Dirac operator: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|First-order differential linear operator on spinor bundle, whose square is the Laplacian}} |
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In [[mathematics]] and [[quantum mechanics]], a '''Dirac operator''' is a [[differential operator]] that is a formal square root, or [[half-iterate]], of a second |
In [[mathematics]] and [[quantum mechanics]], a '''Dirac operator''' is a [[differential operator]] that is a formal square root, or [[half-iterate]], of a second-order operator such as a [[Laplacian]]. The original case which concerned [[Paul Dirac]] was to factorise formally an operator for [[Minkowski space]], to get a form of quantum theory compatible with [[special relativity]]; to get the relevant Laplacian as a product of first-order operators he introduced [[spinor]]s. It was first published in 1928 by Dirac.<ref name=":6">{{Cite thesis |last=Mojón Álvarez |first=Diego |title=Dirac Operators |date=2020 |publisher=University of Santiago de Compostela |url=https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10347/26156/Moj%C3%B3n%20%C3%81lvarez%2C%20Diego.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |degree=Undergraduate}}</ref> |
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== Formal definition == |
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[[vector bundle]] <math>V</math> over a [[Riemannian manifold]] <math>M</math>. |
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If |
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where ∆ is the Laplacian of ''V'', then ''D'' is called a '''Dirac operator'''. |
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<math>\triangle</math> being the Laplacian of <math>V</math>, <math>D</math> is |
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=== Example 1 === |
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called a '''Dirac operator'''. |
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=== Example 2 === |
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Consider a simple bundle of notable importance in physics: the configuration space of a particle with spin {{sfrac|1|2}} confined to a plane, which is also the base manifold. It is represented by a wavefunction {{nowrap|''ψ'' : '''R'''<sup>2</sup> → '''C'''<sup>2</sup>}} |
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of <math>D^2</math> must equal the Laplacian. |
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: <math>\psi(x,y) = \begin{bmatrix}\chi(x,y) \\ \eta(x,y)\end{bmatrix}</math> |
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where ''x'' and ''y'' are the usual coordinate functions on '''R'''<sup>2</sup>. ''χ'' specifies the [[probability amplitude]] for the particle to be in the spin-up state, and similarly for ''η''. The so-called [[spin-Dirac operator]] can then be written |
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where ''σ''<sub>''i''</sub> are the [[Pauli matrices]]. Note that the anticommutation relations for the Pauli matrices make the proof of the above defining property trivial. Those relations define the notion of a [[Clifford algebra]]. |
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Solutions to the [[Dirac equation]] for spinor fields are often called ''harmonic spinors''.<ref>{{SpringerEOM|id=Spinor_structure&oldid=33893 |title=Spinor structure }}</ref> |
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=== Example 3 === |
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2: We now consider a simple bundle of importance in physics: The configuration space of a particle |
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with spin <math>\begin{matrix}\frac{1}{2}\end{matrix}</math> confined to a plane, which is also the base manifold. |
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Physicists generally think of wavefunctions <math>\psi:\mathbb{R}^2\to\mathbb{C}^2</math> |
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using the [[Feynman slash notation]]. In introductory textbooks to [[quantum field theory]], this will appear in the form |
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which they write |
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:<math> |
:<math>D = c\vec\alpha \cdot (-i\hbar\nabla_x) + mc^2\beta</math> |
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where <math>\vec\alpha = (\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3)</math> are the off-diagonal [[Dirac matrices]] <math>\alpha_i=\beta\gamma_i</math>, with <math>\beta=\gamma_0</math> and the remaining constants are <math>c</math> the [[speed of light]], <math>\hbar</math> being the [[Planck constant]], and <math>m</math> the [[mass]] of a fermion (for example, an [[electron]]). It acts on a four-component wave function <math>\psi(x) \in L^2(\mathbb{R}^3, \mathbb{C}^4)</math>, the [[Sobolev space]] of smooth, square-integrable functions. It can be extended to a self-adjoint operator on that domain. The square, in this case, is not the Laplacian, but instead <math>D^2=\Delta+m^2</math> (after setting <math>\hbar=c=1.</math>) |
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<math>x</math> and <math>y</math> are the usual coordinate functions on <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math>. |
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<math>\chi</math> specifies the [[probability amplitude]] for the particle to be in the |
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spin-up state, similarly for <math>\eta</math>. The so-called [[spin-Dirac operator]] |
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can then be written |
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=== Example 4 === |
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Another Dirac operator arises in [[Clifford analysis]]. In euclidean ''n''-space this is |
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: <math>D=\sum_{j=1}^{n}e_{j}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}</math> |
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where {''e<sub>j</sub>'': ''j'' = 1, ..., ''n''} is an orthonormal basis for euclidean ''n''-space, and '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> is considered to be embedded in a [[Clifford algebra]]. |
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This is a special case of the [[Atiyah–Singer–Dirac operator]] acting on sections of a [[spinor bundle]]. |
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where <math>\sigma_i</math> are the [[Pauli matrices]]. Note that the anticommutation relations |
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for the Pauli matrices make the proof of the above defining property trivial. Those |
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relations define the notion of a [[Clifford algebra]]. |
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=== Example 5 === |
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For a [[spin manifold]], ''M'', the Atiyah–Singer–Dirac operator is locally defined as follows: For {{nowrap|''x'' ∈ ''M''}} and ''e<sub>1</sub>''(''x''), ..., ''e<sub>j</sub>''(''x'') a local orthonormal basis for the tangent space of ''M'' at ''x'', the Atiyah–Singer–Dirac operator is |
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three dimensions and is elegantly written |
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:<math>D=\sum_{j=1}^{n}e_{j}(x)\tilde{\Gamma}_{e_{j}(x)} ,</math> |
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where <math>\tilde{\Gamma}</math> is the [[spin connection]], a lifting of the [[Levi-Civita connection]] on ''M'' to the [[spinor bundle]] over ''M''. The square in this case is not the Laplacian, but instead <math>D^2=\Delta+R/4</math> where <math>R</math> is the [[scalar curvature]] of the connection.<ref> Jurgen Jost, (2002) "Riemannian Geometry ang Geometric Analysis (3rd edition)", Springer. ''See section 3.4 pages 142 ff.''</ref> |
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=== Example 6 === |
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On [[Riemannian manifold]] <math>(M, g)</math> of dimension <math>n=dim(M)</math> with [[Levi-Civita connection]] <math>\nabla</math>and an [[orthonormal basis]] <math>\{e_{a}\}_{a=1}^{n}</math>, we can define [[exterior derivative]] <math>d</math> and [[Codifferential|coderivative]] <math>\delta</math> as |
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: <math>d= e^{a}\wedge \nabla_{e_{a}}, \quad \delta =e^{a} \lrcorner \nabla_{e_{a}}</math>. |
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Then we can define a Dirac-Kähler operator<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Graf |first=Wolfgang |date=1978 |title=Differential forms as spinors |url=http://www.numdam.org/item/?id=AIHPA_1978__29_1_85_0 |journal=Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré A |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=85–109 |issn=2400-4863}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Benn |first1=Ian M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzcbAQAAIAAJ |title=An Introduction to Spinors and Geometry with Applications in Physics |last2=Tucker |first2=Robin W. |date=1987 |publisher=A. Hilger |isbn=978-0-85274-169-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kycia |first=Radosław Antoni |date=2022-07-29 |title=The Poincare Lemma for Codifferential, Anticoexact Forms, and Applications to Physics |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00025-022-01646-z |journal=Results in Mathematics |language=en |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=182 |doi=10.1007/s00025-022-01646-z |arxiv=2009.08542 |s2cid=221802588 |issn=1420-9012}}</ref> <math>D</math>, as follows |
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using [[Einstein's summation convention]]. |
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: <math>D = e^{a}\nabla_{e_{a}}=d-\delta</math>. |
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The operator acts on sections of [[Clifford bundle]] in general, and it can be restricted to spinor bundle, an ideal of Clifford bundle, only if the projection operator on the ideal is parallel.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> |
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== Generalisations == |
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In Clifford analysis, the operator {{nowrap|''D'' : ''C''<sup>∞</sup>('''R'''<sup>''k''</sup> ⊗ '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>, ''S'') → ''C''<sup>∞</sup>('''R'''<sup>''k''</sup> ⊗ '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>, '''C'''<sup>''k''</sup> ⊗ ''S'')}} acting on spinor valued functions defined by |
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:<math>f(x_1,\ldots,x_k)\mapsto |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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\partial_{\underline{x_1}}f\\ |
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\partial_{\underline{x_2}}f\\ |
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\ldots\\ |
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\partial_{\underline{x_k}}f\\ |
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\end{pmatrix}</math> |
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is sometimes called Dirac operator in ''k'' Clifford variables. In the notation, ''S'' is the space of spinors, <math>x_i=(x_{i1},x_{i2},\ldots,x_{in})</math> are ''n''-dimensional variables and <math>\partial_{\underline{x_i}}=\sum_j e_j\cdot \partial_{x_{ij}}</math> is the Dirac operator in the ''i''-th variable. This is a common generalization of the Dirac operator ({{nowrap|1=''k'' = 1}}) and the [[Dolbeault cohomology|Dolbeault operator]] ({{nowrap|1=''n'' = 2}}, ''k'' arbitrary). It is an [[invariant differential operator]], invariant under the action of the group {{nowrap|SL(''k'') × Spin(''n'')}}. The [[injective_resolution#Injective_resolutions|resolution]] of ''D'' is known only in some special cases. |
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{{colbegin}} |
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* [[AKNS system|AKNS hierarchy]] |
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* [[Dirac equation]] |
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* [[Clifford analysis]] |
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* [[Spinor bundle]] |
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{{colend}} |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{citation | last1=Friedrich|first1=Thomas| title = Dirac Operators in Riemannian Geometry| publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] | year=2000|isbn=978-0-8218-2055-1}} |
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* {{citation | last1=Colombo, F.|first1=I.| last2=Sabadini |first2=I. |author2-link=Irene Sabadini| title = Analysis of Dirac Systems and Computational Algebra| publisher=Birkhauser Verlag AG | year=2004|isbn=978-3-7643-4255-5}} |
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{{refend}} |
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[[Category:Differential operators]] |
[[Category:Differential operators]] |
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[[Category:Quantum mechanics]] |
[[Category:Quantum mechanics]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Mathematical physics]] |
Latest revision as of 18:47, 29 April 2024
In mathematics and quantum mechanics, a Dirac operator is a differential operator that is a formal square root, or half-iterate, of a second-order operator such as a Laplacian. The original case which concerned Paul Dirac was to factorise formally an operator for Minkowski space, to get a form of quantum theory compatible with special relativity; to get the relevant Laplacian as a product of first-order operators he introduced spinors. It was first published in 1928 by Dirac.[1]
Formal definition
[edit]In general, let D be a first-order differential operator acting on a vector bundle V over a Riemannian manifold M. If
where ∆ is the Laplacian of V, then D is called a Dirac operator.
In high-energy physics, this requirement is often relaxed: only the second-order part of D2 must equal the Laplacian.
Examples
[edit]Example 1
[edit]D = −i ∂x is a Dirac operator on the tangent bundle over a line.
Example 2
[edit]Consider a simple bundle of notable importance in physics: the configuration space of a particle with spin 1/2 confined to a plane, which is also the base manifold. It is represented by a wavefunction ψ : R2 → C2
where x and y are the usual coordinate functions on R2. χ specifies the probability amplitude for the particle to be in the spin-up state, and similarly for η. The so-called spin-Dirac operator can then be written
where σi are the Pauli matrices. Note that the anticommutation relations for the Pauli matrices make the proof of the above defining property trivial. Those relations define the notion of a Clifford algebra.
Solutions to the Dirac equation for spinor fields are often called harmonic spinors.[2]
Example 3
[edit]Feynman's Dirac operator describes the propagation of a free fermion in three dimensions and is elegantly written
using the Feynman slash notation. In introductory textbooks to quantum field theory, this will appear in the form
where are the off-diagonal Dirac matrices , with and the remaining constants are the speed of light, being the Planck constant, and the mass of a fermion (for example, an electron). It acts on a four-component wave function , the Sobolev space of smooth, square-integrable functions. It can be extended to a self-adjoint operator on that domain. The square, in this case, is not the Laplacian, but instead (after setting )
Example 4
[edit]Another Dirac operator arises in Clifford analysis. In euclidean n-space this is
where {ej: j = 1, ..., n} is an orthonormal basis for euclidean n-space, and Rn is considered to be embedded in a Clifford algebra.
This is a special case of the Atiyah–Singer–Dirac operator acting on sections of a spinor bundle.
Example 5
[edit]For a spin manifold, M, the Atiyah–Singer–Dirac operator is locally defined as follows: For x ∈ M and e1(x), ..., ej(x) a local orthonormal basis for the tangent space of M at x, the Atiyah–Singer–Dirac operator is
where is the spin connection, a lifting of the Levi-Civita connection on M to the spinor bundle over M. The square in this case is not the Laplacian, but instead where is the scalar curvature of the connection.[3]
Example 6
[edit]On Riemannian manifold of dimension with Levi-Civita connection and an orthonormal basis , we can define exterior derivative and coderivative as
- .
Then we can define a Dirac-Kähler operator[4][5][6] , as follows
- .
The operator acts on sections of Clifford bundle in general, and it can be restricted to spinor bundle, an ideal of Clifford bundle, only if the projection operator on the ideal is parallel.[4][5][6]
Generalisations
[edit]In Clifford analysis, the operator D : C∞(Rk ⊗ Rn, S) → C∞(Rk ⊗ Rn, Ck ⊗ S) acting on spinor valued functions defined by
is sometimes called Dirac operator in k Clifford variables. In the notation, S is the space of spinors, are n-dimensional variables and is the Dirac operator in the i-th variable. This is a common generalization of the Dirac operator (k = 1) and the Dolbeault operator (n = 2, k arbitrary). It is an invariant differential operator, invariant under the action of the group SL(k) × Spin(n). The resolution of D is known only in some special cases.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Mojón Álvarez, Diego (2020). Dirac Operators (PDF) (Undergraduate thesis). University of Santiago de Compostela.
- ^ "Spinor structure", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]
- ^ Jurgen Jost, (2002) "Riemannian Geometry ang Geometric Analysis (3rd edition)", Springer. See section 3.4 pages 142 ff.
- ^ a b Graf, Wolfgang (1978). "Differential forms as spinors". Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré A. 29 (1): 85–109. ISSN 2400-4863.
- ^ a b Benn, Ian M.; Tucker, Robin W. (1987). An Introduction to Spinors and Geometry with Applications in Physics. A. Hilger. ISBN 978-0-85274-169-6.
- ^ a b Kycia, Radosław Antoni (2022-07-29). "The Poincare Lemma for Codifferential, Anticoexact Forms, and Applications to Physics". Results in Mathematics. 77 (5): 182. arXiv:2009.08542. doi:10.1007/s00025-022-01646-z. ISSN 1420-9012. S2CID 221802588.
- Friedrich, Thomas (2000), Dirac Operators in Riemannian Geometry, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-2055-1
- Colombo, F., I.; Sabadini, I. (2004), Analysis of Dirac Systems and Computational Algebra, Birkhauser Verlag AG, ISBN 978-3-7643-4255-5