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In 2005, the most powerful representative of that particular group is [[Leonid Kuchma]], the former [[President of Ukraine]] and former senior [[Management|manager]] of Yuzhmash.
In 2005, the most powerful representative of that particular group is [[Leonid Kuchma]], the former [[President of Ukraine]] and former senior [[Management|manager]] of Yuzhmash.


In June and July 2007, Dnipropetrovsk experienced a wave of [[serial killer|serial killings]] that were dubbed by the media as the work of the [[Dnepropetrovsk maniacs|Dnipropetrovsk maniacs]]. Three youths are currently on trial for 21 murders.<ref>[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-204617.html Three 19-year old youths committed 19 murders in Dnipropetrovsk during a month]</ref>
In June and July 2007, Dnipropetrovsk experienced a wave of [[serial killer|serial killings]] that were dubbed by the media as the work of the [[Dnepropetrovsk maniacs|Dnipropetrovsk maniacs]]. Three youths are currently on trial for 21 murders.<ref>[http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-204617.html Three 19-year old youths committed 19 murders in Dnipropetrovsk during a month, this however turned out to be a hoax and the video of a murder occuring is also fake.]</ref>


{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}

Revision as of 10:44, 5 January 2009

Dnipropetrovsk
Дніпропетровськ
Modern apartment blocks dominate the shoreline of the Dnieper River in the city.
Modern apartment blocks dominate the shoreline of the Dnieper River in the city.
Flag of Dnipropetrovsk
Flag
Coat of arms of Dnipropetrovsk
Coat of arms
Map of Ukraine with Dnipropetrovsk highlighted.
Map of Ukraine with Dnipropetrovsk highlighted.
Country Ukraine
Oblast Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
City Municipality Dnipropetrovsk
Founded1776
Raions
8
  • Amur-Nizhniodniprovskyi Raion
  • Babushkinskyi Raion
  • Zhovntevyi Raion
  • Industrialnyi Raion
  • Kirovskyi Raion
  • Krasnohvardiyskyi Raion
  • Leninskyi Raion
  • Samarskyi Raion
Government
 • MayorIvan Ivanovych Kulichenko
Area
 • Total405 km2 (156 sq mi)
Elevation
155 m (509 ft)
Population
 (2007)
 • Total1,040,000
 • Density2,968/km2 (7,690/sq mi)
Postal code
49000
Area code+380 56(2)
Sister citiesVilnius, Durham Region, Samara, Tashkent, Xi'an, Herzliya, Žilina, Saloniki
Websiterada.dp.ua / gorod.dp.ua

Dnipropetrovsk (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровськ; Russian: Днепропетро́вск, Dnepropetrovsk; formerly Yekaterinoslav, Екатериносла́въ) is Ukraine's third largest city with 1.1 million inhabitants.[1] It is located south of Ukraine's capital Kiev (Kyiv) on the Dnieper River, in the south-central region of the country. Dnipropetrovsk is the administrative center of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (province). Within the Dnipropetrovsk Metropolitan area there are 1,860,000 people (2001)[2].

A vital industrial center of Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk was one of the key centers of the nuclear, arms, and space industries of the former Soviet Union. In particular, it is home to Yuzhmash, a major space and ballistic missile designer and manufacturer. Because of its military industry, the city was a closed city[3] until the 1990s.

Dnipropetrovsk has a highly-developed public transportation system, including the Dnipropetrovsk Metro, which consists of one metro line with a total of 6 stations.

Geography

Climate

During the summer, Dnipropetrovsk is very warm (average day temperature in July is +24 to +27 °C (76 to 80 °F), and in the winter, it is cold (average day temperature in January is −3 to +4 °C (+24 to +39 °F).

The best time for visiting the city is in late spring — second part of April and May, and early in autumn: September, October, when the city's trees turn yellow. Long periods of rain are normal in autumn. Other times are mainly dry with a few showers.

The climate is a mixture of temperate and continental climates and sometimes in the winter it is very cold and snowy (sometimes dropping down to −10 to −15 °C), and in summer, the city is not very hot (up to +29 to +30 °C).[4]

"However, the city is characterized with significant pollution of air with industrial emissions."[5]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Ave. temperature °C (°F) -5.5 (22) -4.1 (25) 0.8 (33) 9.4 (49) 16.0 (61) 19.6 (67) 21.3 (70) 20.6 (69) 15.4 (59) 8.4 (47) 2.5 (37) -2.1 (28) 8.6 (48)
Ave. precipitation mm 45 36 34 38 46 59 56 37 36 32 42 52 43
Source: Gorod.dp.ua[6]

History

Museum of Kipchak steppe art in Karla Marksa

The first people appeared in the area somewhere about 150,000 years ago. The settlements of these early people were found in the outskirts of the city and on Monastyrsky Island. This unique island appears throughout the history of Prydniprovye, as a consistent center of events as well as the ancient nucleus of the city.

After the last Ice Age (10,000 years ago) the settling of the Prydniprovye area began more intensely. In c.3500-2700 BC the first farmers lived here (the so-called Cucuteni-Trypillia culture people).

The mighty, broad Dnieper River (Greeks called it the Borysthenes, 'Borisphen' in local pronunciation) with its picturesque islands and peaceful backwaters, lush flood-meadows and shadowy oak woods stretches along river valleys and ravines. Abundant game and fish in local forests and waters are a result of good climate and vast fertile land... All this attracted hunters, fishers, cattle-breeders and land-tillers to these parts.

The Cimmerians, ancient equestrian nomads who bred cattle, occupied the North Pontic steppe zone including Prydniprovye; their culture and civilization flourished between about 1000 and 800 B.C.E. The Cimmerians were driven out by the nomadic Scythians (700 BC), who in turn were overcome by the Sarmatians from the East (200 BC).

Most inhabitants of the city and visitors know and like the distinctive features of the small square near the Museum of History, the place where the 'Stony Women' stay (which actually are not females... and are shown in the photo above). The visitors are amazed with the centuries-old natives and their oval forms. They were creations of a steppe nomadic people called the Cumans or Kipchaks and are a modular collection from neighboring barrows. In the past they served as the index points for the steppe inhabitants.

The first century of the new era was marked by fast inhabitation of the Dnieper River banks by Slavic tribes. The rocks of Monastyrsky Island remember well the first time Slavs floated down the Dnieper River to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. On this island in the IX century the Monastery was founded by Byzantine monks (from it the island received its name). It existed until 1240 when it was destroyed by Tatars. The Dnieper River has for many centuries served as a border between East and West and its banks have served as arena of struggle between the Slavs and the Asian nomads.

This situation continued for many centuries until the XV century when there appeared a new force - the free people - Cossacks - Zaporiz'ki Kazaky (Zaporizhya - the lands south of Prydniprovye, translate as "The Land After the Weirs [Rapids]")...

16th-18th centuries

Map of Kodak fortress, which was constructed in 1635.

The first fortified town in what is now Dnipropetrovsk were probably built in the mid-16th century. In 1635, the Polish Government built the Kodak fortress above the Dnieper Rapids at Kodaky (on the outskirts of modern Dnipropetrovsk), partly as a result of rivalry in the region of Poland, Turkey and Russia,[7] and partly to maintain control over Cossack activity.[8] On the night of 3/4 August 1635, the Cossacks of Ivan Sulyma captured the fort by surprise, burning it down and butchering the garrison of about 200 West European mercenaries under Jean Marion.[8] The fort was rebuilt by French engineer Guillaume le Vasseur de Beauplan[9] for the Polish Government in 1638, and had a mercenary garrison.[8] Kodak was captured by Zaporozhian Cossacks on 1 October 1648, and was garrisoned by the Cossacks until its demolition in accordance with the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711.[10]

The Zaporozhian village of Polovytsia was founded in the late-1760s, between the settlements of Stari (Old) and Novi (New) Kodaky, territorially was eastern remote part of Novi Kojdaky. It was located at the present central part of the city (downtown) to the West to district of Central terminal and farmer market Ozyorka. Uptown, which was built up later as a official center district by Ivan Starov's development plan of Katerynoslav, at cossack era was empty steppe hill place with lack of water source.[11]

1775–1917: In the Russian Empire

See also: Russian Empire
File:Stadtplanentwurf 1792.PNG
A 1792 plan of Yekaterinoslav.

The city that is now called Dnipropetrovsk was founded as part of the expansion of the Russian Empire into the lands North of the Black Sea, known as the Novorossiysk gubernia. The city was originally known as Yekaterinoslav, which translates in English to "The glory of Yekaterina" (Catherine the Great). It became the administrative center of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate.

Cossack and Russian armies fought against the Ottoman Empire for control of this area in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca ended this war in July 1774; and in May 1775 the Russian army destroyed the Zaporozhian Sich, thus eliminating the political independence of Cossacks. In 1774 Prince Grigori Potemkin was appointed governor of Novorossiysk gubernia, and after the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich, he started founding cities in the region and encouraging foreign settlers. The city of Yekaterinoslav was founded in 1776, not in the current location, but at the confluence of the River Samara with the River Kil'chen' at Loshakivka, north of the Dnieper. By 1782, the city population was 2,194. However the site had been badly chosen because spring waters were transforming the city into a bog.[11]

In 1783, Yekaterinoslav was refounded on its current site, on the south bank of the Dnieper, near the Zaporozhian village of Polovytsia. The population of Yekaterinoslav-Kil'chen' were transferred to the new site. Potemkin's plans for the city were extremely ambitious; it was to be about 30 km by 25 km in size, and included:[11]

  • Preobrazhenskiy Cathedral (intended to be the largest in the world)
  • The Potemkin palace
  • A magnificent university (never built)
  • A botanical garden on Monastyrskyi Island
  • Wide straight avenues through the city.
Historical population
YearPop.±%
17822,194—    
N/A[11] 1,800−18.0%
6,389[12]—    
18119,000—    
[13] 1,825−79.7%
8,412[14]—    
185713,217—    
[15] 1,862−85.9%
19,515[14]—    
186320,000—    
[13] 1,866−90.7%
22,846[16]—    
188546,876—    
[15][14] 1,887−96.0%
48,000[17]—    
1897121,216—    
[18] 1,904−98.4%
157,000[19]—    
1914211,100—    
[19] 1,920−99.1%
189,000[14]—    
1932320,000—    
[14] 1,989−99.4%
1,178,000[20]—    
19961,147,000—    
[21] 1,998−99.8%
1,122,400[21]—    
20011,065,008—    
[20] 2,006−99.8%
1,025,044[20]—    
20071,039,000—    
[20] —    

The site for the Potemkin palace was bought from retired Cossack yesaul (colonel) Lazar' Globa, who owned much of the land near the city. Part of Lazar' Globa's gardens still exist and are now called Globa Park.[11]

A combination of Russian red tape, defective workmanship, and theft resulted in what was built being less than originally planned. Construction stopped after the death of Potemkin and his sponsor, Empress Catherine. Plans were reconsidered and scaled back. The size of the cathedral was reduced, and it was completed in 1835. From 1797 to 1802 the city was called Novorossiysk.[11][22]

Despite the bridging of the Dnieper in 1796 and the growth of trade in the early 19th century, Ekaterinoslav remained small until the 1880s, when the railway was built and industrialisation of the city began.[23] The boom was caused by two men:

  • John Hughes, a Welsh businessman who built an iron works at what is now Donetsk in 1869-72, and developed the Donetsk coal deposits.[11]
  • Alexandr Pol', a Ukrainian who accidentally discovered the Kryvyi Rih iron ores in 1866, during archaeological research.[11]
Postcard with a picture of Yekaterinoslav around 1900.

The Donetsk coal was necessary for smelting pig-iron from the Kryvyi Rih ore, producing a need for railway to connect Donetsk with Kryvyi Rih. Permission to build the railway was given in 1881, and it opened in 1884. The railway crossed the Dnieper at Yekaterinoslav. The city grew quickly; new suburbs appeared: Amur, Nizhnedniprovsk and the factory areas developed. In 1897, Yekaterinoslav became the third city in the Russian Empire to have electric trams. The Higher Mining School opened in 1899, and by 1913 it had grown into the Mining Institute.[11]

Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 resulted in revolts against the Tsar in many places including Yekaterinoslav. Tens of people were killed and hundreds wounded. There was a wave of anti-semitic attacks.[11]

From 1902 to 1933, the famous historian of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, Dmytro Yavornytsky, was Director of the Dnipropetrovsk Museum, which was later named after him. Before his death in 1940, Yavornytsky wrote a History of the City of Ekaterinoslav, which lay in manuscript for many years. It was only published in 1989 as a result of the Gorbachev reforms.

1917–1919: Civil War

See also: Ukrainian War of Independence

After Russian February revolution in 1917 Yekaterinoslav became a city within autonomy of Ukrainian People's Republic under Tsentralna Rada government. In November 1917 the Bolsheviks led a rebellion and got power for a short time. The city experienced occupation of German and Austrian-Hungarian armies that were allies of Ukrainian Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi and helped him to keep authority in the country.

During power of Ukrainian Directorate government with its dictator Symon Petlura the city had periods of uncertain power; at times the anarchists of Nestor Makhno held the city, and at others Denikin's Volunteer Army. Military operations of the Red Army which was headed from the North brought captured the city in 1919, and despite attempts by Russian General Wrangel in 1920, he was unable to reach Yekaterinoslav, with War ending the following year.

1919–1991: in the Soviet Union & under Nazi rule

See also: History of the Soviet Union
Modern office building in Dnipropetrovsk.
File:Dnipropetrovsk skyline 2006.jpg
Skyline of Dnipropetrovsk with both new and old buildings seen.

During the German occupation of Ukraine in World War II, the city gave its name to one of the six generalbezirke in which a Nazi Generalkommissar was in charge under the authority of the Reichskommissar in Kiev. Dnipropetrovsk was an important center of Jewish life, and 80,000 Jews lived in the city before the Holocaust, but soon after the Nazis conquered the city on October 12, 1941, 11,000 were shot; in the end only 15 Jews of Dnipropetrovsk survived at the end of the war.[citation needed]

During the past century, the economic activity of the city has defined its political importance. Dnipropetrovsk and the surrounding oblast are the birthplace of the "Dnipropetrovsk Faction", an influential informal political group inside the CPSU, members of whom were the industrial and party elite. Leonid Brezhnev, a native of the nearby city of Dniprodzerzhyns'k and later the Communist Party General Secretary, assured members of this group of a prominent place in Soviet society and politics. Members of this group are believed by many political scientists to have ruled not only the Ukrainian SSR but also the entire Soviet Union up to the accession of Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of CPSU General Secretary and President of the Soviet Union.[citation needed]

After 1991: Since Ukrainian independence

In 2005, the most powerful representative of that particular group is Leonid Kuchma, the former President of Ukraine and former senior manager of Yuzhmash.

In June and July 2007, Dnipropetrovsk experienced a wave of serial killings that were dubbed by the media as the work of the Dnipropetrovsk maniacs. Three youths are currently on trial for 21 murders.[24]

Demographics

Year Ethnicity of Citizens Foreign
Citizens 		Reference
Russian Ukrainian Jewish Polish German
1897 47,200 17,787 39,979 3,418 1,438 1,075 [15]
1897 42.6% 16.0% 36.1% 3.1% 1.3% 1.0% [15]
1904(?) 52% 40% 4.5% Not Stated Not Stated [19]

Between 1923 and 1933 the Ukrainian proportion of the population of Dnipropetrovsk increased from 16% to 48%. This was part of a national trend.[25]

Economy

Dnipropetrovsk is a major industrial centre of Ukraine. It has several facilities devoted to heavy industry that produce a wide range of products, including cast-iron, rolled metal, pipes, machinery, different mining combines, agricultural equipment, tractors, trolleybuses, refrigerators, different chemicals and many others. The most famous and the oldest (founded in the 19th century) is the Metallurgic Plant named after Petrovsky. The city also has big food processing and light industry factories. Many sewing and dress-making factories work for France, Canada, Germany and Great Britain, using the most advanced technologies, materials and design. Dnipropetrovsk has also dominated in the aerospace industry since the 1950s; construction department Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and Yuzhmash are well known to the specialists all over the world.

Year Factories
& Plants 		Employees Production Volume[26] Reference
roubles 2007 £
million 		2007 USD
million
1880 49 572 1,500,000 £10.5 m $21 m [15]
1903 194 10,649 21,500,000 £177.5 m $355 m [15]
Year Enterprises Earnings[26][27] Reference
roubles 2007 £
million 		2007 USD
million
1900 1,800 40,000,000 £328.7 m $658 m [19]
1940 622 1,096,929,000 £2,120.3 m $4,242 m [15]

Transportation

Local transportation

A scheme of the Dnipropetrovsk Metro system in the city.
Marshall Malinovsky Street on the left bank of the Dnieper looking west. The arch is part of the railway Merefa-Kherson bridge, which crosses Monastyrsky Island.
File:Dnipropetrovsk Railway Station.jpg
Dnipropetrovsk's Central Railway Station.

The main public forms of transport within Dnipropetrovsk are trams, buses, electric trolley buses and marshrutkas—private minibuses. In addition there are large numbers of taxis and many private cars. Bicycles are also in wide use along with an increasing number of motor scooters.

Dnipropetrovsk also has a metro system, opened in 1995, which consists of one line and 6 stations.[28] Work on other stations was abandoned in recent times when the city ran out of money for this project; two of these abandoned building works are in the central portion of Karla Marksa Prospekt. Currently the project has been restarted. Completion of the next two stations is necessary to make the municipal subway system profitable. At the present time there no completion time has been given.

Suburban transportation

Dnipropetrovsk has some highways crossing through the city. The most popular routes are from Kiev, Donetsk, Kharkiv and Zaporizhia. Transit through the city is also available.

The largest bus station in eastern Ukraine is located in Dnipropetrovsk. It is near the city's Central Railway Terminal. Bus routes are also available to all over the country, including some international routes to Russia, Poland, Germany, Moldova and Turkey.

In the summertime, there are some routes available by hydrofoils on the Dnieper River. Various tourist ships on their way down the Dnieper, (Kiev–Kherson–Odessa) always make a stop in the city.

Railroads

The city is a large railway junction. Daily trains run to and from many parts of Eastern Europe. There are two rapid trains at day time from Kiev to Dnipropetrovsk and there are a few express trains at night. Other trains come from Moscow, Lviv, Saint Petersburg, and other places.

Air travel

The city is served by an Dnipropetrovsk International Airport (IATA: DNK) and is connected to other European cities with daily flights.

Culture

Attractions

The city has a variety of theatres (plus an Opera) and museums which may be of interest to tourists who speak Russian. There are also several parks, restaurants and beaches which have no linguistic requirements.

The major streets of the city were renamed in honour of Marxist heroes during the Soviet era. The central thoroughfare is known as Karla Marksa Street, a beautiful, wide and long boulevard that stretches east to west through the centre of the city. It was founded in the eighteenth century and parts of its buildings are the actual decoration of the city. In the heart of the city is Zhovtneva [October] Square, which includes the majestic cathedral founded by order of Catherine the Great in 1787.

Entrance to the Taras Shevchenko Park in Dnipropetrovsk.

On the square, there are some remarkable buildings: the Museum of History, Diorama "Battle for the Dnieper River (World War II)", and also the beautiful park in which one can rest in the hot summer. Walking down the hill to the Dnieper River, one arrives in the large Taras Shevchenko Park (which is on the right bank of the river) and on Monastyrsky Island. This island is one of the most interesting places in the city. In the IX century, the Byzantine monks based a monastery here. It was destroyed by Mongol-Tatars in the XIII century.

While there is no longer any compact "old town" in Dnipropetrovsk, there are still many surviving buildings of historical interest. (Most of them, especially churches, were unfortunately destroyed during World War II and Stalin's reign of terror in the 1930s. A few areas retain their historical character: all of Central Avenue, some street-blocks on the main hill (the Nagornaya part) between Pushkina Prospekt and Embankment, and sections near Globa and Shevchenka parks have been untouched for 150 years.

The Dnieper River keeps the climate mild. It is visible from many points in Dnipropetrovsk. From any hill (there are 3 in the city) you will find a beautiful view of the river, islands, parks, outskirts, river banks and hills.

There was no need to build skyscrapers in the city in Soviet times. The major industries preferred to locate their offices close to their factories and away from the centre of town. In the last ten years since independence the price of land has increased considerably. All the new office buildings are being built in the same architectural style as the old buildings.

Famous people from Dnipropetrovsk

Main page: People from Dnipropetrovsk category
House museum of Dmytro Yavornytsky.

Sport

File:Dnipro stadium1.jpg
Dnipro Arena

The city also houses the Ukrainian Premier League football club, FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk.

Twin towns - Sister cities

Dnipropetrovsk is twinned with:

References

  1. ^ Ukrcensus.gov.ua — City URL accessed on March 8, 2007
  2. ^ uk.wikipedia.org URL accessed on August 19, 2007
  3. ^ A closed city does not allow foreigners inside without official permission.
  4. ^ See also: klimadiagramme.de — Climate in Dnipropetrovsk URL accessed on March 20, 2007
  5. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine - Population
  6. ^ "Weather and climate". Gorod.dp.ua. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  7. ^ Go2Kiev Dnepropetrovsk
  8. ^ a b c Plokhy, Serhii, The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine, pub Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0199247390, pages 26, 37, 40, 51, 60-1, 142, 245, and 268.
  9. ^ Guillaume le Vasseur de Beauplan wrote a book Description d'Ukrainie, published in 1651 and 1660.
  10. ^ Capture of Dnepr, Gladiolus, December, 2007
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j www.eugene.com.ua Dnepropetrovsk History
  12. ^ Eugene.com states that the population in the early 19th Century was 6,389, whilst Cheba states that this was the population in 1800.
  13. ^ a b Kardasis, Vassilis, Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia, 1775–1861, pub Lexington Books, 2001, ISBN 0739102451, page 34.
  14. ^ a b c d e "History" a Dnipropetrovsk Travel Page by Cheba
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Community (DJC.com) - About Yekaterinoslav Dnepropetrovsk cached copy accessed 24 March 2008.
  16. ^ Cheba states that in a census for 1 January 1866 the population was 22,846. Eugene.com states 22,816 for 1865, while DJC.com states 22,846 for 1865.
  17. ^ Eugene.com states that the population in 1887 was 48,000, whilst Gerald Surh states that it was 47,000.
    www.eugene.com.ua Dnepropetrovsk History
    Surh, Gerald, Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence
  18. ^ Eugene.com states that the population in 1897 was 121,200, Cheba says 121,216, and Surh says 112,800, whilst Vassilis Kardasis states that it was 113,000.
    www.eugene.com.ua Dnepropetrovsk History
    "History" a Dnipropetrovsk Travel Page by Cheba
    Surh, Gerald, Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence
    Kardasis, Vassilis, Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia, 1775–1861
  19. ^ a b c d Surh, Gerald, Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence, published in International Labor and Working-Class History No. 64, Fall 2003, pages 139–166.
  20. ^ a b c d chinalist.ru
  21. ^ a b United Nations Statistics Division: cities, population, census years (discontinued) [code 14720] give the population for the city proper as 1,147,000 for 1996, and 1,122,400 for 1998.
    Eugene.com states that the population in 1998 was 1,137,000
  22. ^ Belyakov, Alexander, Processes of integration among ethnic and displaced Germans in Ukraine (a comparative analysis with integrative experience in Germany)
  23. ^ Ukrainetrek Dnepropetrovsk (City)
  24. ^ Three 19-year old youths committed 19 murders in Dnipropetrovsk during a month, this however turned out to be a hoax and the video of a murder occuring is also fake.
  25. ^ Volodymyr Kubiyovych; Zenon Kuzelia, Енциклопедія українознавства (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies), 3-volumes, Kiev, 1994, ISBN 5-7702-0554-7
  26. ^ a b Conversion from contemporary Imperial Russian roubles to 2007 currency used the following method:
    (1) Conversion to contemporary Sterling used table 18 which accompanies Marc Flandreau and Frédréric Zumer's book The Making of Global Finance, 1880–1913, OECD 2004.
    (2)Conversion to 2007 Sterling used RPI data from Table 63 of National Income Expenditure and Output of the United Kingdom 1855–1965, by CH Feinstein, pub Cambirdge Unioversity Press, 1972 and Retail Prices Index: annual index numbers of retail prices 1948–2007 (RPI) (RPIX)
    (3) Conversion to 2007 US Dollars used the calculated 2007 Sterling value and the average exchange rate for 2007 $1 =£0.49987, taken from FXHistory: historical currency exchange rates. It would have been better to have used contemporary rouble/dollar exchange rates and US RPI data, but the latter were not available to author (March 2008).
  27. ^ Conversion from 1940 roubles to 2007 currency used a similar method to that used with Imperial Russian roubles, with the following used to generate rouble to Sterling exchange rate for 1940. Kawlsky, Daniel, Stalin and the Spanish Civil War Chapter 11 quotes a rate for the 1930s of 5.3 roubles per US dollar. measuringworth.com quotes a 1940 exchange rate of $1000000 = £261096.61.
  28. ^ "Metro". Gorod.dp.ua. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  29. ^ "Žilina - oficiálne stránky mesta: Partnerské mestá Žiliny [Žilina: Official Partner Cities]". © 2008 MaM Multimedia, s.r.o.. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
  30. ^ "Twinning Cities". © 2008 City of Thessaloniki. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
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