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{{Short description|Category 3 South Pacific cyclone in 1992}}
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{{Infobox Hurricane
{{good article}}
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| Name=Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni
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{{Infobox weather event
| Type=tropical cyclone
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| name=Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni
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| Year=1992
| image=Joni Dec 10 1992 0337Z.png
| Basin=SPac
| Image location=Joni Dec 10 1992 0337Z.png
| location=Satellite image of Cyclone Joni near its peak intensity
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
| Image name=Satellite image of Cyclone Joni near its peak intensity
| Formed=December 3, 1992
| formed=December 3, 1992
| Dissipated=December 14, 1992
| dissipated=December 14, 1992
| Extratropical=December 13, 1992
| extratropical=December 13, 1992
}}{{Infobox weather event/FMS
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| 1-min winds=110
| 10-min winds=90
| winds=90
| Pressure=940
| pressure=940
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| Damages=1.6
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| winds=110
| Fatalities=1
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
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| Areas=[[Tuvalu]], [[Fiji]]
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| year=1992
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| Hurricane season=[[1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season]]
| damage=1600000
| fatalities=1
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| areas=[[Tuvalu]], [[Fiji]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
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| season=[[1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season]]
}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni''' was the first tropical cyclone of the [[1992-93 South Pacific cyclone season]] and was responsible for some damage in Tuvalu and Fiji. The system was first noted within the [[South Pacific Convergence Zone]] at the start of December 1992, as a shallow tropical depression in the vicinity of the island nation [[Tuvalu]]. Over the next few days the system gradually developed further as it affected Tuvalu, before it was declared to be a tropical cyclone and named Joni by the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] <small>(FMS)</small> during December 7. Over the next couple of days the system intensified further as it was steered south-westwards and posed a threat towards the Fijian dependency of Rotuma and the French territory of Wallis and Futuna. The system subsequently peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the [[Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale]] as it approached the [[Fijian Islands]] during December 10. Over the next couple of days the system moved through the Fijian Islands, before it became an extratropical cyclone during December 13. The system was last noted during the next day as it was absorbed by a mid-latitude trough of low pressure to the northeast of [[Gisborne, New Zealand]].
'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni''' was a damaging tropical cyclone that impacted the island nations of [[Tuvalu]] and [[Fiji]]. It was first noted within the [[South Pacific Convergence Zone]] at the start of December 1992, as a shallow tropical depression in the vicinity of the island nation [[Tuvalu]]. Over the next few days the system gradually developed further as it affected Tuvalu, before it was declared to be a tropical cyclone and named Joni by the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] <small>(FMS)</small> during December 7. Over the next couple of days the system intensified further as it was steered south-westwards and posed a threat towards the Fijian dependency of Rotuma and the French territory of Wallis and Futuna. The system subsequently peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the [[Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale]] as it approached the [[Fijian Islands]] during December 10. Over the next couple of days the system moved through the Fijian Islands, before it became an extratropical cyclone during December 13. The system was last noted during the next day as it was absorbed by a mid-latitude trough of low pressure to the east of New Zealand.


Joni caused gale to storm force winds on the Tuvuluan island of Niulakita and minor damage to most of the Tuvuluan islands. Total damages to crops in the island nation were estimated at {{ntsp|6900||AU$}} ({{ntsp|5000||US$}}). There were no damages reported on the islands of Wallis and Futuna or Rotuma, while 1 person was killed, 10 people went missing and total damages were estimated at {{ntsp|2000000||FJ$}} ({{ntsp|1600000||US$}}) in Fiji. The main impacts of Joni in Fiji were confined to the Western Division, with the islands of Yasawa, Mamanuca, Viti Levu, Kadavu and Vatulele being the worst affected areas. Damages in both Tuvalu and Fiji were exacerbated a month later by Severe Tropical Cyclones Nina and Kina interacting with each other. Due to the impact of this system, the name Joni was subsequently retired from the list of names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization.
Joni caused gale to storm force winds on the Tuvuluan island of [[Niulakita]] and minor damage to most of the Tuvuluan islands. Total damages to crops in the island nation were estimated at {{ntsp|6900||[[AU$]]}} ({{ntsp|5000||[[US$]]}}). There were no damages reported on the islands of Wallis and Futuna or Rotuma, while 1 person was killed, 10 people went missing and total damages were estimated at {{ntsp|2000000||[[Fijian dollar|FJ$]]}} ({{ntsp|1600000||US$}}) in Fiji. The main impacts of Joni in Fiji were confined to the Western Division, with the islands of Yasawa, Mamanuca, Viti Levu, Kadavu and Vatulele being the worst affected areas. Damages in both Tuvalu and Fiji were exacerbated a month later by Severe Tropical Cyclones [[Cyclone Nina|Nina]] and [[Cyclone Kina|Kina]] interacting with each other. Due to the impact of this system, the name Joni was subsequently retired from the list of names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization.


==Meteorological history==
==Meteorological history==
{{Storm Path|Joni 1992 track.png}}
{{Storm Path|Joni 1992 track.png}}
At the start of December 1992, a shallow tropical depression developed along the [[South Pacific Convergence Zone]] in the vicinity of [[Tuvalu]].<ref name="Joni TCR">{{cite report|accessdate=December 5, 2015|archivedate=December 5, 2015|title=Tropical Cyclone Joni, December 3-14, 1992|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|deadurl=no|url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_11.NAR|date=May 20, 1996|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dYUilKNY}}</ref> Over the next few days the system persisted near Tuvalu, before it started to move south-eastwards and develop further during December 5.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> During December 6, the United States [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 03P and initiated advisories, while the system was located on the [[180th meridian]] about {{convert|180|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Funafuti]], Tuvalu.<ref name="JTWC ATCR">{{cite report|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1993|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url=https://metoc.ndbc.noaa.gov/ProductFeeds-portlet/img/jtwc/atcr/1993atcr.pdf|pages=216|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=January 31, 2013|year=1994}}</ref> Over the next couple of days, the system slowly deepened as it organised further and caused gale to storm force winds on the island of [[Niulakita]] and strong squally winds over the rest of [[Tuvalu]].<ref name="Joni TCR"/> During December 7, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] <small>(FMS)</small> reported that the depression had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the [[Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale]] and named it Joni.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> After it had been named the system passed near Niulakita as it was steered towards the southwest by a low-middle level flow and intensified further.<ref name="Joni TCR"/><ref name="Dec 92">{{cite journal|year=1992|title=December 1992|journal=Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|volume=11|issue=12|page=2|issn=1321-4233|deadurl=no|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199212.pdf|accessdate=December 6, 2015|author=Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6da8ETZiC|archivedate=December 6, 2015}}</ref>
At the start of December 1992, a shallow tropical depression developed along the [[South Pacific Convergence Zone]] in the vicinity of [[Tuvalu]].<ref name="Joni TCR">{{cite report|access-date=December 5, 2015 |archive-date=December 5, 2015 |title=Tropical Cyclone Joni, December 3-14, 1992 |publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |url-status=live |url={{GTECCA url|basin=SWP|year=1992_11}} |date=May 20, 1996 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6dYUilKNY?url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_11.NAR }}</ref> Over the next few days the system persisted near Tuvalu, before it started to move south-eastwards and develop further during December 5.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> During December 6, the United States [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 03P and initiated advisories, while the system was located on the [[180th meridian]] about {{convert|180|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Funafuti]], Tuvalu.<ref name="JTWC ATCR">{{cite report|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1993|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url=https://metoc.ndbc.noaa.gov/ProductFeeds-portlet/img/jtwc/atcr/1993atcr.pdf|pages=216|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|access-date=January 31, 2013|year=1994|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044920/https://metoc.ndbc.noaa.gov/ProductFeeds-portlet/img/jtwc/atcr/1993atcr.pdf|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over the next couple of days, the system slowly deepened as it organised further and caused gale to storm force winds on the island of [[Niulakita]] and strong squally winds over the rest of [[Tuvalu]].<ref name="Joni TCR"/> During December 7, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] <small>(FMS)</small> reported that the depression had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the [[Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale]] and named it Joni.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> After it had been named the system passed near Niulakita as it was steered towards the southwest by a low to mid level flow and intensified further.<ref name="Joni TCR"/><ref name="Dec 92">{{cite journal|year=1992 |title=December 1992 |journal=Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=2 |issn=1321-4233 |url-status=live |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199212.pdf |access-date=December 6, 2015 |author=Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091251/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199212.pdf |archive-date=December 22, 2015 }}</ref>


The FMS classified Joni as a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone during December 9, after an eye had become apparent in satellite imagery.<ref name="Joni TCR"/>{{TCWC Wellington BT}} The system subsequently slowed down and started to recurve and move southwards towards Fiji, due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge of high pressure.<ref name="Dec 92"/><ref name="Wellington BT"/> Early on December 10, the FMS reported that Joni had peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 165&nbsp;km/h (105&nbsp;mph).<ref name="Wellington BT"/> The JTWC also reported at around this time that the system had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 205&nbsp;km/h (125&nbsp;mph), which made it equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref name="JTWC ATCR"/> During that day Joni passed near or over the Fijian island groups of [[Yasawa]] and [[Mamanuca]], before it passed about {{convert|55|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west of the main Fijian island: [[Viti Levu]].<ref name="Joni TCR"/> At around 10:30&nbsp;[[UTC]] (22:30&nbsp;[[FST]]) on December 10, the system was successfully located on the Nadi weather radar, while it was located about {{convert|65|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-southwest of Nadi.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> Over the next few hours the system was located by radar, until it passed near or over the island of [[Vatulele]].<ref name="Joni TCR"/> After passing near the island, the system moved south-eastwards towards [[Kadavu Island|Kadavu]] and [[Ono-i-Lau]], with the eye of the system passing directly over Kadavu during December 11.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> The system subsequently started to weaken and transition into an extratropical cyclone, as it entered a region of strong vertical wind shear and cooler sea waters.<ref name="Joni TCR"/><ref name="Dec 92"/> The system was declared to be an extratropical cyclone early on December 13, before it was absorbed by a mid-latitude trough of low pressure to the northeast of [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]] [[New Zealand]] during December 14.<ref name="Joni TCR"/><ref name="Wellington BT"/>
The FMS classified Joni as a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone during December 9, after an eye had become apparent in satellite imagery.<ref name="Joni TCR"/>{{TCWC Wellington BT}} The system subsequently slowed down and started to recurve and move southwards towards Fiji, due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge of high pressure.<ref name="Dec 92"/><ref name="Wellington BT"/> Early on December 10, the FMS reported that Joni had peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 165&nbsp;km/h (105&nbsp;mph).<ref name="Wellington BT"/> The JTWC also reported at around this time that the system had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 205&nbsp;km/h (125&nbsp;mph), which made it equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref name="JTWC ATCR"/> During that day Joni passed near or over the Fijian island groups of [[Yasawa]] and [[Mamanuca]], before it passed about {{convert|55|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the west of the main Fijian island: [[Viti Levu]].<ref name="Joni TCR"/> At around 10:30&nbsp;[[UTC]] (22:30&nbsp;[[Fiji Standard Time|FST]]) on December 10, the system was successfully located on the Nadi weather radar, while it was located about {{convert|65|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the west-southwest of Nadi.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> Over the next few hours the system was located by radar, until it passed near or over the island of [[Vatulele]].<ref name="Joni TCR"/> After passing near the island, the system moved south-eastwards towards [[Kadavu Island|Kadavu]] and [[Ono-i-Lau]], with the eye of the system passing directly over Kadavu during December 11.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> The system subsequently started to weaken and transition into an extratropical cyclone, as it entered a region of strong vertical wind shear and cooler sea waters.<ref name="Joni TCR"/><ref name="Dec 92"/> The system was declared to be an extratropical cyclone early on December 13, before it was absorbed by a mid-latitude trough of low pressure to the east of [[New Zealand]] during December 14.<ref name="Joni TCR"/><ref name="Wellington BT"/>


==Preparations and impact==
==Preparations and impact==
Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni impacted the island nations of [[Tuvalu]] and [[Fiji]], while it also threatened the Fijian dependency of Rotuma and the French territory of [[Wallis and Futuna]].<ref name="Joni TCR"/> The majority of the Tuvaluan islands suffered minor damage from Joni, while in Fiji the system caused a moderate to severe amount of damage.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> Due to the impact of this system, the name Joni was subsequently retired, from the list of names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization.<ref name="SPAC TCOP">{{cite report|author=RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|title=Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2014|deadurl=no|date=May 5, 2015|pages=2B-1&nbsp;– 2B-4 (23–26)|format=PDF|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24_RAVOpPlan_2014_final.pdf|archivedate=May 24, 2015|accessdate=December 5, 2015|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6YlsJ3Q48}}</ref> This would normally mean that the name would not be used again in the region, however, the name remained on the list and was used during the [[2008-09 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Joni|2008–09 season]].<ref name="SPAC TCOP"/><ref>{{cite report|author=RSMC Nadi&nbsp;– Tropical Cyclone Centre|title=Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 2008–09|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Best%20Tracks/documents/SR_Nadi_2009.doc|date=September 24, 2012|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|accessdate=December 5, 2015}}</ref>
Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni impacted the island nations of [[Tuvalu]] and [[Fiji]], while it also threatened the Fijian dependency of Rotuma and the French territory of [[Wallis and Futuna]].<ref name="Joni TCR"/> The majority of the Tuvaluan islands suffered minor damage from Joni, while in Fiji the system caused a moderate to severe amount of damage.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> Due to the impact of this system, the name Joni was subsequently retired, from the list of names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization.{{RA V Tropical cyclone operational plan}} This would normally mean that the name would not be used again in the region, however, the name remained on the list and was used during the [[2008-09 South Pacific cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Joni|2008–09 season]].<ref>{{cite report|author=RSMC Nadi&nbsp;– Tropical Cyclone Centre|title=Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 2008–09|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Best%20Tracks/documents/SR_Nadi_2009.doc|date=September 24, 2012|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|access-date=December 5, 2015}}</ref>


During its developing stages, Joni was the first of two tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the [[1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season|1992–93 season]].<ref name="Joni TCR"/> As the system started to affect the islands during December 5, the FMS issued a [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|gale warning]] for Niulakita, while strong wind warnings were issued for the rest of the island nation.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> Joni subsequently passed near Niulakita during December 7, where it caused [[Beaufort scale|gale to storm force winds]] and minor damage to the islands.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> The system also caused some damage to crops which were valued at {{ntsp|6900||AU$}} ({{ntsp|5000||US$}}).<ref name="Tuvalu">{{cite report|page=15|title=Tuvalu national report prepared for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction mid-term review and the 1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Yokohama, Japan, May 23-27, 1994|accessdate=December 11, 2015|deadurl=no|archivedate=December 11, 2015|url=http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31116_tuvaluyokohamareport.pdf|date=February 16, 1994|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dhkxOAnp|website=Prevention Web}}</ref> During the following month, Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina affected the islands and contributed to the strength of the westerly winds over the island.<ref name="Tuvalu"/><ref name="Nina TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992&nbsp;– January 4, 1993|deadurl=no|date=May 20, 1996|archivedate=December 5, 2015|url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_13.NAR|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dXzCxiLO|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|accessdate=December 5, 2015}}</ref> A tropical cyclone alert was issued for [[Wallis and Futuna]] during January 6, while a gale warning was issued for [[Rotuma]] during January 7.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> There was subsequently no damage reported in either the French Territory or the Fijian dependency.<ref name="Joni TCR"/><ref name="Threatens">{{cite news|date=December 9, 1992|title=Cyclone threatens Fiji|newspaper=Courier Mail|agency=Australian Associated Press}}</ref>
During its developing stages, Joni was the first of two tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the [[1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season|1992–93 season]].<ref name="Joni TCR"/> As the system started to affect the islands during December 5, the FMS issued a [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|gale warning]] for Niulakita, while strong wind warnings were issued for the rest of the island nation.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> Joni subsequently passed near Niulakita during December 7, where it caused [[Beaufort scale|gale to storm force winds]] and minor damage to the islands.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> The system also caused some damage to crops which were valued at {{ntsp|6900||AU$}} ({{ntsp|5000||US$}}).<ref name="Tuvalu">{{cite report|page=15 |title=Tuvalu national report prepared for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction mid-term review and the 1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Yokohama, Japan, May 23-27, 1994 |access-date=December 11, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url=http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31116_tuvaluyokohamareport.pdf |date=February 16, 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133732/http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31116_tuvaluyokohamareport.pdf |website=Prevention Web }}</ref> A tropical cyclone alert was issued for [[Wallis and Futuna]] during January 6, while a gale warning was issued for [[Rotuma]] during January 7.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> There was subsequently no damage reported in either the French Territory or the Fijian dependency.<ref name="Joni TCR"/><ref name="Threatens">{{cite news|date=December 9, 1992|title=Cyclone threatens Fiji|newspaper=Courier Mail|agency=Australian Associated Press}}</ref>


Between December 9-11, 1992, Joni became the first named tropical cyclone to directly impact the Fiji Islands since [[Cyclone Sina|Severe Tropical Cyclone Sina]] of 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Communication cut as Fiji's main island battered by cyclone|agency=Agence France Presse|date=December 11, 1992}}</ref> Joni caused a moderate to severe amount of damage to Viti Levu, with an overall damage total of about {{ntsp|2000000||FJ$}} ({{ntsp|1600000||US$}}).<ref name="Joni MWL">{{cite journal|author=Fiji Meteorological Service|title=Hurricane Alley: South Pacific Tropical Cyclones Joni and Kina|journal=The Mariners Weather Log|volume=38|issue=2|editor=DeAngellis, Richard M|year=Spring 1994|OCLC=648466886|ISSN=0025-3367|publisher=United States National Oceanographic Data Service|page=46-48|id={{hdl|2027/uiug.30112104094070}}}}</ref><ref name="Fiji NDMO">{{cite report|title=Summary of Major Disasters in Fiji: 1985 - March 2010|deadurl=no|date=July 9, 2015|publisher=Fiji National Disaster Management Office|archivedate=December 5, 2015|url=http://www.ndmo.gov.fj/images/Fiji_Disaster_Summary.pdf|accessdate=December 5, 2015|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dXzCxiLO}}</ref> At various times between December 7&nbsp;– 11, the whole of the main Fijian islands were placed under either a gale, storm or hurricane force wind warning by the FMS.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> Ahead of the system affecting Fiji, international and domestic flights to and from the [[Nadi International Airport]] were cancelled during December 9 and 10, while ships and small boats in [[Lautoka]] were moved to a nearby river.<ref name="Battens Down">{{cite news|title=Fiji battens down for full force of Tropical Cyclone Joni|agency=Agence France Presse|date=December 10, 1992}}</ref><ref name="Tourists Flee">{{cite news|title=Tourists flee as Joni hits Fiji|newspaper=The Herald Sun|date=December 11, 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone threat|newspaper=The Courier-Mail|date=December 11, 1992}}</ref> Hundreds of tourists on Fiji's offshore islands were evacuated to the mainland before the cyclone hit, while around 350 elected to ride out the system at island resorts.<ref name="Tourists Flee"/> Other preparations included the erection of hurricane shutters, while people rushed to stock up on supplies with shelves cleared of emergency supplies.<ref name="Battens Down"/> On some islands, villagers were evacuated to community centres, schools and churches at the height of the storm.<ref name="Tourists Flee"/><ref name="Ten">{{cite news|title=Ten missing after cyclone Jonie hits Fiji|agency=Agence France Presse|date=December 11, 1992}}</ref>
Between December 9–11, 1992, Joni became the first named tropical cyclone to directly impact the Fiji Islands since [[Cyclone Sina|Severe Tropical Cyclone Sina]] of 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Communication cut as Fiji's main island battered by cyclone|agency=Agence France Presse|date=December 11, 1992}}</ref> Joni caused a moderate to severe amount of damage to Viti Levu, with an overall damage total of about {{ntsp|2000000||FJ$}} ({{ntsp|1600000||US$}}).<ref name="Joni MWL">{{cite journal|author=Fiji Meteorological Service|title=Hurricane Alley: South Pacific Tropical Cyclones Joni and Kina|journal=Mariners Weather Log|volume=38|issue=2|editor=DeAngellis, Richard M|date=Spring 1994|oclc=648466886|issn=0025-3367|publisher=United States National Oceanographic Data Service|pages=46–48|hdl=2027/uiug.30112104094070}}</ref><ref name="Fiji NDMO">{{cite report|title=Summary of Major Disasters in Fiji: 1985 - March 2010 |url-status=dead |date=July 9, 2015 |publisher=Fiji National Disaster Management Office |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |url=http://www.ndmo.gov.fj/images/Fiji_Disaster_Summary.pdf |access-date=December 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150752/http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1993_6.NAR }}</ref> At various times between December 7&nbsp;– 11, the whole of the main Fijian islands were placed under either a gale, storm or hurricane-force wind warning by the FMS.<ref name="Joni TCR"/> Ahead of the system affecting Fiji, international and domestic flights to and from the [[Nadi International Airport]] were cancelled during December 9 and 10, while ships and small boats in [[Lautoka]] were moved to a nearby river.<ref name="Battens Down">{{cite news|title=Fiji battens down for full force of Tropical Cyclone Joni|agency=Agence France Presse|date=December 10, 1992}}</ref><ref name="Tourists Flee">{{cite news|title=Tourists flee as Joni hits Fiji|newspaper=The Herald Sun|date=December 11, 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone threat|newspaper=The Courier-Mail|date=December 11, 1992}}</ref> Hundreds of tourists on Fiji's offshore islands were evacuated to the mainland before the cyclone hit, while around 350 elected to ride out the system at island resorts.<ref name="Tourists Flee"/> Other preparations included the erection of hurricane shutters, while people rushed to stock up on supplies with shelves cleared of emergency supplies.<ref name="Battens Down"/> On some islands, villagers were evacuated to community centres, schools and churches at the height of the storm.<ref name="Tourists Flee"/><ref name="Ten">{{cite news|title=Ten missing after cyclone Jonie hits Fiji|agency=Agence France Presse|date=December 11, 1992}}</ref>


Joni's impact on Fiji was generally confined to the [[Western Division, Fiji|Western Division]], with the islands of Yasawa, Mamanuca, Viti Levu, Kadavu and Vatulele being the worst affected areas.<ref name="Joni TCR"/><ref name="Fiji NDMO"/> The system caused high seas and widespread flooding including in several rivers on Viti Levu, which led to a substantial loss of livestock.<ref>{{cite report|author2=Yeo, Stephen W|url=http://www.riskfrontiers.com/RFfrontimages/Floods%20in%20Fiji%201840-2009%20-%20Risk%20Frontiers%20final.pdf|title=Flooding in the Fiji Islands Between 1840 and 2009|author=McGree, Simon|date=October 2010|page=40|author3=Devi, Swastika|publisher=Risk Frontiers|type=}}</ref><ref name="Rips">{{cite news|title=Cyclone rips into Fiji|newspaper=Palm Beach Post|date=December 12, 1992}}</ref> In the immediate aftermath of the system a total of ten people were left missing, including a group of three fishermen in the Yasawa Islands.<ref name="Tourists Flee"/><ref name="Ten"/> A group of three females on a fishing trip also went missing and were later found on an offshore island.<ref name="Ten"/><ref name="Herioic">{{cite news|title=Heroic cyclone rescue bid|newspaper=Herald Sun|date=December 15, 1992}}</ref> A search party of four men went missing off [[Vanua Levu]], while looking for the women, however, one swam ashore, while the other three were picked up by a cargo ship.<ref name="Ten"/><ref name="Herioic"/> Parts of Fiji's main cities of [[Suva]], [[Nadi]], and [[Lautoka]] were left without power, as falling trees brought down power lines.<ref name="Tourists Flee"/> The Fijian Government reported that coconut plantations had been extensively damaged and that there was limited communications with the Western Division.<ref name="Tourists Flee"/> Despite Joni's eye passing directly over Kadavu during December 11, the damage on the island was limited to wave induced coastal erosion, root crop damage and the loss of a few trees.<ref name="Fiji Wave Climate">{{cite report|author=Barstow, Stephen F|author2=Haug, Ola|year=1994|title=Wave Climate of Fiji|publisher=South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission|format=PDF|accessdate=April 6, 2014|url=http://ict.sopac.org/VirLib/TR0205.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66eEIhfq3|archivedate=April 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|page=11|author=Benson, Charlotte|title=The Economic Impact of Natural Disasters in Fiji|url=http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7022.pdf|date=March 1997|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|accessdate=December 11, 2015}}</ref> The system passed near the wave rider station on the island, which recorded a peak wave height of about {{convert|7.2|m|ft}} as Joni made its closest point of approach.<ref name="Fiji Wave Climate"/> During December 12, an army helicopter was deployed to conduct a damage survey of offshore islands.<ref name="Boy dies in cyclone">{{cite news|title=Boy dies in cyclone|newspaper=Courier-Mail|date=December 12, 1992|agency=Australian Associated Press}}</ref> A total of six people were subsequently arrested in [[Suva]] and [[Nadi]] on December 14, in relation to a series of burglaries, committed during power blackouts caused by the cyclone.<ref name="Herioic"/> The damage on Viti Levu was exacerbated by [[Cyclone Kina|Severe Tropical Cyclones Kina]], which affected the island nation a couple of weeks later.<ref>{{cite report|page=15|title=Pacific Country Report on Sea Level & Climate: Their Present State: Fiji|accessdate=December 11, 2015|url=http://www.psmsl.org/train_and_info/training/nat_reg_reports/pacific_islands/PacificCountryReport_fj.pdf|date=June 2002|archivedate=December 11, 2015|deadurl=no|publisher=Australia National Tidal Facility|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6dhkWGffr}}</ref>
Joni's impact on Fiji was generally confined to the [[Western Division, Fiji|Western Division]], with the islands of Yasawa, Mamanuca, Viti Levu, Kadavu and Vatulele being the worst affected areas.<ref name="Joni TCR"/><ref name="Fiji NDMO"/> The system caused high seas and widespread flooding including in several rivers on Viti Levu, which led to a substantial loss of livestock.<ref>{{cite report|author2=Yeo, Stephen W |url=http://www.riskfrontiers.com/RFfrontimages/Floods%20in%20Fiji%201840-2009%20-%20Risk%20Frontiers%20final.pdf |title=Flooding in the Fiji Islands Between 1840 and 2009 |author=McGree, Simon |date=October 2010 |page=40 |author3=Devi, Swastika |publisher=Risk Frontiers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316104935/http://www.riskfrontiers.com/RFfrontimages/Floods%20in%20Fiji%201840-2009%20-%20Risk%20Frontiers%20final.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-16 }}</ref><ref name="Rips">{{cite news|title=Cyclone rips into Fiji|newspaper=Palm Beach Post|date=December 12, 1992}}</ref> In the immediate aftermath of the system a total of ten people were left missing, including a group of three fishermen in the Yasawa Islands.<ref name="Tourists Flee"/><ref name="Ten"/> A group of three females on a fishing trip also went missing and were later found on an offshore island.<ref name="Ten"/><ref name="Herioic">{{cite news|title=Heroic cyclone rescue bid|newspaper=Herald Sun|date=December 15, 1992}}</ref> A search party of four men went missing off [[Vanua Levu]], while looking for the women, however, one swam ashore, while the other three were picked up by a cargo ship.<ref name="Ten"/><ref name="Herioic"/> Parts of Fiji's main cities of [[Suva]], [[Nadi]], and [[Lautoka]] were left without power, as falling trees brought down power lines.<ref name="Tourists Flee"/> The Fijian Government reported that coconut plantations had been extensively damaged and that there was limited communications with the Western Division.<ref name="Tourists Flee"/> Despite Joni's eye passing directly over Kadavu during December 11, the damage on the island was limited to wave induced coastal erosion, root crop damage and the loss of a few trees.<ref name="Fiji Wave Climate">{{cite report|author=Barstow, Stephen F |author2=Haug, Ola |year=1994 |title=Wave Climate of Fiji |publisher=South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission |access-date=April 6, 2014 |url=http://ict.sopac.org/VirLib/TR0205.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407142755/http://ict.sopac.org/VirLib/TR0205.pdf |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|page=11|author=Benson, Charlotte|title=The Economic Impact of Natural Disasters in Fiji|url=http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7022.pdf|date=March 1997|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|access-date=December 11, 2015|archive-date=August 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823211745/http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7022.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The system passed near the wave rider station on the island, which recorded a peak wave height of about {{convert|7.2|m|ft}} as Joni made its closest point of approach.<ref name="Fiji Wave Climate"/> During December 12, an army helicopter was deployed to conduct a damage survey of offshore islands.<ref name="Boy dies in cyclone">{{cite news|title=Boy dies in cyclone|newspaper=Courier-Mail|date=December 12, 1992|agency=Australian Associated Press}}</ref> A total of six people were subsequently arrested in [[Suva]] and [[Nadi]] on December 14, in relation to a series of burglaries, committed during power blackouts caused by the cyclone.<ref name="Herioic"/> Joni's damage in both Tuvalu and Fiji was exacerbated a month later, by Severe Tropical Cyclones [[Cyclone Nina|Nina]] and [[Cyclone Kina|Kina]] interacting with each other.<ref name="Joni MWL"/><ref>{{cite report|page=15 |title=Pacific Country Report on Sea Level & Climate: Their Present State: Fiji |access-date=December 11, 2015 |url=http://www.psmsl.org/train_and_info/training/nat_reg_reports/pacific_islands/PacificCountryReport_fj.pdf |date=June 2002 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |url-status=live |publisher=Australia National Tidal Facility |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071142/http://www.psmsl.org/train_and_info/training/nat_reg_reports/pacific_islands/PacificCountryReport_fj.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Nina TCR">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992&nbsp;– January 4, 1993 |url-status=live |date=May 20, 1996 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_13.NAR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150752/http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1993_6.NAR |publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |access-date=December 5, 2015 }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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{{1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}
{{1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}
{{Retired South Pacific cyclones}}
{{Retired South Pacific cyclones}}
{{Category 4 South Pacific severe tropical cyclones}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Joni}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joni}}

Latest revision as of 23:21, 24 May 2024

Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni
LocationSatellite image of Cyclone Joni near its peak intensity
Meteorological history
FormedDecember 3, 1992
ExtratropicalDecember 13, 1992
DissipatedDecember 14, 1992
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone
10-minute sustained (FMS)
Highest winds165 km/h (105 mph)
Lowest pressure940 hPa (mbar); 27.76 inHg
Category 3-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds205 km/h (125 mph)
Overall effects
Fatalities1
Damage$1.6 million (1992 USD)
Areas affectedTuvalu, Fiji
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 1992–93 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni was a damaging tropical cyclone that impacted the island nations of Tuvalu and Fiji. It was first noted within the South Pacific Convergence Zone at the start of December 1992, as a shallow tropical depression in the vicinity of the island nation Tuvalu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed further as it affected Tuvalu, before it was declared to be a tropical cyclone and named Joni by the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) during December 7. Over the next couple of days the system intensified further as it was steered south-westwards and posed a threat towards the Fijian dependency of Rotuma and the French territory of Wallis and Futuna. The system subsequently peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale as it approached the Fijian Islands during December 10. Over the next couple of days the system moved through the Fijian Islands, before it became an extratropical cyclone during December 13. The system was last noted during the next day as it was absorbed by a mid-latitude trough of low pressure to the east of New Zealand.

Joni caused gale to storm force winds on the Tuvuluan island of Niulakita and minor damage to most of the Tuvuluan islands. Total damages to crops in the island nation were estimated at AU$6,900 (US$5,000). There were no damages reported on the islands of Wallis and Futuna or Rotuma, while 1 person was killed, 10 people went missing and total damages were estimated at FJ$2 million (US$1.6 million) in Fiji. The main impacts of Joni in Fiji were confined to the Western Division, with the islands of Yasawa, Mamanuca, Viti Levu, Kadavu and Vatulele being the worst affected areas. Damages in both Tuvalu and Fiji were exacerbated a month later by Severe Tropical Cyclones Nina and Kina interacting with each other. Due to the impact of this system, the name Joni was subsequently retired from the list of names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization.

Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

At the start of December 1992, a shallow tropical depression developed along the South Pacific Convergence Zone in the vicinity of Tuvalu.[1] Over the next few days the system persisted near Tuvalu, before it started to move south-eastwards and develop further during December 5.[1] During December 6, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 03P and initiated advisories, while the system was located on the 180th meridian about 180 km (110 mi) southeast of Funafuti, Tuvalu.[2] Over the next couple of days, the system slowly deepened as it organised further and caused gale to storm force winds on the island of Niulakita and strong squally winds over the rest of Tuvalu.[1] During December 7, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) reported that the depression had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Joni.[1] After it had been named the system passed near Niulakita as it was steered towards the southwest by a low to mid level flow and intensified further.[1][3]

The FMS classified Joni as a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone during December 9, after an eye had become apparent in satellite imagery.[1][4] The system subsequently slowed down and started to recurve and move southwards towards Fiji, due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge of high pressure.[3][4] Early on December 10, the FMS reported that Joni had peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 165 km/h (105 mph).[4] The JTWC also reported at around this time that the system had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 205 km/h (125 mph), which made it equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[2] During that day Joni passed near or over the Fijian island groups of Yasawa and Mamanuca, before it passed about 55 km (35 mi) to the west of the main Fijian island: Viti Levu.[1] At around 10:30 UTC (22:30 FST) on December 10, the system was successfully located on the Nadi weather radar, while it was located about 65 km (40 mi) to the west-southwest of Nadi.[1] Over the next few hours the system was located by radar, until it passed near or over the island of Vatulele.[1] After passing near the island, the system moved south-eastwards towards Kadavu and Ono-i-Lau, with the eye of the system passing directly over Kadavu during December 11.[1] The system subsequently started to weaken and transition into an extratropical cyclone, as it entered a region of strong vertical wind shear and cooler sea waters.[1][3] The system was declared to be an extratropical cyclone early on December 13, before it was absorbed by a mid-latitude trough of low pressure to the east of New Zealand during December 14.[1][4]

Preparations and impact[edit]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni impacted the island nations of Tuvalu and Fiji, while it also threatened the Fijian dependency of Rotuma and the French territory of Wallis and Futuna.[1] The majority of the Tuvaluan islands suffered minor damage from Joni, while in Fiji the system caused a moderate to severe amount of damage.[1] Due to the impact of this system, the name Joni was subsequently retired, from the list of names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization.[5] This would normally mean that the name would not be used again in the region, however, the name remained on the list and was used during the 2008–09 season.[6]

During its developing stages, Joni was the first of two tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1992–93 season.[1] As the system started to affect the islands during December 5, the FMS issued a gale warning for Niulakita, while strong wind warnings were issued for the rest of the island nation.[1] Joni subsequently passed near Niulakita during December 7, where it caused gale to storm force winds and minor damage to the islands.[1] The system also caused some damage to crops which were valued at AU$6,900 (US$5,000).[7] A tropical cyclone alert was issued for Wallis and Futuna during January 6, while a gale warning was issued for Rotuma during January 7.[1] There was subsequently no damage reported in either the French Territory or the Fijian dependency.[1][8]

Between December 9–11, 1992, Joni became the first named tropical cyclone to directly impact the Fiji Islands since Severe Tropical Cyclone Sina of 1990.[9] Joni caused a moderate to severe amount of damage to Viti Levu, with an overall damage total of about FJ$2 million (US$1.6 million).[10][11] At various times between December 7 – 11, the whole of the main Fijian islands were placed under either a gale, storm or hurricane-force wind warning by the FMS.[1] Ahead of the system affecting Fiji, international and domestic flights to and from the Nadi International Airport were cancelled during December 9 and 10, while ships and small boats in Lautoka were moved to a nearby river.[12][13][14] Hundreds of tourists on Fiji's offshore islands were evacuated to the mainland before the cyclone hit, while around 350 elected to ride out the system at island resorts.[13] Other preparations included the erection of hurricane shutters, while people rushed to stock up on supplies with shelves cleared of emergency supplies.[12] On some islands, villagers were evacuated to community centres, schools and churches at the height of the storm.[13][15]

Joni's impact on Fiji was generally confined to the Western Division, with the islands of Yasawa, Mamanuca, Viti Levu, Kadavu and Vatulele being the worst affected areas.[1][11] The system caused high seas and widespread flooding including in several rivers on Viti Levu, which led to a substantial loss of livestock.[16][17] In the immediate aftermath of the system a total of ten people were left missing, including a group of three fishermen in the Yasawa Islands.[13][15] A group of three females on a fishing trip also went missing and were later found on an offshore island.[15][18] A search party of four men went missing off Vanua Levu, while looking for the women, however, one swam ashore, while the other three were picked up by a cargo ship.[15][18] Parts of Fiji's main cities of Suva, Nadi, and Lautoka were left without power, as falling trees brought down power lines.[13] The Fijian Government reported that coconut plantations had been extensively damaged and that there was limited communications with the Western Division.[13] Despite Joni's eye passing directly over Kadavu during December 11, the damage on the island was limited to wave induced coastal erosion, root crop damage and the loss of a few trees.[19][20] The system passed near the wave rider station on the island, which recorded a peak wave height of about 7.2 metres (24 ft) as Joni made its closest point of approach.[19] During December 12, an army helicopter was deployed to conduct a damage survey of offshore islands.[21] A total of six people were subsequently arrested in Suva and Nadi on December 14, in relation to a series of burglaries, committed during power blackouts caused by the cyclone.[18] Joni's damage in both Tuvalu and Fiji was exacerbated a month later, by Severe Tropical Cyclones Nina and Kina interacting with each other.[10][22][23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Tropical Cyclone Joni, December 3-14, 1992 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. May 20, 1996. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  2. ^ a b Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1994). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1993 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. p. 216. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (1992). "December 1992" (PDF). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement. 11 (12). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 2. ISSN 1321-4233. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  6. ^ RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (September 24, 2012). Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 2008–09 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  7. ^ Tuvalu national report prepared for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction mid-term review and the 1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Yokohama, Japan, May 23-27, 1994 (PDF). Prevention Web (Report). February 16, 1994. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  8. ^ "Cyclone threatens Fiji". Courier Mail. Australian Associated Press. December 9, 1992.
  9. ^ "Communication cut as Fiji's main island battered by cyclone". Agence France Presse. December 11, 1992.
  10. ^ a b Fiji Meteorological Service (Spring 1994). DeAngellis, Richard M (ed.). "Hurricane Alley: South Pacific Tropical Cyclones Joni and Kina". Mariners Weather Log. 38 (2). United States National Oceanographic Data Service: 46–48. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104094070. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886.
  11. ^ a b Summary of Major Disasters in Fiji: 1985 - March 2010 (Report). Fiji National Disaster Management Office. July 9, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  12. ^ a b "Fiji battens down for full force of Tropical Cyclone Joni". Agence France Presse. December 10, 1992.
  13. ^ a b c d e f "Tourists flee as Joni hits Fiji". The Herald Sun. December 11, 1992.
  14. ^ "Cyclone threat". The Courier-Mail. December 11, 1992.
  15. ^ a b c d "Ten missing after cyclone Jonie hits Fiji". Agence France Presse. December 11, 1992.
  16. ^ McGree, Simon; Yeo, Stephen W; Devi, Swastika (October 2010). Flooding in the Fiji Islands Between 1840 and 2009 (PDF) (Report). Risk Frontiers. p. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-16.
  17. ^ "Cyclone rips into Fiji". Palm Beach Post. December 12, 1992.
  18. ^ a b c "Heroic cyclone rescue bid". Herald Sun. December 15, 1992.
  19. ^ a b Barstow, Stephen F; Haug, Ola (1994). Wave Climate of Fiji (PDF) (Report). South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  20. ^ Benson, Charlotte (March 1997). The Economic Impact of Natural Disasters in Fiji (PDF) (Report). Overseas Development Institute. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 23, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  21. ^ "Boy dies in cyclone". Courier-Mail. Australian Associated Press. December 12, 1992.
  22. ^ Pacific Country Report on Sea Level & Climate: Their Present State: Fiji (PDF) (Report). Australia National Tidal Facility. June 2002. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  23. ^ Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992 – January 4, 1993 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. May 20, 1996. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.

External links[edit]

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