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{{Short description|American art instructor at the Santa Fe Indian School}} |
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[[File:Ddunn.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Ddunn.jpg|thumb|Dorothy Dunn Kramer in 1968]] |
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'''Dorothy Dunn Kramer''' (December 2, 1903 – July 5, 1992) was an American art instructor who created '''The Studio School''' at the [[Santa Fe Indian School]]. |
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Dorothy Dunn Kramer]] |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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Dunn was born on 2 December 1903 in [[Pottawatomie County, Kansas]]<ref>Melzer, 127</ref> and educated in Chicago. She first encountered Native American art at the [[Field Museum]] in Chicago in 1925.<ref>Bernstein and Rushing, 5</ref> In 1928, Dunn traveled to [[New Mexico]] for the first time, where she taught second grade at the [[Santo Domingo Pueblo]] Day School, located south of Santa Fe.<ref |
Dunn was born on 2 December 1903 in [[Pottawatomie County, Kansas]]<ref>Melzer, 127</ref> and educated in Chicago. She first encountered Native American art at the [[Field Museum]] in Chicago in 1925.<ref name="auto">Bernstein and Rushing, 5</ref> In 1928, Dunn traveled to [[New Mexico]] for the first time, where she taught second grade at the [[Santo Domingo Pueblo]] Day School, located south of Santa Fe.<ref name="auto"/> She learned quickly from her young Pueblo students that many features of their culture were taboo to draw or paint.<ref>Bernstein and Rushing, 6-7</ref> In 1930, she moved to [[Shiprock, New Mexico]] to teach at the San Juan Boarding School at the Northern [[Navajo Nation|Navajo]] Agency.<ref>Bernstein and Rushing, 8</ref> She finally returned to Chicago in 1931 to complete her degree at the [[School of the Art Institute of Chicago]].<ref name="auto1">Bernstein and Rushing, 9</ref> |
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==The Studio School== |
==The Studio School== |
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While completing her degree, Dunn outlined plans to teach art in the Civil Service at the Santa Fe Indian School and submitted her proposal to the superintendent Chester Faris. She was given a position teaching fifth grade with a half-day to teach art to older students. The Studio School thus opened on 9 September 1932. Established Native artists [[Julian Martinez]] and Alfonso Roybal painted murals at the school to welcome the young artists.<ref |
While completing her degree, Dunn outlined plans to teach art in the Civil Service at the Santa Fe Indian School and submitted her proposal to the superintendent Chester Faris. She was given a position teaching fifth grade with a half-day to teach art to older students. The Studio School thus opened on 9 September 1932. Established Native artists [[Julian Martinez]] and [[Awa Tsireh|Alfonso Roybal]] painted murals at the school to welcome the young artists.<ref name="auto1"/> |
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Among her students were [[Allan Houser]], Ben Quintana, [[Harrison Begay]], Joe Hilario Herrera, [[Quincy Tahoma]], Andrew Tsinajinnie, [[Pablita Velarde]], Eva |
Among her students were [[Allan Houser]], Ben Quintana, [[Harrison Begay]], Joe Hilario Herrera, [[Quincy Tahoma]], Andrew Tsinajinnie, [[Pablita Velarde]], [[Eva Mirabal (Eah Ha Wa)|Eva Mirabal]], [[Pop Chalee]], [[Oscar Howe]], [[Geronima Cruz Montoya]], [[Sybil Yazzie]], and Narcisco Abeyta.<ref>Bernstein and Rushing, 24</ref> |
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Engaged to fellow teacher Max Kramer and overwhelmed by conflicts with the school administration, Dunn resigned in the spring of 1937. Geronima Cruz Montoya ([[Ohkay Owingeh]]) replaced her as director and served until the Studio closed in 1962, when the [[Institute of American Indian Arts]] was established.<ref>Bernstein and Rushing, 14</ref> |
Engaged to fellow teacher Max Kramer and overwhelmed by conflicts with the school administration, Dunn resigned in the spring of 1937. [[Geronima Cruz Montoya]] ([[Ohkay Owingeh]]) replaced her as director and served until the Studio closed in 1962, when the [[Institute of American Indian Arts]] was established.<ref name="auto2">Bernstein and Rushing, 14</ref> |
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===Style=== |
===Style=== |
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Dunn believed that her students had an innate artistic ability, a belief widely promoted by Native American art teacher [[Angel De Cora]] ([[Ho-Chunk]]) at the beginning of the 20th century. Dunn taught the most basic fundamentals of painting while deliberately refraining from teaching life drawing, perspective, or color theory.<ref>Berlo and Philips, 217</ref> Her student body initially came from the Rio Grande and Western [[Puebloan peoples|Pueblos]], and the [[Plains Indians|Plains tribes]]. Each year the classes grew and represented a greater number of tribes. By 1937, the final year that Dunn taught at the Studio, enrollment in the program was 170.<ref>Bernstein and Rushing, 12</ref> |
Dunn believed that her students had an innate artistic ability, a belief widely promoted by Native American art teacher [[Angel De Cora]] ([[Ho-Chunk]]) at the beginning of the 20th century. Dunn taught the most basic fundamentals of painting while deliberately refraining from teaching life drawing, perspective, or color theory.<ref>Berlo and Philips, 217</ref> Her student body initially came from the Rio Grande and Western [[Puebloan peoples|Pueblos]], and the [[Plains Indians|Plains tribes]]. Each year the classes grew and represented a greater number of tribes. By 1937, the final year that Dunn taught at the Studio, enrollment in the program was 170.<ref>Bernstein and Rushing, 12</ref> |
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The style she taught featured heavily outlined flat fields of color, illustrative and narrative portrayals of ceremonies, dance, and mythology, painted primarily in opaque watercolors.<ref>Penney, 200.</ref> Dunn taught a single style of painting influenced by the work of the [[San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico|San Ildefonso]] painters of the 1910s and 1920s – "a style that she believed, rightly or wrongly, was the only authentic painting style for [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] artists to follow."<ref |
The style she taught featured heavily outlined flat fields of color, illustrative and narrative portrayals of ceremonies, dance, and mythology, painted primarily in opaque watercolors.<ref>Penney, 200.</ref> Dunn taught a single style of painting influenced by the work of the [[San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico|San Ildefonso]] painters of the 1910s and 1920s – "a style that she believed, rightly or wrongly, was the only authentic painting style for [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] artists to follow."<ref name="auto"/> The style she advocated, called the "Studio Style" or "flat-style painting", was inspired by Pueblo [[mural]] and pottery painting, [[Plains hide painting]], and [[rock art]]. |
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Dunn's strict adherence to a single style of painting has been widely criticized, especially from within the Native American community. Celebrated [[Chiricahua Apache]] sculptor, [[Allan Houser]] said, "she trained us all the same way... Her style lacked originality and creativity."<ref>Bernstein and Rushing, 15</ref> However, many of her students appreciated her efforts. Geronima Montoya said that Dunn "did a lot for us. She made us |
Dunn's strict adherence to a single style of painting has been widely criticized, especially from within the Native American community. Celebrated [[Chiricahua Apache]] sculptor, [[Allan Houser]] said, "she trained us all the same way... Her style lacked originality and creativity."<ref>Bernstein and Rushing, 15</ref> However, many of her students appreciated her efforts. Geronima Montoya said that Dunn "did a lot for us. She made us realize how important our own Indian ways were, because we had been made to feel ashamed of them. She gave us something we could be proud of."<ref>Bernstein and Rushing, 25</ref> |
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==Later career== |
==Later career== |
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Dunn applied and was rejected for employment by the Indian Arts and Crafts Board. She lectured about [[Native American art]] and curated and |
Dunn applied and was rejected for employment by the Indian Arts and Crafts Board. She lectured about [[Native American art]] and curated and judged art shows in the United States, Belgium, Italy, and Finland. She published 18 scholarly articles in the 1950s.<ref name="auto2"/> The government of France named her an Officier d'Académie in 1954, and the [[School of American Research]] named her an Honorary Associate. The Indian Arts and Crafts Board awarded her a certification of appreciation in 1962.<ref>Dunn, book jacket</ref> |
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In 1968, she published the book, ''American Indian Painting of the Southwest and Plains Areas.''<ref>Dunn</ref> |
In 1968, she published the book, ''American Indian Painting of the Southwest and Plains Areas.''<ref>Dunn</ref> |
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She died on 5 July 1992 in [[Mountain View, California]] from [[Alzheimer's disease]]. She was buried in San Gorgonio Memorial Park in [[Banning, California]].<ref>Melzer, 127-8</ref> |
She died on 5 July 1992 in [[Mountain View, California]] from [[Alzheimer's disease]]. She was buried in San Gorgonio Memorial Park in [[Banning, California]].<ref>Melzer, 127-8</ref> |
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==Notes== |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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== |
==Bibliography== |
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* Berlo, Janet C. and Ruth B. Phillips. ''Native North American Art. Oxford History of Art''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN |
* Berlo, Janet C. and Ruth B. Phillips. ''Native North American Art. Oxford History of Art''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-19-284218-3}}. |
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* Bernstein, Bruce, and W. Jackson Rushing. ''Modern by Tradition: American Indian Painting in the Studio Style.'' Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995. ISBN |
* Bernstein, Bruce, and W. Jackson Rushing. ''Modern by Tradition: American Indian Painting in the Studio Style.'' Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-89013-291-7}}. |
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* Dunn, Dorothy. ''American Indian Painting of the Southwest and Plains Areas.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968. ASIN B000X7A1T0. |
* Dunn, Dorothy. ''American Indian Painting of the Southwest and Plains Areas.'' Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968. ASIN B000X7A1T0. |
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* Melzer, Richard. ''Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History.'' Santa Fe: Sunstone Press, 2007. ISBN |
* Melzer, Richard. ''Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History.'' Santa Fe: Sunstone Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-86534-531-7}}. |
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* Penney, David W. ''North American Indian Art.'' London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. ISBN |
* Penney, David W. ''North American Indian Art.'' London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. {{ISBN|0-500-20377-6}}. |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa044.shtml Information on Dorothy Dunn] |
* [http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa044.shtml Information on Dorothy Dunn] |
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* [http://www.amerindianarts.us/articles/dorothy_dunn.shtml Article on Dorothy Dunn] |
* [http://www.amerindianarts.us/articles/dorothy_dunn.shtml Article on Dorothy Dunn] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> |
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|NAME = Dorothy Dunn |
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{{Flatstyle}} |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Dorothy Kramer |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION = European-American art instructor at the Santa Fe Indian School |
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|DATE OF BIRTH = 2 December 1903 |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH = Pottawatomie County, Kansas |
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|DATE OF DEATH = 5 July 1992 |
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|PLACE OF DEATH = Mountain View, California |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunn, Dorothy}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunn, Dorothy}} |
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[[Category:1903 births]] |
[[Category:1903 births]] |
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[[Category:1992 deaths]] |
[[Category:1992 deaths]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:20th-century American artists]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:20th-century American women artists]] |
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[[Category:American art educators]] |
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[[Category:Artists from Kansas]] |
[[Category:Artists from Kansas]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico]] |
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[[Category:People from Pottawatomie County, Kansas]] |
[[Category:People from Pottawatomie County, Kansas]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni]] |
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[[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in California]] |
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[[Category:Deaths from dementia in California]] |
Latest revision as of 11:15, 2 May 2024
Dorothy Dunn Kramer (December 2, 1903 – July 5, 1992) was an American art instructor who created The Studio School at the Santa Fe Indian School.
Background
[edit]Dunn was born on 2 December 1903 in Pottawatomie County, Kansas[1] and educated in Chicago. She first encountered Native American art at the Field Museum in Chicago in 1925.[2] In 1928, Dunn traveled to New Mexico for the first time, where she taught second grade at the Santo Domingo Pueblo Day School, located south of Santa Fe.[2] She learned quickly from her young Pueblo students that many features of their culture were taboo to draw or paint.[3] In 1930, she moved to Shiprock, New Mexico to teach at the San Juan Boarding School at the Northern Navajo Agency.[4] She finally returned to Chicago in 1931 to complete her degree at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.[5]
The Studio School
[edit]While completing her degree, Dunn outlined plans to teach art in the Civil Service at the Santa Fe Indian School and submitted her proposal to the superintendent Chester Faris. She was given a position teaching fifth grade with a half-day to teach art to older students. The Studio School thus opened on 9 September 1932. Established Native artists Julian Martinez and Alfonso Roybal painted murals at the school to welcome the young artists.[5]
Among her students were Allan Houser, Ben Quintana, Harrison Begay, Joe Hilario Herrera, Quincy Tahoma, Andrew Tsinajinnie, Pablita Velarde, Eva Mirabal, Pop Chalee, Oscar Howe, Geronima Cruz Montoya, Sybil Yazzie, and Narcisco Abeyta.[6]
Engaged to fellow teacher Max Kramer and overwhelmed by conflicts with the school administration, Dunn resigned in the spring of 1937. Geronima Cruz Montoya (Ohkay Owingeh) replaced her as director and served until the Studio closed in 1962, when the Institute of American Indian Arts was established.[7]
Style
[edit]Dunn believed that her students had an innate artistic ability, a belief widely promoted by Native American art teacher Angel De Cora (Ho-Chunk) at the beginning of the 20th century. Dunn taught the most basic fundamentals of painting while deliberately refraining from teaching life drawing, perspective, or color theory.[8] Her student body initially came from the Rio Grande and Western Pueblos, and the Plains tribes. Each year the classes grew and represented a greater number of tribes. By 1937, the final year that Dunn taught at the Studio, enrollment in the program was 170.[9]
The style she taught featured heavily outlined flat fields of color, illustrative and narrative portrayals of ceremonies, dance, and mythology, painted primarily in opaque watercolors.[10] Dunn taught a single style of painting influenced by the work of the San Ildefonso painters of the 1910s and 1920s – "a style that she believed, rightly or wrongly, was the only authentic painting style for Native American artists to follow."[2] The style she advocated, called the "Studio Style" or "flat-style painting", was inspired by Pueblo mural and pottery painting, Plains hide painting, and rock art.
Dunn's strict adherence to a single style of painting has been widely criticized, especially from within the Native American community. Celebrated Chiricahua Apache sculptor, Allan Houser said, "she trained us all the same way... Her style lacked originality and creativity."[11] However, many of her students appreciated her efforts. Geronima Montoya said that Dunn "did a lot for us. She made us realize how important our own Indian ways were, because we had been made to feel ashamed of them. She gave us something we could be proud of."[12]
Later career
[edit]Dunn applied and was rejected for employment by the Indian Arts and Crafts Board. She lectured about Native American art and curated and judged art shows in the United States, Belgium, Italy, and Finland. She published 18 scholarly articles in the 1950s.[7] The government of France named her an Officier d'Académie in 1954, and the School of American Research named her an Honorary Associate. The Indian Arts and Crafts Board awarded her a certification of appreciation in 1962.[13]
In 1968, she published the book, American Indian Painting of the Southwest and Plains Areas.[14]
Death and legacy
[edit]She died on 5 July 1992 in Mountain View, California from Alzheimer's disease. She was buried in San Gorgonio Memorial Park in Banning, California.[15]
Her collection of paintings was donated to the Museum of New Mexico in the 1970s. In 1992, Dunn's daughter, Etel Kramer, donated her papers – scholarly and personal – to that museum.[16]
References
[edit]- ^ Melzer, 127
- ^ a b c Bernstein and Rushing, 5
- ^ Bernstein and Rushing, 6-7
- ^ Bernstein and Rushing, 8
- ^ a b Bernstein and Rushing, 9
- ^ Bernstein and Rushing, 24
- ^ a b Bernstein and Rushing, 14
- ^ Berlo and Philips, 217
- ^ Bernstein and Rushing, 12
- ^ Penney, 200.
- ^ Bernstein and Rushing, 15
- ^ Bernstein and Rushing, 25
- ^ Dunn, book jacket
- ^ Dunn
- ^ Melzer, 127-8
- ^ Bernstein and Rushing, vii and 14
Bibliography
[edit]- Berlo, Janet C. and Ruth B. Phillips. Native North American Art. Oxford History of Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-284218-3.
- Bernstein, Bruce, and W. Jackson Rushing. Modern by Tradition: American Indian Painting in the Studio Style. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995. ISBN 0-89013-291-7.
- Dunn, Dorothy. American Indian Painting of the Southwest and Plains Areas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968. ASIN B000X7A1T0.
- Melzer, Richard. Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-86534-531-7.
- Penney, David W. North American Indian Art. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. ISBN 0-500-20377-6.
External links
[edit]- 1903 births
- 1992 deaths
- 20th-century American artists
- 20th-century American women artists
- American art educators
- Artists from Kansas
- Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico
- People from Pottawatomie County, Kansas
- School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
- Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in California
- Deaths from dementia in California