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{{Short description|1919–1920 party leadership body}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox Central Committee outline
{{Infobox Central Committee outline
| image =
| image = [[File:Delegates of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).jpg|From left to right, top row: [[Ivar Smilga]], [[Vasily Schmidt]], [[Sergey Zorin]]. Middle row, left to right: [[Grigory Evdokimov]], [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Mikhail Kalinin]], [[Pyotr Smorodin]]. Upper row: [[Pavel Malkov]], [[Eino Rahja]], [[Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev]], [[Pyotr Zalutsky]], [[Jacob Drobnis]], [[Mikhail Tomsky]], [[Moisei Kharitonov]], [[Adolph Joffe]], [[David Riazanov]], [[Alexey Badayev]], [[Leonid Serebryakov]], [[Mikhail Lashevich]].|300px]]
| caption = Delegates of the 8th Party Congress
| caption = Delegates of the 8th Party Congress
| number = Central Committee
| number = Central Committee
| name = elected<br>by the 8th Congress
| name = <br>of the 8th Congress
| start = 23 March 1919
| start = 23 March 1919
| end = 5 April 1920
| end = 5 April 1920
| es = [[Elena Stasova]] (1919)<br>[[Nikolay Krestinsky]] (1919)
| es = [[Elena Stasova]] (1919)<br>[[Nikolay Krestinsky]] (1919)
| ss =
| ss =
| ig = [[8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Politburo]]: 6 full & 3 candidates<br>[[14th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Secretariat]]: 3 members<br>[[14th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Orgburo]]: 9 full & 1 candidates
| ig = [[8th Politburo and the 8th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Politburo]]: 6 full & 3 candidates<br>[[8th Politburo and the 8th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Secretariat]]: 3 members<br>[[8th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Orgburo]]: 9 full & 1 candidates
| apparatus = Seven bureaus, six departments and one administrative post
| apparatus = Seven bureaus, six departments and one administrative post
| full = 19 full
| full = 19 full
Line 19: Line 21:
|sessionstart2 =
|sessionstart2 =
|sessionend2 =
|sessionend2 =
|previous = [[Central Committee elected by the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|7th]]
|previous = [[Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|7th]]
|next = [[Central Committee elected by the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|9th]]
|next = [[Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|9th]]
}}
}}
The '''Central Committee (CC)''' composition was elected by the [[8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|8th Congress]], and sat from 23 March 1919 until 5 April 1920. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the [[8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Politburo]], [[8th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Secretariat]] and the [[8th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Organizational Bureau]] (OB) of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]].
The '''Central Committee (CC)''' composition was elected by the [[8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|8th Congress]], and sat from 23 March 1919 until 5 April 1920. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the [[8th Politburo and the 8th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Politburo]], [[8th Politburo and the 8th Secretariat of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Secretariat]] and the [[8th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Organizational Bureau]] (OB) of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]].


==Plenary sessions==
==Keys==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Plenary sessions of the Central Committee
! scope="col" | Plenum
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Length
|-
|-
! scope="row" | 1st Plenary Session
|bgcolor="#ffffbb"| {{✡}}
| data-sort-value="1" | 20 March 1919
| Indicates that the individual was born into a [[Jews|Jewish]] family.
| 1 day
|-
|-
! scope="row" | 2nd Plenary Session
| style="background: Pink" | {{♀}}
| data-sort-value="2" | 25 March 1919
| Indicates that the individual is female.
| 1 day
|-
|-
! scope="row" | 3rd Plenary Session
| BY
| data-sort-value="3" | 13 April 1919
| Birth year.
| 1 day
|-
|-
! scope="row" | 4th Plenary Session
| DY
| data-sort-value="4" | 5 May 1919
| Death year.
| 1 day
|-
|-
! scope="row" | 5th Plenary Session
| PB
| data-sort-value="5" | 10–11 June 1919
| Politburo member.
| 2 days
|-
|-
! scope="row" | 6th Plenary Session
| SC
| data-sort-value="6" | 15 June 1919
| Secretariat member.
| 1 day
|-
|-
! scope="row" | 7th Plenary Session
| OB
| data-sort-value="7" | 3–4 July 1919
| Orgburo member.
| 2 days
|-
|-
! scope="row" | 8th Plenary Session
| PB(C), SC(C), OB(C)
| data-sort-value="8" | 21, 26 September 1919
| The "(C)" in these initials refers to "Candidate member"
| 2 days
|-
! scope="row" | 9th Plenary Session
| data-sort-value="9" | 29 November 1919
| 1 day
|-
! scope="row" | 10th Plenary Session
| data-sort-value="10" | 31 January 1920
| 1 day
|-
! scope="row" | 11th Plenary Session
| data-sort-value="11" | 6 February 1920
| 1 day
|}
|}


==Plenums==
==Composition==
===Members===
{{col-begin}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
{{col-2}}
* Meeting of the Central Committee (20 March 1919)
|+Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
! scope="col" | Name
* 1st Plenary Session (25 March 1919)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
* 2nd Plenary Session (13 April 1919)
! scope="col" | [[Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|7th CC]]
* 3rd Plenary Session (5 May 1919)
! scope="col" | [[Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|9th CC]]
* 4th Plenary Session (10–11 June 1919)
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Birth|The year of birth of the person in question.}}
* 5th Plenary Session (15 June 1919)
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Death|The year of death of the person in question.}}
{{col-2}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|PM|Party membership—when the person in question joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
* 6th Plenary Session (3–4 July 1919)
! scope="col" | Nationality
* 7th Plenary Session (21, 26 September 1919)
! scope="col" | Gender
* 8th Plenary Session (29 November 1919)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Portrait
* 9th Plenary Session (31 January 1919)
* 10th Plenary Session (6 February 1919)
{{col-end}}

==Members==
===Full===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Name<br>Cyrillic
! scope="col" | BY
! scope="col" | DY
! scope="col" | PM
! scope="col" | Ethnicity
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:1em;" | Portrait
! scope="col" style="width:20em;" | First post held<br>(during term)
! scope="col" | CIM
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Alexander|Beloborodov}}<br>Александр Белобородов
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Alexander|Beloborodov}}
| Александр Белобородов
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = #B2FFFF | {{abbr|Candidate|Candidate Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1891
| 1891
| 1938
| 1938
| 1907
| 1907
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| {{center|—}}
| [[File:БСЭ1. Белобородов, Александр Георгиевич.jpg|80px]]
| Chairman, Executive Committee of the Vyatsk Regional Soviet
| OB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Nikolai|Bukharin}}<br>Никола́й Буха́рин
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Nikolai|Bukharin}}
| Никола́й Буха́рин
| bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1888
| 1888
| 1938
| 1938
| 1906
| 1906
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Nikolai Bukharin (4).jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Bucharin.bra.jpg|80px]]
| Editor-in-chief, ''[[Pravda]]''
| PB(C)
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Felix|Dzerzhinsky}}<br>Фе́ликс Дзержи́нский
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Felix|Dzerzhinsky}}
| Фе́ликс Дзержи́нский
| bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1877
| 1877
| 1926
| 1926
| 1906
| 1906
| [[Poles|Polish]]
| [[Polish people|Polish]]
| Male
| [[File:Dzerzhinsky.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:RIAN archive 6464 Dzerzhinsky.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| People's Commissar for Internal Affairs of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]]≤br>Chairman, [[Cheka|All-Russian Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage]]
| OB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Grigory|Evdokimov}}<br>Григорий Евдокимов
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Mikhail|Kalinin}}
| Михаил Калинин
| 1884
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1936
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1903
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[File:Grigory Evdokimov attending the 8th Party Congress in 1919.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Commissioner of Industry, Provincial Union of Communes
| {{center|—}}
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Mikhail|Kalinin}}<br>Михаил Калинин
| 1875
| 1875
| 1946
| 1946
| 1898
| 1898
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Mikhail Kalinin attending the 8th Party Congress (4).jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Mikhail Kalinin attending the 8th Party Congress (4).jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Member, Board of the [[People's Commissariat for Food]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]]
| PB(C), OB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Lev|Kamenev}}<br>Лев Ка́менев
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Lev|Kamenev}}
| Лев Ка́менев
| bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1883
| 1883
| 1936
| 1936
| 1901
| 1901
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | [[Russians|Russian]]{{✡}}
| [[History of the Jews in Russia|Jewish]]-[[Russians|Russian]]
<ref>{{Cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |title=Stalin: A Biography |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2005 |pages=103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindemann |first=Albert S. |title=Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |pages=430}}</ref>{{efn|His father was Jewish and his mother Russian|group=lower-alpha}}
| [[File:Lev Kamenev in 1922.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Male
| Chairman, Executive Committee of the Moscow Regional Soviet
| [[File:Lev Kamenev 1920s (cropped).jpg|80px|alt=]]
| PB, OB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Nikolay|Krestinsky}}<br>Никола́й Крести́нский
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Nikolay|Krestinsky}}
| Никола́й Крести́нский
| bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1883
| 1883
| 1936
| 1938
| 1901
| 1901
| [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marie |first=Jean-Jacques |title=Makers of the Russian Revolution: Biographies of Bolshevik Leaders |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1974 |pages=152}}</ref>
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Nikolai Krestinsky.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Nikolai Krestinsky.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[Ministry of Finance (Russia)|People's Commissar for Finance]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]]
| PB, SC, OB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Vladimir|Lenin}}<br>Владимир Ленин
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Vladimir|Lenin}}
| Владимир Ленин
| bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1870
| 1870
| 1924
| 1924
| 1901
| 1898
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Vladimir Lenin attending the 8th Party Congress (2).jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Vladimir Lenin.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[Prime Minister of Russia|Chairman]], [[Government of Russia|Council of People's Commissars]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]]<br>Chairman, [[Council of Labor and Defense]] of the Russian SFSR
| PB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Matvei|Muranov}}<br>Матвей Муранов
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Matvei|Muranov}}
| Матвей Муранов
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = #B2FFFF | {{abbr|Candidate|Candidate Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1873
| 1873
| 1959
| 1959
| 1904
| 1904
| [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]
| [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]
| Male
| [[File:Muranov MK.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Muranov MK.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Instructor to the Central Committee
| OB(C)
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Karl|Radek}}<br>Карл Радек
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Karl|Radek}}
| Карл Радек
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1885
| 1885
| 1939
| 1939
| 1903
| 1903
| [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindemann |first=Albert S. |title=Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |pages=432}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Riga |first=Liliana |title=The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |pages=60 and 304}}</ref>
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]]{{✡}}
| Male
| [[File:Radek1.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Karol Sobelsohn.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Head, Press Department of the [[Government of Russia|Council of People's Commissars]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Christian|Rakovsky}}<br>Христиан Раковский
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Christian|Rakovsky}}
| Христиан Раковский
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1873
| 1873
| 1941
| 1941
| 1917
| 1917
| [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]]
| [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]]
| Male
| [[File:Rakovsky01.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Christian Rakovsky 1920s.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Chairman, [[Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine]]
| OB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Leonid|Serebryakov}}<br>Леонид Серебряков
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Leonid|Serebryakov}}
| Леонид Серебряков
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1890
| 1890
| 1937
| 1937
| 1905
| 1905
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Leonid Serebryakov attending the 9th Party Congress.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:No-nb bldsa 1c113 Серебряков.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Member, Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Moscow Regional Soviet
| OB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Ivar|Smilga}}<br>Ивар Смилга
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Ivar|Smilga}}
| Ивар Смилга
| bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = #B2FFFF | {{abbr|Candidate|Candidate Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1892
| 1892
| 1938
| 1938
| 1907
| 1907
| [[Latvians|Latvian]]
| [[Latvians|Latvian]]
| Male
| [[File:Smilga IT.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Smilga IT.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Member, Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front
| {{center|—}}
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Joseph|Stalin}}<br>Ио́сиф Ста́лин
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Joseph|Stalin}}
| Ио́сиф Ста́лин
| bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1878
| 1878
| 1953
| 1953
| 1898
| 1898
| [[Georgians|Georgian]]
| [[Georgians|Georgian]]
| Male
| [[File:Joseph Stalin at the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Stalin-Joseph-1930 (close-up)-2.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[People's Commissariat for Nationalities|People's Commissar for Nationalities]]
| PB, OB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Elena|Stasova}}<br>Еле́на Ста́сова
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Elena|Stasova}}
| Еле́на Ста́сова
| bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1873
| 1873
| 1966
| 1966
| 1898
| 1898
| style="background: Pink" | [[Russians|Russian]]{{♀}}
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| style="background: Pink" | Female
| [[File:Stasova ED.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Stasova ED.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| {{center|—}}
| PB, SC, OB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Pēteris|Stučka}}<br>Пётр Сту́чка
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Pēteris|Stučka}}
| Пётр Сту́чка
| bgcolor = #B2FFFF | {{abbr|Candidate|Candidate Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = #B2FFFF | {{abbr|Candidate|Candidate Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1865
| 1865
| 1932
| 1932
| 1906
| 1906
| [[Latvians|Latvian]]
| [[Latvians|Latvian]]
| Male
| [[File:Pēteris Stučka at Brest-Litovsk (1918) 1.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Pēteris Stučka at Brest-Litovsk (1918) 1.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Chairman, [[Government of Latvia|Council of People's Commissars]] of the [[Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic|Latvian SSR]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Mikhail|Tomsky}}<br>Михаил Томский
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Mikhail|Tomsky}}
| Михаил Томский
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1880
| 1880
| 1936
| 1936
| 1904
| 1904
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Mikhail Tomsky attending the 8th Party Congress in 1919.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Tomskiy MP.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Chairman, All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions<br>Member, Presidium of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions
| {{center|—}}
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Leon|Trotsky}}<br>Лев Тро́цкий
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Leon|Trotsky}}
| Лев Тро́цкий
| bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1879
| 1879
| 1936
| 1940
| 1917
| 1917
| [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rubenstein |first=Joshua |title=Leon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2011 |pages=1}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Riga |first=Liliana |title=The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |pages=60 and 304}}</ref>
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | [[Russians|Russian]]{{✡}}
| Male
| [[File:Leon Trotsky at Brest-Litovsk (1918) 1.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Лев Давидович Троцкий.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)| People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs]]<br>Chairman, [[Revolutionary Military Council]]
| PB, OB
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Grigory|Zinoviev}}<br>Григо́рий Зино́вьев
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | [[Grigory Yevdokimov]]
| Григорий Евдокимов
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1884
| 1936
| 1903
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Grigory Evdokimov attending the 8th Party Congress in 1919.jpg|80px|alt=]]
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Grigory|Zinoviev}}
| Григо́рий Зино́вьев
| bgcolor = Salmon | {{abbr|Old|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Reelected|Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1883
| 1883
| 1936
| 1936
| 1901
| 1901
| [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |title=Stalin: A Biography |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2005 |pages=103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindemann |first=Albert S. |title=Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |pages=430}}</ref>
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | [[Russians|Russian]]{{✡}}
| Male
| [[File:Grigory Zinoviev crop.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Screenshot of Grigory Zinoviev.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Chairman, Executive Committee of the Petrograd Regional Soviet<br>Chairman, Executive Committee of the Petrograd City Soviet
| PB(C)
|}
|}


===Candidates===
===Candidates===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center
|+Candidate Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
! scope="col" | [[Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|7th CC]]
! scope="col" | [[Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|9th CC]]
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Birth|The year of birth of the person in question.}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Death|The year of death of the person in question.}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|PM|Party membership—when the person in question joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Gender
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Portrait
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Andrei|Bubnov}}
! scope="col" | Name<br>Cyrillic
| Андрей Бубнов
! scope="col" | BY
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
! scope="col" | DY
| bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
! scope="col" | PM
! scope="col" | Ethnicity
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:1em;" | Portrait
! scope="col" style="width:25em;" | First post held<br>(during term)
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Andrei|Bubnov}}<br>Андрей Бубнов
| 1884
| 1884
| 1938
| 1938
| 1903
| 1903
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Bubnov.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Andrei Sergeyevich Bubnov (1884-1938).jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Chairman, Executive Committee of the Kiev Regional Soviet
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Jūlijs|Daniševskis}}<br>Владимир Милютин
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Jūlijs|Daniševskis}}
| Владимир Милютин
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1884
| 1884
| 1937
| 1937
| 1910
| 1906
| [[Latvians|Latvian]]
| [[Latvians|Latvian]]
| Male
| [[File:Portrait of Jūlijs Kārlis Daniševskis.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:Portrait of Jūlijs Kārlis Daniševskis.jpg|80px]]
| Deputy Chairman, [[Government of Latvia|Council of People's Commissars]] of the [[Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic|Latvian SSR]]
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Vincas|Mickevičius-Kapsukas}}<br>Владимир Милютин
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Vincas|Mickevičius|Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas}}
| Винцас Мицкявичюс
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1880
| 1880
| 1935
| 1935
| 1906
| 1906
| [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]]
| [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]]
| Male
| [[File:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas.jpg|80px]]
| [[File:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas.jpg|80px]]
| Chairman, [[Government of Lithuania|Council of People's Commissars]] of the [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19)|Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Vasily|Schmidt}}<br>Сергей Чуцкаев
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Vasily|Schmidt}}
| Василий Шмидт
| bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Member|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1886
| 1886
| 1938
| 1938
| 1905
| 1905
| [[Germans|German]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ivkin |first=V.I. |title=Государственная власть СССР. Высшие органы власти и управления и их руководители. 1923—1991 гг. Историко-биографический справочни |location=Moscow |pages=605 |language=Russian}}</ref>
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Vasily Schmidt attending the 8th Party Congress in 1919.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Vasily Schmidt Portrait.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Member, Presidium of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|"Artyom" Fyodor|Sergeyev|Fyodor Sergeyev}}<br>Фёдор Серге́ев
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Fyodor|Sergeyev}}
| Фёдор Серге́ев
| bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Member|Member of the Central Committee of 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Member|Member of the Central Committee of 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1895
| 1895
| 1971
| 1921
| 1914
| 1914
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Artem Sergeev 1.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Fyodor Sergeyev.JPG|80px|alt=]]
| Deputy Chairman, [[Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine]]
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Ivan|Smirnov|Ivan Smirnov (politician)}}<br>Иван Смирнов
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Ivan|Smirnov|Ivan Smirnov (politician)}}
| Иван Смирнов
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|Member|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1881
| 1881
| 1936
| 1936
| 1899
| 1899
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Iwan_Smirnow.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Iwan_Smirnow.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Member, Siberian Bureau
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Mikhail|Vladimirsky}}<br>Сергей Гусев
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Mikhail|Vladimirsky}}
| Михаи́л Влади́мирский
| bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Member|Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = PeachPuff | {{abbr|Not|Not elected to the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1874
| 1874
| 1951
| 1951
| 1898
| 1898
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| [[Russians|Russian]]
| Male
| [[File:Vladimirskiy MF.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Vladimirskiy MF.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[List of leaders of the Russian SFSR#Heads of state|Chairman]], [[All-Russian Central Executive Committee|Central Executive Committee]] of the [[All-Russian Congress of Soviets]]
|-
|-
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Yemelyan|Yaroslavsky}}<br>Емельян Ярославский
! align="center" scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{sortname|Yemelyan|Yaroslavsky}}
| Емельян Ярославский
| bgcolor = LightGreen | {{abbr|New|Not a Member of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| bgcolor = #B2FFFF | {{abbr|Candidate|Candidate Member of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).}}
| 1878
| 1878
| 1943
| 1943
| 1898
| 1898
| [[History of the Jews in Russia|Jewish]]<ref name=":2" />
| bgcolor="#ffffbb" | [[Russians|Russian]]{{✡}}
| Male
| [[File:Yaroslavskiy EM.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| [[File:Yaroslavskiy E.jpg|80px|alt=]]
| Party Commissioner responsible for Red Army Mobilization
|}
|}


==References==
==References==

===General===

Plenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity (by clicking on the individual names on "The Central Committee, elected VIIIth Congress of the RCP (B) 23/3/1919 members" reference), the Central Committee full- and candidate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership and Orgburo membership were taken from these sources:
* {{cite web | author = Staff writer | author-link = Staff writer | url = http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/07178.asp | publisher = knowbysight.info |title=Съезды, конференции, пленумы и заседания РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС|trans-title=Congresses, conferences, plenary meetings and meetings of the RSDLP – RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU |language=ru|access-date=22 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | author = Staff writer | author-link = Staff writer | url = http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/10029.asp | publisher = knowbysight.info |title= Персональный состав Центрального комитета РСДРП – РСДРП(б) – РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС |trans-title=Membership of the Central Committee of the RSDLP – RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU |language=ru|access-date=22 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | author = Staff writer | author-link = Staff writer | url = http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/04021.asp | publisher = knowbysight.info |title= Центральный Комитет, избранный VIII-м съездом РКП(б) 23.3.1919, члены |trans-title=The Central Committee, elected VIIIth Congress of the RCP (B) 23/3/1919 members |language=ru|access-date=22 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | author = Staff writer | author-link = Staff writer | url = http://ldn-knigi.lib.ru/JUDAICA/Evrei-Rossii_1917-1924.htm | publisher = LDN - приватное собрание книг |title= ЕВРЕИ И ВЛАСТЬ В РОССИИ (1917-1924 гг.) |trans-title=Jews and Power in Russia (1917–1924 biennum) |language=ru|access-date=22 August 2015 | date = 19 June 2008 }}
* {{cite web | author = Staff writer | author-link = Staff writer | url = http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/07177.asp |title= Узкий состав ЦК РСДРП(б) – Политическое бюро ЦК РСДРП(б)—Бюро ЦК РСДРП(б) – РКП(б)—Политическое бюро ЦК РКП(б) – ВКП(б)—Президиум – Политическое бюро ЦК КПСС |trans-title=The narrow composition of the RSDLP (b)—Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (B)—The Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) – RCP (B)—Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b)—the Presidium – Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU |language=ru|access-date=21 June 2015}}
* {{cite web | author = Staff writer | author-link = Staff writer | url = http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/07175.asp |title= Секретариат ЦК РСДРП - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС |trans-title=Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU |language=ru|access-date=21 June 2015}}
* {{cite web | author = Staff writer | author-link = Staff writer | url = http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/07176.asp |title= Организационное бюро РКП(б) - ВКП(б) |trans-title=Organizational Bureau of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b) |language=ru|access-date=21 June 2015}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |author1= Fainsod, Merle |author-link= Merle Fainsod |author2=Hough, Jerry F. |author2-link=Jerry F. Hough |ref = CITEREFFainsodHough1979 | title = How the Soviet Union is Governed | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | year = 1979 | isbn =9780674410305 | url = https://www.amazon.com/How-Soviet-Union-Is-Governed/dp/0674410300}}
*{{cite book | editor = Simons, Williams |editor2=White, Stephens | author = Communist Party of the Soviet Union | author-link = Communist Party of the Soviet Union | title = The Party Statutes of the Communist World | series = Law in Eastern Europe | publisher = [[Brill Publishers]] | year = 1984 | ref = CITEREFSimonsWhite1984 | chapter = Chapter 3: Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union | pages = 413–435 | isbn = 9024729750 | url = https://www.amazon.com/Party-Communist-Statutes-Eastern-Europe/dp/9024729750/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1434631792&sr=8-1&keywords=The+Party+Statutes+of+the+Communist+World&pebp=1434631794298&perid=0014CK2SSJKPPJCXAJ56 }}

===Sources===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Notes==
{{Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}


[[Category:Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
{{Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}
[[Category:Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:1920 disestablishments in Russia]]

Latest revision as of 16:27, 13 April 2024

Central Committee
of the 8th Congress
← 7th
9th →
23 March 1919 – 5 April 1920
Inner-groupsPolitburo: 6 full & 3 candidates
Secretariat: 3 members
Orgburo: 9 full & 1 candidates
Candidates

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 8th Congress, and sat from 23 March 1919 until 5 April 1920. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

Plenary sessions[edit]

Plenary sessions of the Central Committee
Plenum Date Length
1st Plenary Session 20 March 1919 1 day
2nd Plenary Session 25 March 1919 1 day
3rd Plenary Session 13 April 1919 1 day
4th Plenary Session 5 May 1919 1 day
5th Plenary Session 10–11 June 1919 2 days
6th Plenary Session 15 June 1919 1 day
7th Plenary Session 3–4 July 1919 2 days
8th Plenary Session 21, 26 September 1919 2 days
9th Plenary Session 29 November 1919 1 day
10th Plenary Session 31 January 1920 1 day
11th Plenary Session 6 February 1920 1 day

Composition[edit]

Members[edit]

Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Name Cyrillic 7th CC 9th CC Birth Death PM Nationality Gender Portrait
Alexander Beloborodov Александр Белобородов New Candidate 1891 1938 1907 Russian Male
Nikolai Bukharin Никола́й Буха́рин Old Reelected 1888 1938 1906 Russian Male
Felix Dzerzhinsky Фе́ликс Дзержи́нский Old Reelected 1877 1926 1906 Polish Male
Mikhail Kalinin Михаил Калинин New Reelected 1875 1946 1898 Russian Male
Lev Kamenev Лев Ка́менев Old Reelected 1883 1936 1901 Jewish-Russian

[1][2][a]

Male
Nikolay Krestinsky Никола́й Крести́нский Old Reelected 1883 1938 1901 Ukrainian[3] Male
Vladimir Lenin Владимир Ленин Old Reelected 1870 1924 1898 Russian Male
Matvei Muranov Матвей Муранов New Candidate 1873 1959 1904 Ukrainian Male
Karl Radek Карл Радек New Reelected 1885 1939 1903 Jewish[4][5] Male
Christian Rakovsky Христиан Раковский New Reelected 1873 1941 1917 Bulgarian Male
Leonid Serebryakov Леонид Серебряков New Reelected 1890 1937 1905 Russian Male
Ivar Smilga Ивар Смилга Old Candidate 1892 1938 1907 Latvian Male
Joseph Stalin Ио́сиф Ста́лин Old Reelected 1878 1953 1898 Georgian Male
Elena Stasova Еле́на Ста́сова Old Not 1873 1966 1898 Russian Female
Pēteris Stučka Пётр Сту́чка Candidate Candidate 1865 1932 1906 Latvian Male
Mikhail Tomsky Михаил Томский New Reelected 1880 1936 1904 Russian Male
Leon Trotsky Лев Тро́цкий Old Reelected 1879 1940 1917 Jewish[6][7] Male
Grigory Yevdokimov Григорий Евдокимов New Not 1884 1936 1903 Russian Male
Grigory Zinoviev Григо́рий Зино́вьев Old Reelected 1883 1936 1901 Jewish[8][9] Male

Candidates[edit]

Candidate Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Name Cyrillic 7th CC 9th CC Birth Death PM Nationality Gender Portrait
Andrei Bubnov Андрей Бубнов New Not 1884 1938 1903 Russian Male
Jūlijs Daniševskis Владимир Милютин New Not 1884 1937 1906 Latvian Male
Vincas Mickevičius Винцас Мицкявичюс New Not 1880 1935 1906 Lithuanian Male
Vasily Schmidt Василий Шмидт Member Not 1886 1938 1905 German[10] Male
Fyodor Sergeyev Фёдор Серге́ев Member Member 1895 1921 1914 Russian Male
Ivan Smirnov Иван Смирнов New Member 1881 1936 1899 Russian Male
Mikhail Vladimirsky Михаи́л Влади́мирский Member Not 1874 1951 1898 Russian Male
Yemelyan Yaroslavsky Емельян Ярославский New Candidate 1878 1943 1898 Jewish[7] Male

References[edit]

General[edit]

Plenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity (by clicking on the individual names on "The Central Committee, elected VIIIth Congress of the RCP (B) 23/3/1919 members" reference), the Central Committee full- and candidate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership and Orgburo membership were taken from these sources:

Bibliography[edit]

Sources[edit]

  1. ^ Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Harvard University Press. p. 103.
  2. ^ Lindemann, Albert S. (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 430.
  3. ^ Marie, Jean-Jacques (1974). Makers of the Russian Revolution: Biographies of Bolshevik Leaders. Cornell University Press. p. 152.
  4. ^ Lindemann, Albert S. (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 432.
  5. ^ Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60 and 304.
  6. ^ Rubenstein, Joshua (2011). Leon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life. Yale University Press. p. 1.
  7. ^ a b Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60 and 304.
  8. ^ Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Harvard University Press. p. 103.
  9. ^ Lindemann, Albert S. (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 430.
  10. ^ Ivkin, V.I. Государственная власть СССР. Высшие органы власти и управления и их руководители. 1923—1991 гг. Историко-биографический справочни (in Russian). Moscow. p. 605.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ His father was Jewish and his mother Russian
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