romania.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia|1696}} [[Russian Empire|Russia]]<br><small>(until 1917)</small>
|black-orange-black-orange-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Russia (until 1917).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}
|black-orange-black-orange
|[[File:National Cockade of Russia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|San Marino}}
|white-blue
|[[File:National Cockade of San Marino.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}
|red-blue-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Serbia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Seychelles|1977}} [[One Party Rule in the Seychelles|Seychelles]]<br><small>(1978–1996)</small>
|green-white-red
|[[File:Seychellois cockade.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|light blue-white-green
|[[File:National Cockade of Sierra Leone.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|red-blue-white
|[[File:National Cockade of Slovenia.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Spain|1873}}<br><small>(until 1843 and 1844–1871)</small>
|red
|[[File:National Cockade of Spain (1843, 1844–1871).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}<br><small>(1843–1844 and current since 1871)</small>
|[[Cockade of Spain|red-yellow-red]]
|[[File:National Cockade of Spain.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}<br><small>(military)</small>
|yellow
|[[File:National Cockade of Sweden military.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}<br><small>(civilian)</small>
|blue-yellow
|[[File:National Cockade of Sweden.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|red-white-blue-white-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Thailand.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|South Africa|1857}} [[South African Republic|Transvaal]]
|green-red-white-blue
|[[File:National Cockade of Transvaal.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|red-white-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Turkey.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|light blue-yellow
|[[File:National Cockade of Ukraine.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|white <small>(Stuart dynasty)</small>, black <small>(Hanoverian dynasty)</small>, red-white-blue
|[[File:National Cockade of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|United States|1776}}<br><small>([[American War of Independence|War of Independence]])</small>
|black-white-black
|[[File:Federalist Cockade.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|United States|1896}}<br><small>(19th century)</small>
|blue with an eagle in the centre
|[[File:National Cockade of the United States (19th Century).png|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|white-blue-red
|[[File:National Cockade of United States.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Cockade of Uruguay|Uruguay]]<br><small>(1828–1916)</small>
|sky blue
|[[File:National Cockade of Uruguay (1828-1916).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Cockade of Uruguay|Uruguay]]<br><small>(civilian)</small>
|[[Cockade of Uruguay|blue-white-blue-white-blue-white-blue-white]]
|[[File:National Cockade of Uruguay (civilian).svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Cockade of Uruguay|Uruguay]]<br><small>(military)</small>
|[[Flag of Artigas|blue-white-blue with a red diagonal line]]
|[[File:Military Cockade of Uruguay.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Cockade of Uruguay|Uruguay]]<br><small>(police)</small>
|red-white-blue
|[[File:Cocar policia uruguai.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|red-blue-yellow
|[[File:National Cockade of Venezuela.svg|30px]]
|-
|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}
|blue-white-red
|[[File:National Cockade of Yugoslavia.svg|30px]]
|-
|}


===Component states of the German Empire (1871–1918)===
* [[Cockade of Argentina|Argentina]]: sky blue-white-sky blue [[File:Escarapela argentina.svg|30px]]
[[File:Tafel XVII Kokarden.jpg|500px|thumb|right|Cockades of the German Empire]]
* Armenia: red-blue-orange
The [[German Empire]] had, besides the national cockade, also cockades for [[States of the German Empire|several of its states]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Das kleine Buch vom Deutschen Heere 1901|last=Hein}}</ref> seen in the following table:
* Austria: (before 1918): black-gold
{| class="wikitable sortable"
* Austria: (current since 1918): red-white-red [[File:Roundel of Austria.svg|30px]]
|+
* Belgium: black-yellow-red [[File:Roundel of Belgium.svg|30px]]
!State
* Bolivia: red-yellow-green [[File:Roundel of Bolivia.svg|30px]]
!Description
* Bulgaria: red-green-white [[File:Roundel of Bulgaria.svg|30px]]
|-
* Brazil: blue-yellow-green or yellow-green [[File:Roundel of Brazil 1914.svg|30px]]
|[[Duchy of Anhalt|Anhalt]]
* Chile: blue-white-red with a white 5 pointed star in the blue portion [[File:Roundel of Chile (1918–1930).svg|30px]]
|green
* Colombia: yellow-blue-red [[File:Roundel of Colombia.svg|30px]]
|-
* Czech Republic: blue-red-white [[File:Roundel of the Czech Republic.svg|30px]]
|[[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]]
* Denmark: red-white-red [[File:Roundel of Denmark.svg|30px]]
|yellow-red-yellow
* Ecuador: red-blue-yellow [[File:Roundel of Ecuador.svg|30px]]
|-
* Estonia: white-black-blue [[File:Roundel of Estonia.svg|30px]]
|[[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]
* Finland: white-blue-white [[File:Roundel of Finland.svg|30px]]
|white-sky blue-white
* [[Cockade of France|France]] (1794–1814, 1815 and current since 1830): blue-white-red [[File:Roundel of France.svg|30px]]
|-
* France: (before 1794, 1814–1815 and 1815–1830): white
|[[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]]
* Germany: (1918–1932 and since 1945): black-red-gold [[File:National Cockade of Germany.svg|30px]]
|blue-yellow-blue
* Germany (1871–1918 and 1932–1945): red-white-black
|-
* Component states of the German Empire (1871–1918):
|[[Hanseaten (class)|Hanseatic cities]] ([[Bremen (state)|Bremen]], [[Hamburg]], [[Free City of Lübeck|Lübeck]])
** Anhalt: green
|white with a red cross
** Baden: yellow-red-yellow
|-
** Bavaria: white-sky blue-white
|[[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]
** Bremen: white-red-white
|white-red-white-red-white
** Brunswick: blue-yellow-blue
|-
** Hamburg: white with a red cross
|[[Principality of Lippe|Lippe]]
** Hesse: white-red-white-red-white
** Lippe: red-yellow
|yellow-red-yellow
|-
** Lübeck: white with a red Maltese cross
|[[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] and [[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|-Streliz]]
** Mecklenburg: red-yellow-blue
** Oldenburg: blue-red-blue
|red-yellow-blue
|-
** Prussia: black-white-black
|[[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]]
** Saxony: green-white-green
|blue-red-blue
** Saxe-Weimar: black-yellow-green
|-
** Schaumburg-Lippe: blue-red-white
|[[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
** Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt: blue-white-blue
|black-white-black
** Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen: white-blue-white
|-
** Waldeck-Reuss: black-red-yellow
|[[Principality of Reuss-Gera|Reuss-Gera]] and [[Principality of Reuss-Greiz|-Greiz]]
** Württemberg: black-red-black
|black-red-yellow
* German Confederation (1848–1871): gold-red-black
|-
* Greece (1822): blue-white-white [[File:Roundel of Greece.svg|30px]]
|[[Saxe-Altenburg]], [[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|-Coburg and Gotha]] and [[Saxe-Meiningen|-Meiningen]]
* Greece (1833): blue-white
|green-white-green
* [[:hu:Kokárda|Hungary]]: red-white-green [[File:Hungary cockade.svg|30px]]
|-
* India : saffron-white-green [[File:National Cockade of India.svg|30px]]
|[[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Saxe-Weimar]]
* Iran: red-white-green [[File:National Cockade of Iran.svg|30px]]
|black-yellow-green
* Ireland (current since 1922): green-white-orange [[File:Roundel of Ireland.svg|30px]]
|-
* Ireland (before 1922): green or sky blue
|[[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]
* [[Cockade of Italy|Italy]] (current since 1848): green-white-red [[File:Italy cockade.svg|30px]]
|white-green-white
* [[Cockade of Italy|Italy]] (before 1848): [[savoy blue]]
|-
* Japan: red [[File:Roundel of Japan.svg|30px]]
|[[Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe|Schaumburg-Lippe]]
* Mexico: green-white-red [[File:Roundel of Mexico.svg|30px]]
* Monaco: red-white
|blue-red-white
|-
* Netherlands: red-white-blue-orange [[File:Roundel of the Netherlands.svg|30px]]
|[[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]]
* Norway: red-white-blue-white
|blue-white-blue
* Paraguay: blue-white-red [[File:Roundel of Paraguay.svg|30px]]
|-
* [[Cockade of Peru|Peru]]: red-white-red [[File:Roundel of Peru.svg|30px]]
|[[Schwarzburg-Sondershausen|Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen]]
* Poland: white-red [[File:Roundel of Poland.svg|30px]]
|white-blue-white
* Portugal (current since 1910): green-red [[File:Portuguese WW1 roundel.svg|30px]]
|-
* Portugal (1821–1823 and 1830–1910): blue-white
|[[Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Waldeck]]
* Portugal (1797–1821 and 1823–1830): blue-red
|black-red-yellow
* Romania: blue-yellow-red [[File:Roundel of Romania.svg|30px]]
|-
* Russia (military): black-orange-black-orange
|[[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]]
* Russia: red-blue-white [[File:Roundel of Russia.svg|30px]]
|black-red-black
* San Marino: white-blue
|}
* Serbia: white-blue-red
* [[Cockade of Spain|Spain]] (1843–1844 and current since 1871): red-yellow-red [[File:Roundel of Spain.svg|30px]]
* Spain (until 1843 and 1844–1871): red
* Sweden:
**military: yellow
**civil: blue-yellow
* Turkey: red-white-red [[File:Roundel of Turkey.svg|30px]]
* United Kingdom (Stuart dynasty): white
* United Kingdom (Hanoverian dynasty): black
* United States of America (current): blue-white-red
* United States of America (19th century): black with an eagle in the centre
* United States of America (War of Independence): white-black
* [[Cockade of Uruguay|Uruguay]] (civil): white-blue-white-blue-white-blue-white-blue-white
* Uruguay (military - Cockade of Artigas): blue-white-blue with a red diagonal line [[File:Roundel of Uruguay.svg|30px]]
* Uruguay (police): red-white-blue
* Venezuela: red-blue-yellow [[File:Roundel of Venezuela.svg|30px]]


==See also==
==See also==
Line 133: Line 489:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=TzcVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22&dq=cockades+shakos&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ6NXe6Y_QAhXC_ywKHRRODlYQ6AEIKzAC#v=onepage&q=cockades%20shakos&f=false Prussian Staff & Specialist Troops 1791-1815], book
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=TzcVDAAAQBAJ&dq=cockades+shakos&pg=PA22 Prussian Staff & Specialist Troops 1791-1815], book


==External links==
==External links==
Line 141: Line 497:


[[Category:Cockades| ]]
[[Category:Cockades| ]]
[[Category:Uniforms]]
[[Category:Hats]]
[[Category:Hats]]
[[Category:Ceremonial clothing]]
[[Category:Ceremonial clothing]]

Latest revision as of 21:41, 7 June 2024

A woman fastening a red-and-white cockade to a Polish insurgent's square-shaped rogatywka cap during the January Uprising of 1863–64
Charles Edward Stuart wearing a hat with a white (Jacobite) cockade
John of Austria wearing as a brassard the red cockade of the Spanish armies

A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colours which is usually worn on a hat or cap.

The word cockade derives from the French cocarde, from Old French coquarde, feminine of coquard (vain, arrogant), from coc (cock), of imitative origin. The earliest documented use was in 1709.[1][2]

Eighteenth century

[edit]
General André Masséna of the French Revolutionary Army wearing a bicorne with a tricolor cockade
kokárda
Hungarian kokárda, is worn on the 15th of March to commemorate the 1848 Revolution and its ideals. It was originally worn by the Youth of March.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegiance of their wearers to some political faction, or to show their rank or to indicate a servant's livery.[3][4] Because individual armies might wear a variety of differing regimental uniforms, cockades were used as an effective and economical means of national identification.[5]

A cockade was pinned on the side of a man's tricorne or cocked hat, or on his lapel. Women could also wear it on their hat or in their hair.

In pre-revolutionary France, the cockade of the Bourbon dynasty was all white.[6][7][8] In the Kingdom of Great Britain supporters of a Jacobite restoration wore white cockades, while the recently established Hanoverian monarchy used a black cockade.[9][10][11][12] The Hanoverians also accorded the right to all German nobility to wear the black cockade in the United Kingdom.

During the 1780 Gordon Riots in London, the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

During the American Revolution, the Continental Army initially wore cockades of various colors as an ad hoc form of rank insignia, as General George Washington wrote:

As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the privates, it is desired that some badge of distinction be immediately provided; for instance that the field officers may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats, the captains yellow or buff, and the subalterns green.[21][22]

Before long however, the Continental Army reverted to wearing the black cockade they inherited from the British. Later, when France became an ally of the United States, the Continental Army pinned the white cockade of the French Ancien Régime onto their old black cockade; the French reciprocally pinned the black cockade onto their white cockade, as a mark of the French-American alliance. The black-and-white cockade thus became known as the "Union Cockade".[23][24][25][26][27]

In the Storming of the Bastille, Camille Desmoulins initially encouraged the revolutionary crowd to wear green. This colour was later rejected as it was associated with the Count of Artois. Instead, revolutionaries would wear cockades with the traditional colours of the arms of Paris: red and blue. Later, the Bourbon white was added to this cockade, thus producing the original cockade of France.[26] Later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer's faction; although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent, and they varied somewhat by region and period.

European military

[edit]
John VI of Portugal wearing the blue-and-red cockade of Portugal on a military cocked hat
A metal cockade on the swivel of a Pickelhaube helmet.

From the 15th century, various European monarchy realms used cockades to denote the nationalities of their militaries.[28][29] Their origin reverts to the distinctive colored band or ribbon worn by late medieval armies or jousting knights on their arms or headgear to distinguish friend from foe in the field of battle. Ribbon-style cockades were worn later upon helmets and brimmed hats or tricornes and bicornes just as the French did, and also on cocked hats and shakoes. Coloured metal cockades were worn at the right side of helmets; while small button-type cockades were worn at the front of kepis and peaked caps.[30][31] In addition to the significance of these symbols in denoting loyalty to a particular monarch, the coloured cockade served to provide a common and economical field sign at a time when the colours of uniform coats might vary widely between regiments in a single army.[32]

During the Napoleonic wars, the armies of France and Russia, had the imperial French cockade or the larger cockade of St. George pinned on the front of their shakos.[33]

The Second German Empire (1870–1918) used two cockades on each army headgear: one (black-white-red) for the empire; the other for one of the monarchies the empire was composed of, which had used their own colors long before. The only exceptions were the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg, having preserved the right to keep their own armed forces which were not integrated in the Imperial Army. Their only cockades were either white-blue-white (Bavaria) or black-red-black (Württemberg).[34][3][35]

The Weimar Republic (1919–1933) removed these, as they might promote separatism which would lead to the dissolution of the German nation-state into regional countries again.[36] When the Nazis came to power, they rejected the democratic German colours of black-red-gold used by the Weimar Republic. Nazis reintroduced the imperial colours (in German: die kaiserlichen Farben or Reichsfarben) of black on the outside, white next, and a red center. The Nazi government used black-white-red on all army caps.[37] These colours represented the biggest and the smallest countries of the Reich: large Prussia (black and white) and the tiny Hanseatic League city states of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck (white and red).

France began the first Air Service in 1909 and soon picked the traditional French cockade as the first national emblem, now usually termed a roundel, on military aircraft. During World War I, other countries adopted national cockades and used these coloured emblems as roundels on their military aircraft. These designs often bear an additional central device or emblem to further identify national aircraft, those from the French navy bearing a black anchor within the French cockade.[38]

Hungarian revolutionaries wore cockades during the Hungarian revolution of 1848 and during the 1956 revolution. Because of this, Hungarians traditionally wear cockades on 15 March.[39][40]

Confederate States

[edit]

Echoing their use when Americans rebelled against Britain, cockades – usually made with blue ribbons and worn on clothing or hats – were widespread tokens of Southern support for secession preceding the American Civil War of 1861–1865.[41]

List of national cockades

[edit]
Cockade on the caps of certified persons serving in the pilot service of Russia, 1913.
See also: Military aircraft insignia

Below is a list of national cockades (colors listed from center to ring):[42][43]

Country
and date 		Description Image
 Albania red-black-red
 Argentina sky blue-white-sky blue
 Armenia orange-blue-red
 Austrian Empire
before 1918 		black-gold
 Austria
since 1918 		red-white-red
 Azerbaijan green-red-light blue
 Belgium black-yellow-red
Bolivia
(1825–1826) 		green-red-green (with a white 5 pointed star in the center)
Bolivia
(1826–1851) 		green-red-yellow
 Bolivia green-yellow-red
 Brazil blue-yellow-green
 Bulgaria red-green-white
 Chile blue-white-red (with a white 5 pointed star in the blue portion)
 Colombia yellow-blue-red
 Croatia red-white-blue
 Czechoslovakia
(1920–1993) 		blue-red-white
 Czech Republic blue-red-white
 Denmark
(early 19th century) 		black
 Denmark red-white-red
 Ecuador red-blue-yellow
 Egypt
(1922–1953) 		green-white-green
 Egypt black-white-red
 Estonia white-black-blue
 Ethiopia
(until 1936) 		green-yellow-red
 Ethiopia red-yellow-green
 Finland white-blue-white
 France
(1794–1814, 1815 and current since 1830) 		blue-white-red
 France
(before 1794, 1814–1815 and 1815–1830) 		white
 Gabon green-yellow-light blue
 Georgia
(1990–2004) 		black-white-wine red
 German Confederation
(1848–1871) 		gold-red-black
 German Empire (1871–1918)
 Weimar Germany (1918–1933)
 Nazi Germany (1933–1945) 		red-white-black
 East Germany
(1956–1959) 		black-red-gold
 Germany black-red-gold
 Ghana green-yellow-red
 Greece
(1822) 		white-blue-white
 Greece
(1833) 		blue-white
 Greece blue-white
 Hungary green-white-red
 Iceland blue-white-red-white-blue
 India green-white-saffron
 Iran red-white-green
 Ireland
(until 1922) 		green or sky blue
 Ireland
(since 1922) 		green-white-orange
 Italy
(1861–1948) 		savoy blue
 Italy
(since 1948) 		green-white-red
 Japan red-white
 Kenya green-white-red-white-black
 Latvia carmine-white-carmine
 Lithuania red-green-yellow
 Mexico green-white-red
 Monaco white-red-white
 Netherlands orange
 Nigeria green-white-green
 Norway red-white-blue-white
 Pakistan white-green-yellow
 Paraguay blue-white-red
Peru Peru red-white-red
Philippines Philippines
(1898–1901) 		red-blue-silver
 Poland red-white
Portugal Portugal
(1797–1820 and 1823–1830) 		blue-red
Portugal Portugal
(1821–1823 and 1830–1910) 		blue-white
 Portugal green-red
 Romania blue-yellow-red
Russia Russia
(until 1917) 		black-orange-black-orange-white
 Russia black-orange-black-orange
 San Marino white-blue
 Serbia red-blue-white
Seychelles Seychelles
(1978–1996) 		green-white-red
 Sierra Leone light blue-white-green
 Slovenia red-blue-white
 Spain
(until 1843 and 1844–1871) 		red
 Spain
(1843–1844 and current since 1871) 		red-yellow-red
 Sweden
(military) 		yellow
 Sweden
(civilian) 		blue-yellow
 Thailand red-white-blue-white-red
South Africa Transvaal green-red-white-blue
 Turkey red-white-red
 Ukraine light blue-yellow
 United Kingdom white (Stuart dynasty), black (Hanoverian dynasty), red-white-blue
 United States
(War of Independence) 		black-white-black
 United States
(19th century) 		blue with an eagle in the centre
 United States white-blue-red
Uruguay Uruguay
(1828–1916) 		sky blue
Uruguay Uruguay
(civilian) 		blue-white-blue-white-blue-white-blue-white
Uruguay Uruguay
(military) 		blue-white-blue with a red diagonal line
Uruguay Uruguay
(police) 		red-white-blue
 Venezuela red-blue-yellow
 Yugoslavia blue-white-red

Component states of the German Empire (1871–1918)

[edit]
Cockades of the German Empire

The German Empire had, besides the national cockade, also cockades for several of its states,[44] seen in the following table:

State Description
Anhalt green
Baden yellow-red-yellow
Bavaria white-sky blue-white
Brunswick blue-yellow-blue
Hanseatic cities (Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck) white with a red cross
Hesse white-red-white-red-white
Lippe yellow-red-yellow
Mecklenburg-Schwerin and -Streliz red-yellow-blue
Oldenburg blue-red-blue
Prussia black-white-black
Reuss-Gera and -Greiz black-red-yellow
Saxe-Altenburg, -Coburg and Gotha and -Meiningen green-white-green
Saxe-Weimar black-yellow-green
Saxony white-green-white
Schaumburg-Lippe blue-red-white
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt blue-white-blue
Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen white-blue-white
Waldeck black-red-yellow
Württemberg black-red-black

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Cockade".
  2. ^ "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Cockade".
  3. ^ a b Maxwell, A. (2014). Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781137277145. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  4. ^ Newman, S.P. (2010). Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 161. ISBN 9780812200478. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  5. ^ Mollo, John (1972). Military Fashion. Barrie and Jenkins. p. 22. ISBN 0-214-65349-8.
  6. ^ The White Cockade; Or, Bourbon Songster: Being a Patriotic Collection of Songs on the Downfall of Tyranny, and Restoration of Louis XVIII., Etc. [A Chap-book.]. J. Evans & Son. 1814. p. 2. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  7. ^ Cobbett, W. (1814). Cobbett's Political Register. Vol. 25. William Cobbett. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  8. ^ Jones, C. (2006). Paris: Biography of a City. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 9780141941912. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  9. ^ Cormack, W.S. (2002). Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789-1794. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780521893756. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  10. ^ Hofschröer, P.; Fosten, B. (2012). The Hanoverian Army of the Napoleonic Wars. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781780965178. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  11. ^ Jones, G.M. (1827). Travels in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Turkey: also on the coasts of the sea of Azof and of the Black sea; with a review of the trade in those seas, and of the systems adopted to man the fleets of the different powers of Europe, compared with that of England. J. Murray. p. 22. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  12. ^ Franklin, C. (2012). British Army Uniforms of the American Revolution 1751-1783. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 111. ISBN 9781848846906. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  13. ^ Babington, A. (2015). Military Intervention in Britain: From the Gordon Riots to the Gibraltar Incident. Taylor & Francis. p. 21. ISBN 9781317397717. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  14. ^ Stockdale, J.J. (1810). The Covent Garden Journal ... J.J. Stockdale. p. 130. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  15. ^ Livingston, D.W. (1998). Philosophical Melancholy and Delirium: Hume's Pathology of Philosophy. University of Chicago Press. p. 275. ISBN 9780226487175. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  16. ^ Popular educator (1767). The popular educator. p. 254. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  17. ^ Bloom, C. (2012). Riot City: Protest and Rebellion in the Capital. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 147. ISBN 9781137029362. Retrieved 2017-03-05.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^ Walker, G.; Verhoeven, W.M. (2004). The Vagabond. Broadview Press. p. 253. ISBN 9781460404256. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  19. ^ CLIFFORD, H.; Brandon, J. (1809). Clifford for ever! O.P. and no P.B. The Trial between H. Clifford, plaintiff, and J. Brandon, defendant, for an assault and false imprisonment, etc. John Fairburn. p. 19. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  20. ^ Haywood, I.; Seed, J. (2012). The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780521195423. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  21. ^ "Defense.gov News Article: Insignia: The Way You Tell Who's Who in the Military". archive.defense.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  22. ^ Force, P. (1844). American archives. Рипол Классик. pp. 2–1745. ISBN 9785885286961. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  23. ^ Field, R.; Hook, A. (2013). LincolnÂ?s 90-Day Volunteers 1861: From Fort Sumter to First Bull Run. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 9781782009214. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  24. ^ Richards, J.H. (1997). Early American Drama. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 68. ISBN 9781101177211. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  25. ^ Winkle, K.J. (2013). Lincoln's Citadel: The Civil War in Washington, DC. W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393240573. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  26. ^ a b Maxwell, A. (2014). Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781137277145. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  27. ^ Fahs, A. (2010). The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861-1865. University of North Carolina Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780807899298. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  28. ^ ADYE, R.W. (1802). The Little Bombardier, and Pocket Gunner. By Ralph Willett Adye. T. Egerton. p. 271. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  29. ^ Troiani, D.; Kochan, J.L.; Coates, J.; Kochan, J. (1998). Don Troiani's Soldiers in America, 1754-1865. Stackpole Books. p. 99. ISBN 9780811705196. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  30. ^ Stone, D. (2015). The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781844862924. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  31. ^ Kidd, R.S. (2013). MILITARY UNIFORMS IN EUROPE 1900 - 2000 Volume One. LULU Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781291187441. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  32. ^ Mollo, John (1972). Military Fashion. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-214-65349-8.
  33. ^ Dempsey, G. (2002). Napoleon's Mercenaries: Foreign Units in the French Army Under the Consulate and Empire, 1799-1814. Greenhill Books. p. 267. ISBN 9781853674884. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  34. ^ Kidd, R.Spencer (October 2013). Military Uniforms in Europe 1900-2000 Vol. One. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-291-18744-1.
  35. ^ D, D.T.Z.P. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History [4 volumes]: 400 Years of Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 494. ISBN 9781598849813. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  36. ^ Williamson, G.; Pavlovic, D. (2012). U-Boat Crews 1914–45. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781780967905. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  37. ^ de Quesada, A.; Dale, C.; Walsh, S. (2013). Imperial German Colonial and Overseas Troops 1885?1918. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 9781780961651. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  38. ^ Cooke, J.J. (1996). The U.S. Air Service in the Great War, 1917-1919. Praeger. p. 202. ISBN 9780275948627. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  39. ^ Wöll, A.; Wydra, H. (2007). Democracy and Myth in Russia and Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 182. ISBN 9781134089086. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  40. ^ Gyarfasova, O.; Liebhart, K. (2014). Constructing and Communicating Europe. Lit Verlag. p. 202. ISBN 9783643905154. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  41. ^ Goodheart, Adam (November 15, 2010). "Female Partisans" (blog). The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
  42. ^ "Tableau comparatif de la superficie, population totale et pop. par m. géogr. de tous les Etats du monde, avec les cocardes et pavillons les plus connus / dressé d'après Malte-Brun, Hassel, Balbi et autres sources authentiques par C. Desjardins ; A. Haas, script" (in French). Gallica. 1833. Retrieved 2017-03-05 – via gallica.bnf.fr.
  43. ^ "Tableau comparatif de la superficie et de la population absolue et relative de tous les Etats du monde avec leurs pavillons et cocardes / dressé d'après les documens les plus récens par Ct. Desjardins,... ; Lith. de Mantoux,..." (in French). Gallica. 1842. Retrieved 2017-03-05 – via gallica.bnf.fr.
  44. ^ Hein. Das kleine Buch vom Deutschen Heere 1901.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
  • Media related to Cockades at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cockade&oldid=1227802731"