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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Redirect|Greenshank|the other species with this name|Nordmann's greenshank}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = Greenshank (Tringa nebularia).jpg
| image = Greenshank (Tringa nebularia).jpg
| image_caption = Summer plumage, Standlake, [[Oxfordshire]]
| image_caption = Summer plumage, Standlake, [[Oxfordshire]]
| image2 = Tringa nebularia - Laem Phak Bia.jpg
| image2 = Common greenshank (Tringa nebularia) Bahrain.jpg
| image2_caption = Winter plumage, Laem Phak Bia, [[Thailand]]<br/>
| image2_caption = Winter plumage, [[Bahrain]]<br/>
[[File:Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) (W TRINGA NEBULARIA R1 C4).ogg|thumb|center|Song and calls, recorded in west [[Sutherland]], Scotland]]
[[File:Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) (W TRINGA NEBULARIA R1 C4).ogg|thumb|center|Song and calls, recorded in west [[Sutherland]], Scotland]]
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22693220/0 |title=''Tringa nebularia'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Tringa nebularia'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22693220A86684205 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693220A86684205.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Tringa nebularia
| taxon = Tringa nebularia
| authority = ([[Johan Ernst Gunnerus|Gunnerus]], 1767)
| authority = ([[Johan Ernst Gunnerus|Gunnerus]], 1767)
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}}
}}


The '''common greenshank''' (''Tringa nebularia'') is a [[wader]] in the large family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. The genus name ''Tringa'' is the [[New Latin]] name given to the [[green sandpiper]] by [[Ulisse Aldrovandi|Aldrovandus]] in 1599 based on [[Ancient Greek]] ''trungas'', a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by [[Aristotle]]. The specific ''nebularia'' is from [[Latin]] ''nebula'' "mist". Like the Norwegian ''Skoddefoll'', this refers to the greenshank's damp marshy habitat.<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages= 266, 390}}</ref>
The '''common greenshank''' ('''''Tringa nebularia''''') is a [[wader]] in the large family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. The genus name ''Tringa'' is the [[Neo-Latin]] name given to the [[green sandpiper]] by [[Ulisse Aldrovandi|Aldrovandus]] in 1599 based on [[Ancient Greek]] ''trungas'', a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by [[Aristotle]]. The specific ''nebularia'' is from [[Latin]] ''nebula'' "mist". Like the Norwegian ''Skoddefoll'', this refers to the greenshank's damp marshy habitat.<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n266 266], 390}}</ref>


==Relatives==
==Relatives==
Its closest relative is the [[greater yellowlegs]], which together with the [[spotted redshank]] form a close-knit group. Among them, these three species show all the basic leg and foot colours found in the [[Tringa|shanks]], demonstrating that this character is [[paraphyletic]].<ref name=Pereira2005/> They are also the largest shanks apart from the [[willet]], which is altogether more robustly built. The greater yellowlegs and the common greenshank share a coarse, dark, and fairly crisp breast pattern as well as much black on the shoulders and back in breeding plumage.
Its closest relative is the [[greater yellowlegs]], which together with the [[spotted redshank]] form a close-knit group. Among them, these three species show all the basic leg and foot colours found in the [[Tringa|shanks]], demonstrating that this character is [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]].<ref name=Pereira2005/> They are also the largest shanks apart from the [[willet]], which is altogether more robustly built. The greater yellowlegs and the common greenshank share a coarse, dark, and fairly crisp breast pattern as well as much black on the shoulders and back in breeding plumage.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
This is a subarctic bird, breeding from northern Scotland eastwards across northern Europe and east across the [[Palearctic]]. It is a [[bird migration|migratory]] species, wintering in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Australasia, usually on fresh water. It breeds on dry ground near marshy areas, laying about four eggs in a ground scrape.
This is a subarctic bird, breeding from northern Scotland eastwards across northern Europe and east across the [[Palearctic]]. It is a [[bird migration|migratory]] species, wintering in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Australasia, usually on fresh water. It breeds on dry ground near marshy areas, laying about four eggs in a ground scrape.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}


==Description==
==Description==
Common greenshanks are brown in breeding plumage, and grey-brown in winter. When in water, they can appear very similar to [[marsh sandpiper]]s but are distinguished by the shape of the lower bill which gives it an upturned appearance to the bill. They have long greenish legs and a long bill with a grey base. They show a white wedge on the back in flight. They are somewhat larger than the related [[common redshank]]. The usual call is a rapid series of three short fluty notes syllabilized as ''teu-teu-teu''.
Common greenshanks are brown in breeding plumage, and grey-brown in winter. When in water, they can appear very similar to [[marsh sandpiper]]s but are distinguished by the shape of the lower bill which gives it an upturned appearance to the bill. They have long greenish legs and a long bill with a grey base. They show a white wedge on the back in flight. They are somewhat larger than the related [[common redshank]]. The usual call is a rapid series of three short fluty notes syllabilized as ''teu-teu-teu''.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}


Like most waders, they feed on small [[invertebrate]]s, but will also take small fish and amphibians.
Like most waders, they feed on small [[invertebrate]]s, but will also take small fish and amphibians.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}


The common greenshank is one of the species to which the [[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]] (AEWA) applies.
The common greenshank is one of the species to which the [[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]] (AEWA) applies.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} In 2024, ''T. nebularia'' was listed as Endangered under the Australian EPBC Act.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=Tringa nebularia — Common Greenshank, Greenshank
|url=https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=832 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=Species Profile and Threats Database |publisher=Australian Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Tringa nebularia0.jpg|Juvenile
File:Tringa nebularia0.jpg|Juvenile
Common Greenshank.ogg|Manly Marina, SE Queensland, Australia
File:Common Greenshank.ogg|Manly Marina, SE Queensland, Australia
Tringa nebularia MWNH 0205.JPG|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]
File:Tringa nebularia MWNH 0205.JPG|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]
File:Vadare-Gluttsnäppa & Rödbena - Ystad-2020.jpg|Common greenshank is significantly larger than, for example [[Common redshank]].
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
<!-- Micronesica32:257,38:221,39:11. -->
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist|30em|refs=


<ref name=Pereira2005>{{cite journal |last1=Pereira |first1=S.L. |last2=Baker |first2=A.J. |year=2005 |title=Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) |journal=[[The Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=514–526 |doi=10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2 |url=http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0010-5422&volume=107&issue=03&page=0514}}</ref>
<ref name=Pereira2005>{{cite journal |last1=Pereira |first1=S.L. |last2=Baker |first2=A.J. |year=2005 |title=Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) |journal=[[The Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=514–526 |doi=10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86221767 |url=http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0010-5422&volume=107&issue=03&page=0514|doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}
}}


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{{Taxonbar|from=Q18840}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q18840}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:greenshank, common}}
[[Category:Tringa|common greenshank]]
[[Category:Tringa|common greenshank]]
[[Category:Birds of Scandinavia]]
[[Category:Birds of Scandinavia]]

Latest revision as of 23:58, 5 March 2024

"Greenshank" redirects here. For the other species with this name, see Nordmann's greenshank.

Common greenshank
Summer plumage, Standlake, Oxfordshire
Winter plumage, Bahrain
Song and calls, recorded in west Sutherland, Scotland
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Scolopacidae
Genus: Tringa
Species:
T. nebularia
Binomial name
Tringa nebularia
(Gunnerus, 1767)
Range of T. nebularia
  Breeding
  Non-breeding
  Passage
  Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)
Synonyms
  • Scolopax glottis Linnaeus, 1758
  • Tringa littorea Linnaeus, 1758

The common greenshank (Tringa nebularia) is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. The genus name Tringa is the Neo-Latin name given to the green sandpiper by Aldrovandus in 1599 based on Ancient Greek trungas, a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by Aristotle. The specific nebularia is from Latin nebula "mist". Like the Norwegian Skoddefoll, this refers to the greenshank's damp marshy habitat.[2]

Relatives

[edit]

Its closest relative is the greater yellowlegs, which together with the spotted redshank form a close-knit group. Among them, these three species show all the basic leg and foot colours found in the shanks, demonstrating that this character is paraphyletic.[3] They are also the largest shanks apart from the willet, which is altogether more robustly built. The greater yellowlegs and the common greenshank share a coarse, dark, and fairly crisp breast pattern as well as much black on the shoulders and back in breeding plumage.[citation needed]

Distribution

[edit]

This is a subarctic bird, breeding from northern Scotland eastwards across northern Europe and east across the Palearctic. It is a migratory species, wintering in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Australasia, usually on fresh water. It breeds on dry ground near marshy areas, laying about four eggs in a ground scrape.[citation needed]

Description

[edit]

Common greenshanks are brown in breeding plumage, and grey-brown in winter. When in water, they can appear very similar to marsh sandpipers but are distinguished by the shape of the lower bill which gives it an upturned appearance to the bill. They have long greenish legs and a long bill with a grey base. They show a white wedge on the back in flight. They are somewhat larger than the related common redshank. The usual call is a rapid series of three short fluty notes syllabilized as teu-teu-teu.[citation needed]

Like most waders, they feed on small invertebrates, but will also take small fish and amphibians.[citation needed]

The common greenshank is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.[citation needed] In 2024, T. nebularia was listed as Endangered under the Australian EPBC Act.[4]

[edit]
  • Juvenile
    Juvenile
  • Manly Marina, SE Queensland, Australia
  • Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
    Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
  • Common greenshank is significantly larger than, for example Common redshank.
    Common greenshank is significantly larger than, for example Common redshank.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Tringa nebularia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693220A86684205. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693220A86684205.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 266, 390. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  3. ^ Pereira, S.L.; Baker, A.J. (2005). "Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae)". Condor. 107 (3): 514–526. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0514:MGEFPE]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86221767.
  4. ^ "Tringa nebularia — Common Greenshank, Greenshank". Species Profile and Threats Database. Australian Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tringa nebularia.
Wikispecies has information related to Tringa nebularia.
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