Cockatrice: Difference between revisions
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==Identification== |
==Identification== |
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Although attempts to identify it with any particular biological species have proved generally futile, the cockatrice's credibility as a living animal was paralleled by the [[Gryphon]], a cross between an eagle and a lion, and other hybrid beasts. Also the fact that the [[bones]] of the animal had been replaced by [[minerals]] and turned into rock may have inspired the cockatrice's abilities. |
Although attempts to identify it with any particular biological species have proved generally futile, the cockatrice's credibility as a living animal was paralleled by the [[Gryphon]], a cross between an eagle and a lion, and other hybrid beasts. Also the fact that the [[bones]] of the animal had been replaced by [[minerals]] and turned into rock may have inspired the cockatrice's abilities. |
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Chicken embryos are known to develop reptilian tails, but chemical/hormone triggers replace it with a "normal" bird's tail by the time it hatches. It's quite possibly a rare occurance for a chicken, or any bird for that matter to be born with it's embryonic reptillian tail. |
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== Popular culture == |
== Popular culture == |
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Revision as of 09:37, 7 February 2010
A cockatrice is a legendary creature, resembling a large rooster with a lizard-like tail, "an ornament in the drama and poetry of the Elizabethans" Laurence Breiner described it; "the cockatrice, which no one ever saw, was born by accident at the end of the twelfth century and died in the middle of the seventeenth, a victim of the new science".[1]
Legend
Origins
The cockatrice was first described in the late twelfth century based on a hint in Pliny's Natural History,[2] as a duplicate of the basilisk[3] or regulus, though, unlike the basilisk, the cockatrice has wings and a tail.
According to Alexander Neckam's De naturis rerum (ca 1180), it was supposed to be born from an egg laid by a cock[4] and incubated by a toad; a snake might be substituted in re-tellings. The translation from basiliscus to cockatrice was effected when the basiliscus in Bartholomeus Anglicus' De proprietatibus rerum (ca 1260) was translated by John Trevisa as cockatrice (1397).[5]
Attempts to identify it with any particular biological species have proved generally futile.
Other legends report a dragon's form, but with a rooster's head. Sometimes described as having dark red or pitch black eyes. Its look or breath is said to be poison, but can be killed by a weasel or by the sound of a rooster crowing.
Abilities
Its reputed magical abilities include turning people to stone or killing them by either looking at them — "the death-darting eye of Cockatrice"[6] — touching them, or sometimes breathing on them.
It was repeated in the late-medieval bestiaries that the weasel is the only animal that is immune to the glance of a cockatrice. It was also thought [citation needed] that a cockatrice would die instantly upon hearing a rooster crow. According to legend,[citation needed] having a cockatrice look itself in a mirror is one of the few sure-fire ways to kill it. The cockatrice was also able to fly with the set of wings affixed to its back.[citation needed]
Like the head of Medusa, the cockatrice's powers of petrification were thought still effective after death.
Classic literature
The widespread and long-standing perception that there is a connection with crocodile in texts transmitted in Late Latin and Old French[7] was traced in detail by Laurence Breiner (1979) from Pliny's assertion that the ichneumon lay in wait for the crocodile to open its jaws for the trochilus bird[8] to enter and pick its teeth clean, to Brunetto Latini's remark in Li livres dou tresor (ca 1260)
In England the town most associated with the Cockatrice is the village of Wherwell, near Andover in Hampshire. The story is that the Cockatrice terrorised the village until it was imprisoned in the dungeons below Wherwell Priory. A prize of land was offered to anyone who could kill the creature. None was successful, until a man named Green lowered a mirror into the dungeon. The Cockatrice battled against its own reflection until exhausted, at which point Green was able to kill it. Today there is an area of land near Wherwell called Green's Acres. For many years a weather vane in the shape of a Cockatrice adorned the church of St. Peter and Holy Cross in Wherwell until it was removed to Andover Museum.
In the King James Version of the Old Testament, following a tradition established in John Wyclif's bible (1382)[9] the word is used several times, to translate Hebrew tziph'oni:
And the sucking child shall play on the hole of the asp, and the weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice' den.
Rejoice not thou, whole Palestina, because the rod of him that smote thee is broken: for out of the serpent's root shall come forth a cockatrice, and his fruit shall be a fiery flying serpent.
They hatch cockatrice' eggs, and weave the spider's web: he that eateth of their eggs dieth, and that which is crushed breaketh out into a viper.
For, behold, I will send serpents, cockatrices, among you, which will not be charmed, and they shall bite you, saith the lord.
In all these instances, the Revised Version— following the tradition established by Jerome's Vulgate basiliscus— renders the word "basilisk", and the New International Version translates it as "viper". In Proverbs 23:32 the similar Hebrew tzeph'a is rendered "adder", both in the Authorized Version and the Revised Version.
Laurence Breiner also identified the uses of the cockatrice in alchemy (Breiner 1979).
Identification
Although attempts to identify it with any particular biological species have proved generally futile, the cockatrice's credibility as a living animal was paralleled by the Gryphon, a cross between an eagle and a lion, and other hybrid beasts. Also the fact that the bones of the animal had been replaced by minerals and turned into rock may have inspired the cockatrice's abilities.
Chicken embryos are known to develop reptilian tails, but chemical/hormone triggers replace it with a "normal" bird's tail by the time it hatches. It's quite possibly a rare occurance for a chicken, or any bird for that matter to be born with it's embryonic reptillian tail.
Popular culture
The cockatrice is the heraldic symbol of 3 (Fighter) Squadron, a Fighter squadron of The Royal Air Force.
Modern literature
The Cockatrice is the villain of The Book of the Dun Cow, a novel by Walter Wangerin, Jr.
The Darkangel trilogy features a guardian-creature named Elverlon, which is a cockatrice but lacks any legs. It is one of several artificial beings created by the character known as "the lady Ravenna" to protect the various regions of a terraformed moon.
In the book and tv animation of The Talking Parcel by Gerald Durrell, the heroes must stop an army of cockatrices from conquering the land of Mythologia.
Modern fantasy fiction and games
The cockatrice has provided magical or neo-medieval colour for much fantasy fiction, Dungeons & Dragons role-playing games, and commercial entertainment. For most people, these provide the main encounters with the imaginary cockatrice.
Very much the same as the description of the Final Fantasy XII Cockatrice, it is one of the monsters in the 2005 Playstation 2 game Altered Beast, although this version is more scaly and does not roll in a ball.
In Final Fantasy VI, a cockatrice appears in the form of the Esper, Tritoch (Valigarmanda). It also appears as a common monster early in Final Fantasy IV, on Mount Hobs. On rare occasions, they drop a "summon" spell which can be given to one of the characters. The summoned cockatrice will stone one enemy.
The cockatrice is also a slayer monster from the game RuneScape. Players need to wear a Mirror Shield to protect themselves from their gaze, otherwise their attacking skills would drop to dangerous levels and they would die. It is also available as a familiar that you can summon, along with "Guthatrice, Saratrice, and Zamatrice". In the 2007 Easter event, the character is accompanied by a "Chocatrice" whose ability is turning certain creatures to chocolate; after the mini-quest, the character gains an item called the Chocatrice Cape" which allows them to turn into a large egg for two seconds.
Cockatrice is Monster in My Pocket #7. He is an enemy in the video game, sending powerful blasts from his eyes.
The cockatrice is one of the most notorious hostile creatures in NetHack; there are estimated to be 47 distinct ways for the player character to be turned to stone by a cockatrice, its corpse or its eggs.[10] Its corpse makes a devastating weapon, petrifying most monsters with a single blow, but gloves must be worn and extreme caution exercised. In this role the corpse is referred to as a "rubber chicken."
Cockatrices appear as controllable characters in Ogre Battle: March of the Black Queen. Cockatrices also appear in Ogre Battle 64. In this sequel, they remain large characters, but no longer "evolve" from any other creature. They are notorious for their "Petrify" ability, which can quickly disable a unit.
Cockatrices appear in another Ogre game, "Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together", where they are depicted as a bird like creature that looks like it mixed with a lizard. They are well known for their "Petrify" ability, which can turn a unit into stone and disable the unit. They can also fly, making them very versatile.
The Digimon, Kokatorimon, is based on a Cockatrice, as shown by its name, appearance and attacks.
Cockatrices make appearances as monsters in the game The Witcher, although it is stated in the game that they lack the ability to turn their victims into stone.
In Boktai: The Sun is in Your Hand and Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django cockatrices appeared as enemies that shot petrifying beams of energy when startled. In the first game, the cockatrices appeared as servants of Carmilla, the Howling Banshee, in the Sol City dungeon.
In Castlevania, Aria of sorrow and Curse Of Darkness they also appear; they can shoot a petrifying beam and is one of the strongest summons in Circle of the Moon: causes a Cockatrice to fly across the screen from right to left, bringing with it a flurry of boulders to attack any enemies onscreen. Each individual boulder breaks when it hits an enemy.
In a movie version of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S.Lewis a CGI cockatrice appears, fighting on the good side in the big battle against the White Witch's army, but it is not mentioned in the book version.
In the video game Lost Kingdoms II, the cockatrice is a giant bird-like monster which attacks with its poisonous breath and is usually found in pairs guarding an egg. The monster can be summoned as a weapon card.
In the video game "Disgaea 3: Absence of Justice", the cockatrice appears in the second chapter as the guardian of a dragon's egg. It uses a poisonous breath attack.
Also mentioned in the Harry Potter series of books as a magical creature.
A cockatrice is at the heart of Tanith Lee's story The Clockatrice, available online.
Cockatrice is a Guardian ÄRM in the anime show MÄR: Märchen Awakens Romance. It is summoned by the Chess Piece Rolan. Its ability is also petrification by means of a smoke that it blows at opponents.
Cockatrice is a card from Magic: the Gathering that appeared in the first release ("alpha"). It also appeared in the beta, unlimited, revised, fourth, fifth and time spiral sets.
The Cocatrice is also a major boss in the video game "Megaman Zero 4", as Popla Cocapetri.
| Creature | Description |
|---|---|
| Pyrolisk | A relative of the cockatrice in the "Advanced Dungeons and Dragons" game; trading a petrifying gaze for one that immolates its surroundings. |
| Chickatrice | A juvenile cockatrice in some games, such as Final Fantasy XII and NetHack. |
| Duckatrice | Features in John Heath-Stubbs' droll poem The Duckatrice of Netley Abbey [11] |
Notes
- ^ Laurence A. Breiner, "The Career of the Cockatrice", Isis 70.1 (March 1979: 30-47) p. 30.
- ^ Historia Naturalis viii.37.90.
- ^ The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906) considers them identical.
- ^ This impossibility is at the root of the originally pejorative term "Cockney" ("cock's egg") for a Londoner.
- ^ Breiner 1979:35.
- ^ Romeo and Juliet, iii.ii.47. The idea of vision in an "eye-beam", a stream emanating from the eye was inherited by the Renaissance from Antiquity; it forms an elaborately-worked-out simile in John Donne's "The Exstacie": "Our eye-beames twisted and did thred/ Our eyes, upon one double string."
- ^ "The texts in which the cockatrice appears as a crocodile were transmitted chiefly in Latin and French" (Breiner 1979:33); OED gives a derivation from Old French cocatris, from medieval Latin calcatrix, or caucatrix, but asserts that cocatris and its equivalents were used to render Greek ichneumon; Breiner demonstrates how this erroneous connection came about.
- ^ Trochilus has been applied by modern ornithology to an entirely unrelated hummingbird.
- ^ The first instance of cockatrice in English.
- ^ David Corbett (2006-02-23). "Cockatrice spoiler for NetHack 3.4.3". Retrieved 2007-12-23.
- ^ John Heath-Stubbs Pigs might fly, Carcanet, ISBN 1 857548 19 1
References
- ChristianAnswers.com: "Cockatrice"
- The Medieval Bestiary: "Basilisk" (includes Cockatrice)
Further reading
- Laurence A. Breiner, "The Career of the Cockatrice", Isis 70:1 (March 1979), pp 30–47
- P. Ansell Robin, "The Cockatrice and the 'New English Dictionary'", in Animal Lore in English Literature (London 1932).
External links
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