Copper Bull: Difference between revisions
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| size = Length: 60.96 cm<br/>Height: 60.96 cm |
| size = Length: 60.96 cm<br/>Height: 60.96 cm |
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| writing = |
| writing = |
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| created = 2600 |
| created = 2600 BC |
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| discovered_place = [[Tell al- |
| discovered_place = [[Tell al-'Ubaid]] |
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| discovered_date = 1923 |
| discovered_date = 1923 |
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| discovered_by = [[Leonard Woolley]] |
| discovered_by = [[Leonard Woolley]] |
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| registration = {{British-Museum-db|1924,0920.1|id=371400}} |
| registration = {{British-Museum-db|1924,0920.1|id=371400}} |
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The '''Copper Bull''' is a copper sculpture found at the site of [[Tell al- |
The '''Copper Bull''' is a copper sculpture found at the site of [[Tell al-'Ubaid]] near the ancient city of [[Ur]], now in southern [[Iraq]], by [[Leonard Woolley|Sir Leonard Woolley]] in 1923. The sculpture, which dates from about 2600 BC, is now in the [[British Museum]].<ref name="bm">[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/copper_figure_of_a_bull.aspx Copper figure of a bull], British Museum, accessed July 2010</ref> |
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==Discovery== |
==Discovery== |
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The sculpture was found with a number of other artifacts at the base of a foundation in [[Tell al- |
The sculpture was found with a number of other artifacts at the base of a foundation in [[Tell al-'Ubaid]]. The sculpture was found by [[Leonard Woolley]] who was working jointly for the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]] and the [[British Museum]].<ref name="atm">[http://www.archaeology.org/0003/abstracts/museum.html Ellen Herscher, "At the Museums: Wonders of Ur], ''Archeology'', Volume 53 Number 2, March/April 2000, retrieved July 2010</ref> The foundation which hid the sculpture was a platform made from brick and mud which had originally supported a temple to the goddess [[Ninhursag]]. The bull sculpture had been crushed by the falling masonry of the damaged temple. Woolley found similar models of bulls but only this and one other were recovered in an intact state. |
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Ninhursag was a goddess of the pastures, so it is appropriate that cows should be found around her temple; it was said that her milk sustained the kings. |
Ninhursag was a goddess of the pastures, so it is appropriate that cows should be found around her temple; it was said that her milk sustained the kings. |
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==Construction== |
==Construction== |
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The sculpture had been made by first making a wooden model of a bull. This had then been coated with [[bitumen]]. The parts of the bull were made in sections.<ref name="Schauensee">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bgwHls0pQvgC |
The sculpture had been made by first making a wooden model of a bull. This had then been coated with [[bitumen]]. The parts of the bull were made in sections.<ref name="Schauensee">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bgwHls0pQvgC&dq=copper+bull+ubaid&pg=PA38 Maude de Schauensee, ''Two Lyres from Ur''], 2002, p.37-42, accessed July 2010</ref> The legs were shaped out of wood covered in copper plate and held in place using tacks. The legs were attached and then more copper sheet covered the main body, with a different sheet for the bull's shoulders. These sheets were held in place by flat-headed nails along the back of the legs, the haunches and the stomach. The body's sheets overlapped the places where the legs had been attached.<ref name="Schauensee"/> |
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Copper bolts attached the legs to the base and the head was attached with a wooden dowel. The horns and the ears were then attached to the head.<ref name="Schauensee"/> |
Copper bolts attached the legs to the base and the head was attached with a wooden dowel. The horns and the ears were then attached to the head.<ref name="Schauensee"/> |
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==Ownership== |
==Ownership== |
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The Copper Bull is in the [[British Museum]]. The artifacts discovered by Woolley were shared between the Iraqi State which received around 50% of the objects and the [[British Museum]] and the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]] which each received about 25% of the objects.<ref name="UrO">[http://www.ur-online.org/about/#excavation, About the Excavations of Ur], retrieved December 2015</ref> Ur was one of the first sites excavated under Iraq's antiquity law, drawn up by [[Gertrude Bell]].<ref name="PennB">[http://www.penn.museum/blog/museum/ur-digitization-project-august-2013/ |
The Copper Bull is in the [[British Museum]]. The artifacts discovered by Woolley were shared between the Iraqi State which received around 50% of the objects and the [[British Museum]] and the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]] which each received about 25% of the objects.<ref name="UrO">[http://www.ur-online.org/about/#excavation, About the Excavations of Ur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114610/http://www.ur-online.org/about/#excavation, |date=2015-12-22 }}, retrieved December 2015</ref> Ur was one of the first sites excavated under Iraq's antiquity law, drawn up by [[Gertrude Bell]].<ref name="PennB">[http://www.penn.museum/blog/museum/ur-digitization-project-august-2013/ Spotlight on Division of Finds: Penn’s acquisition of its Ur material], retrieved December 2015</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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* H.R. Hall and C.L. Woolley, ''Ur Excavations'', vol. I: Al-Uba (London, Oxford University Press, 1927) |
* H.R. Hall and C.L. Woolley, ''Ur Excavations'', vol. I: Al-Uba (London, Oxford University Press, 1927) |
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* T.C. Mitchell, ''Sumerian art: illustrated by objects from Ur and Al-'Ubaid'' (London, The British Museum Press, 1969) |
* [[T. C. Mitchell]], ''Sumerian art: illustrated by objects from Ur and Al-'Ubaid'' (London, The British Museum Press, 1969) |
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{{British Museum}} |
{{British Museum}} |
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[[Category:Sumerian art and architecture]] |
[[Category:Sumerian art and architecture]] |
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[[Category:Sculpture of the Ancient Near East]] |
[[Category:Sculpture of the Ancient Near East]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Sculptures of cattle]] |
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[[Category:Iraq–United Kingdom relations]] |
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[[Category:Ancient art in metal]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Iraq]] |
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Revision as of 10:49, 27 October 2023
| Copper Bull | |
|---|---|
 The Copper Bull on display | |
| Material | Copper |
| Size | Length: 60.96 cm Height: 60.96 cm |
| Created | 2600 BC |
| Discovered | 1923 Tell al-'Ubaid |
| Discovered by | Leonard Woolley |
| Present location | British Museum, London |
| Identification | ME 116740 |
| Registration | 1924,0920.1 |
The Copper Bull is a copper sculpture found at the site of Tell al-'Ubaid near the ancient city of Ur, now in southern Iraq, by Sir Leonard Woolley in 1923. The sculpture, which dates from about 2600 BC, is now in the British Museum.[1]
Discovery
The sculpture was found with a number of other artifacts at the base of a foundation in Tell al-'Ubaid. The sculpture was found by Leonard Woolley who was working jointly for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and the British Museum.[2] The foundation which hid the sculpture was a platform made from brick and mud which had originally supported a temple to the goddess Ninhursag. The bull sculpture had been crushed by the falling masonry of the damaged temple. Woolley found similar models of bulls but only this and one other were recovered in an intact state.
Ninhursag was a goddess of the pastures, so it is appropriate that cows should be found around her temple; it was said that her milk sustained the kings.
Construction
The sculpture had been made by first making a wooden model of a bull. This had then been coated with bitumen. The parts of the bull were made in sections.[3] The legs were shaped out of wood covered in copper plate and held in place using tacks. The legs were attached and then more copper sheet covered the main body, with a different sheet for the bull's shoulders. These sheets were held in place by flat-headed nails along the back of the legs, the haunches and the stomach. The body's sheets overlapped the places where the legs had been attached.[3]
Copper bolts attached the legs to the base and the head was attached with a wooden dowel. The horns and the ears were then attached to the head.[3]
Recovery
By the time the bull was discovered the wood had decayed away and the bull was recovered only by casting wax around the fragile remains and then lifting the remains out for later conservation. The sculpture as exhibited in the British Museum includes a horn, part of the tail and hooves which have been recreated to make the bull complete.[1]
Ownership
The Copper Bull is in the British Museum. The artifacts discovered by Woolley were shared between the Iraqi State which received around 50% of the objects and the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology which each received about 25% of the objects.[4] Ur was one of the first sites excavated under Iraq's antiquity law, drawn up by Gertrude Bell.[5]
References
- ^ a b Copper figure of a bull, British Museum, accessed July 2010
- ^ Ellen Herscher, "At the Museums: Wonders of Ur, Archeology, Volume 53 Number 2, March/April 2000, retrieved July 2010
- ^ a b c Maude de Schauensee, Two Lyres from Ur, 2002, p.37-42, accessed July 2010
- ^ About the Excavations of Ur Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved December 2015
- ^ Spotlight on Division of Finds: Penn’s acquisition of its Ur material, retrieved December 2015
Bibliography
- H.R. Hall and C.L. Woolley, Ur Excavations, vol. I: Al-Uba (London, Oxford University Press, 1927)
- T. C. Mitchell, Sumerian art: illustrated by objects from Ur and Al-'Ubaid (London, The British Museum Press, 1969)
