Duduk: Difference between revisions
Added Foundation (TV series) to the list of Television soundtracks that feature the Duduk. |
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| image = Doudouk armenien.jpg |
| image = Doudouk armenien.jpg |
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| classification = [[Wind instrument]] with [[double reed]] |
| classification = [[Wind instrument]] with [[double reed]] |
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| related = Closely related instruments include the [[Mey (instrument)|Mey]] (Turkey), [[Balaban (instrument)|Balaban]] (Azerbaijan, Iran), [[Yasti Balaban]] (Dagestan), [[Duduki]] (Georgia), Duduk (Armenia), [[Hichiriki]] (Japan), [[Piri (instrument)|Piri]] (Korea), [[Guan (instrument)|Guanzi]] (China), and [[Kamis Sirnay]] (Kyrgyzstan) |
| related = Closely related instruments include the [[Mey (instrument)|Mey]] (Turkey), [[Balaban (instrument)|Balaban]] (Azerbaijan, Iran), [[Yasti Balaban]] (Dagestan), [[Duduki]] (Georgia), Duduk (Armenia), [[Hichiriki]] (Japan), [[Piri (instrument)|Piri]] (Korea), [[Guan (instrument)|Guanzi]] (China), and [[Kamis Sirnay]] (Kyrgyzstan), |
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| musicians = [[Djivan Gasparyan]], [[Gevorg Dabaghyan]], [[Vache Hovsepyan]], [[Levon Minassian]], [[Pedro Eustache]] |
| musicians = [[Djivan Gasparyan]], [[Gevorg Dabaghyan]], [[Vache Hovsepyan]], [[Levon Minassian]], [[Pedro Eustache]] |
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| builders = [[Karlen Matevosyan]], [[Arthur Grigoryan]], [[Hovsep Grigoryan]] |
| builders = [[Karlen Matevosyan]], [[Arthur Grigoryan]], [[Hovsep Grigoryan]] |
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| image_capt = Duduk |
| image_capt = Duduk |
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| sound sample = {{listen |
| sound sample = {{listen |
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|filename=SERGO.TEL - April - duduk-improvisation2.ogg |
| filename = SERGO.TEL - April - duduk-improvisation2.ogg |
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|title=Duduk music |
| title = Duduk music |
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|pos=right |
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|description=Melody performed with a duduk by SERGO.TEL.}} |
| description = Melody performed with a duduk by SERGO.TEL.}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Infobox intangible heritage |
{{Infobox intangible heritage |
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| Image = |
| Image = Kids Playing duduk.jpg |
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| Caption = Armenian |
| Caption = Armenian children playing the duduk |
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| ICH = Duduk and its music |
| ICH = Duduk and its music |
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| State Party = Armenia |
| State Party = Armenia |
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| Domains = Performing arts (music) |
| Domains = Performing arts (music) |
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| ID = 00092 |
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| Region = ENA |
| Region = ENA |
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| Year = 2008 |
| Year = 2008 |
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| Session = 3rd |
| Session = 3rd |
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| List = Representative |
| List = Representative |
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| Link = https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/duduk-and-its-music-00092 |
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| Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]] |
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| Note = <!--Possible image--> |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''duduk''' ({{IPAc-en|d|uː|ˈ|d|uː|k}} {{respell|doo|DOOK}}; {{lang-hy|դուդուկ}} {{IPA-hy|duˈduk|IPA}})<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society|date=2006|volume=32|page=183|publisher=[[American Musical Instrument Society]]|quote=...the duduk (pronounced doo-dook)...|title= The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia }}</ref> or '''tsiranapogh''' ({{lang-hy|ծիրանափող}}, meaning "apricot-made wind instrument"), is a [[double reed]] [[woodwind instrument]] made of [[apricot]] wood originating from [[Armenia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCollum|first=Jonathan|date=2016|title=Duduk (i)|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-4002294080.|journal=Grove Music Online|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2294963}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA335 "…which is indigenous to Armenia,…"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509201603/https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA335&dq=%22which+is+indigenous+to+Armenia,+and+its+sound+is%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3nennwe7ZAhXIvrwKHfOXBvsQ6AEIJjAA |date=2018-05-09 }}, World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East p.335</ref> Variations of the Armenian duduk appear throughout the [[Caucasus]] and the Middle East, including [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[ |
The '''duduk''' ({{IPAc-en|d|uː|ˈ|d|uː|k}} {{respell|doo|DOOK}}; {{lang-hy|դուդուկ}} {{IPA-hy|duˈduk|IPA}})<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society|date=2006|volume=32|page=183|publisher=[[American Musical Instrument Society]]|quote=...the duduk (pronounced doo-dook)...|title= The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia }}</ref> or '''tsiranapogh''' ({{lang-hy|ծիրանափող}}, meaning "apricot-made wind instrument"), is a [[double reed]] [[woodwind instrument]] made of [[apricot]] wood originating from [[Armenia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCollum|first=Jonathan|date=2016|title=Duduk (i)|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-4002294080.|journal=Grove Music Online|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2294963|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA335 "…which is indigenous to Armenia,…"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509201603/https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA335&dq=%22which+is+indigenous+to+Armenia,+and+its+sound+is%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3nennwe7ZAhXIvrwKHfOXBvsQ6AEIJjAA |date=2018-05-09 }}, World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East p.335</ref> Variations of the Armenian duduk appear throughout the [[Caucasus]] and the Middle East, including [[Bulgaria]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Kurdistan]], [[Turkey]], and [[Iran]].<ref name="Stokes">{{cite book|editor=Stokes, Jamie|title=Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8160-7158-6|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA63 63]|quote=One of the oldest indigenous Armenian instruments is the duduk, a woodwind instrument usually made from apricot wood, with a double reed.}}</ref><ref name="unesco 2003">{{cite web<!--|title=Dialogue among civilizations. Caucasus-->|title=Armenian duduk and other Armenian folk instruments|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001393/139314m.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|date=June 2003|access-date=16 March 2014|page=32|quote=Duduk is considered to be the most Armenian of all folk instruments for its Armenian origin and honest expression. It has a 1500 – year history and is native to Armenia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan.}}</ref> Duduk, [[Kaval]] , [[Balaban (instrument)|Balaban]], and [[Mey (instrument)|Mey]] are almost identical, except for historical and geographical differences.<ref name=Comp>[https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/KARAHASANO%c4%9eLU-Song%c3%bcl-A-COMPARATIVE-VIEW-OF-THE-MEY-BALABAN-AND-DUDUK-AS-ORGANOLOGICAL-PHENOMENA.pdf A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE MEY, BALABAN AND DUDUK AS ORGANOLOGICAL PHENOMENA]{{Retrieved|access-date=February 28, 2022}}</ref> |
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It is commonly played in pairs: while the first player plays the melody, the second plays a steady drone called ''dum'', and the sound of the two instruments together creates a richer, more haunting sound. The unflattened reed and cylindrical body produce a sound closer to the [[English horn]] than the [[oboe]] or [[bassoon]]. Unlike other double reed instruments like the oboe or [[shawm]], the duduk has a very large reed proportional to its size. |
It is commonly played in pairs: while the first player plays the melody, the second plays a steady drone called ''dum'', and the sound of the two instruments together creates a richer, more haunting sound. The unflattened reed and cylindrical body produce a sound closer to the [[English horn]] than the [[oboe]] or [[bassoon]]. Unlike other double reed instruments like the oboe or [[shawm]], the duduk has a very large reed proportional to its size. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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There have been two published lines of thinking on |
There have been two published lines of thinking on the origins of the word. |
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Both the Russian |
Both the Russian book ''Musical Instruments Encyclopedia'' (Музыкальные инструменты. Энциклопедия) and American book ''Musical Instruments, A Comprehensive Dictionary'' give an ultimate origin of the name as Persian, the word ''tutak''.<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry= Duduk |title=Musical Instruments, A Comprehensive Dictionary |first= Sibyl |last= Marcuse |publisher= Doubleday |place= Garden City, New York |date= 1964 |page=157|url=https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00marcus/page/156/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Музыкальные инструменты. Энциклопедия |editor= Есипова М. В.|date=2008 |publisher=Дека-ВС |location=[[Moscow]] |pages=207–209 |chapter=Дудук (свистковая флейта и язычковый духовой инструмент) |quote= [Information in English: ''Musical instruments. Encyclopedia'' Publisher: Deca-Sun, The year of publishing: 2008, Place of publication: Moscow, Text language: Russian, Editor/compiler: Esipova M.V., ISBN 978-5-901951-40-8]}}</ref> |
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However, the word has a long history within Turkish as well, being included by [[Mahmud al-Kashgari|Mahmud Kashgari]] in his [[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk]] (''Compendium of the languages of the Turks'') circa 1073 A.D.<ref name=sozluk>{{cite dictionary| article= Düdük |title= Nişanyan Sözlük |trans-title= Nisanyan Dictionary |language=tr|url= https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/kelime/d%C3%BCd%C3%BCk |quote=Old Turkish: tütek ([[Mahmud al-Kashgari|Kaşgari]], ''[[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk|Divan-i Lugati't-Türk]]'', 1073 A.D.) [transcribist's note: the source who put this online may not be neutral; deciding whether the Persian ''tutak'' or Turkish ''tutek/dukuk'' is the elder word is the job of a linguist.]}}</ref> |
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According to linguist [[Hrachya Acharyan]] the name "duduk" comes from the Ottoman Turkish word "دودوك."<ref>{{cite book |title= Թուրքերէնէ փոխառեալ բառերը Պօլսի հայ ժողովրդական լեզուին մէջ համեմատութեամբ Վանի, Ղարաբաղի եւ Նոր-Նախիջեւանի բարբառներուն |trans-title=Words borrowed from Turkish in the Armenian vernacular of Poland in comparison with the dialects of Van, Karabakh and Nor-Nakhijevan" |author= Hrachai Adjarian |language=hy |date= 1902 |page= 340 |url= http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=62&query=%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%AF}}</ref> |
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This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, [[#Balkan duduk|Balkan duduk]]). Similar instruments used in other parts of [[Western Asia]] are the ''[[Mey (instrument)|mey]]'' and ''[[Balaban (instrument)|balaban]]''. |
This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, [[#Balkan duduk|Balkan duduk]]). Similar instruments used in other parts of [[Western Asia]] are the ''[[Mey (instrument)|mey]]'' and ''[[Balaban (instrument)|balaban]]''. |
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The duduk is a [[double reed]] instrument with ancient origins, having existed since at least the fifth century, while there are Armenian scholars who believe it existed more than 1,500 years before that.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Broughton, Simon |editor2=Ellingham, Mark |editor3=Trillo, Richard|year=1999|title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East|page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/334 334]|isbn=9781858286358|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/334}}</ref> The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today, the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed, with the body made from aged [[apricot]] wood.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|date=2012|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=9781412981767|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&dq=modern+duduks+are+typically+made+from+aged+apricot+wood&pg=PA167 167]|editor1=Andrea L. Stanton |editor2=Edward Ramsamy |editor3=Peter J. Seybolt }}</ref> |
The duduk is a [[double reed]] instrument with ancient origins, having existed since at least the fifth century, while there are Armenian scholars who believe it existed more than 1,500 years before that.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Broughton, Simon |editor2=Ellingham, Mark |editor3=Trillo, Richard|year=1999|title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East|page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/334 334]|isbn=9781858286358|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/334}}</ref> The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today, the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed, with the body made from aged [[apricot]] wood.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|date=2012|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=9781412981767|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&dq=modern+duduks+are+typically+made+from+aged+apricot+wood&pg=PA167 167]|editor1=Andrea L. Stanton |editor2=Edward Ramsamy |editor3=Peter J. Seybolt }}</ref> |
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The particular tuning depends heavily on the region in which it is played. |
The particular tuning depends heavily on the region in which it is played. An eight-hole duduk (not counting the thumb hole on the lower side) can play ten successive notes of a [[diatonic scale]] with simple fingering, or sixteen consecutive notes of a [[chromatic scale]] by half-covering holes. For example, an A duduk can play all the notes from F♯ to the A more than an octave higher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duduk Fingering Chart |url=https://www.armenianduduk.am/fingering-chart-for-duduk.html |publisher=ArmenianDuduk.am}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HOW TO PLAY DUDUK 3: Playing a scale |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qbq5CoTpYKI |website=YouTube |publisher=DudukLessons.com}}</ref> (Another reference gives different information.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dr John Vartan |title=Armenian Duduk An Instructional Book For Beginners |url=http://www.johnvartan.com/DudukInstructions_JohnVartan.pdf |publisher=American Recording Productions |date=2000}}</ref>) By using the lips to "bend" notes and partially covering holes any pitch in this range can be produced, as required for Oriental music.<ref>{{cite web |last1=David Brown |title=The Duduk & Mey: History, Info and Set-Up |url=https://larkinthemorning.com/blogs/articles/the-duduk-mey-history-info-and-set-up |website=Lark in the morning}}</ref> The instrument's body has different lengths depending upon the range of the instrument and region. The [[reed (music)|reed]] (Armenian: [[wikt:եղեգն|եղեգն]], ''eġegn''), is made from one or two pieces of cane in a duck-bill type assembly. Unlike other double-reed instruments, the reed is quite wide, helping to give the duduk both its unique, mournful sound, as well as its remarkable breathing requirements. The duduk player is called ''dudukahar'' ([[wikt:դուդուկահար|դուդուկահար]]) in Armenian. |
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The performers use air stored in their cheeks to keep playing the instrument while they inhale air into their lungs. This [[circular breathing|"circular" breathing]] technique is commonly used with all the double-reed instruments in the Middle East.<ref name="Iranica">{{cite web|last=Albright|first=Ch.|title=BĀLĀBĀN|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balaban-a-cylindrical-bore-double-reed-wind-instrument-about-35-cm-long-with-seven-finger-holes-and-one-thumb-hole-play|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316214716/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balaban-a-cylindrical-bore-double-reed-wind-instrument-about-35-cm-long-with-seven-finger-holes-and-one-thumb-hole-play|archive-date=16 March 2014|date=15 December 1988}}</ref> |
The performers use air stored in their cheeks to keep playing the instrument while they inhale air into their lungs. This [[circular breathing|"circular" breathing]] technique is commonly used with all the double-reed instruments in the Middle East.<ref name="Iranica">{{cite web|last=Albright|first=Ch.|title=BĀLĀBĀN|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balaban-a-cylindrical-bore-double-reed-wind-instrument-about-35-cm-long-with-seven-finger-holes-and-one-thumb-hole-play|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316214716/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balaban-a-cylindrical-bore-double-reed-wind-instrument-about-35-cm-long-with-seven-finger-holes-and-one-thumb-hole-play|archive-date=16 March 2014|date=15 December 1988}}</ref> |
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==Balkan duduk== |
==Balkan duduk== |
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While "duduk" most commonly refers to the [[double reed]] instrument described on this page, |
While "duduk" most commonly refers to the [[double reed]] instrument described on this page, there is a very similar instrument played in northwestern Bulgaria. This is a blocked-end flute known as a [[kaval]], resembling the Serbian [[frula]], or kavalče in a part of Macedonia,<ref>[http://www.macedoniadirect.com/instruments/supelki.htm www.macedoniadirect.com/instruments/supelki.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525162713/http://macedoniadirect.com/instruments/supelki.htm |date=2006-05-25 }}</ref> and as duduk in northwest Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://horo.bg/index.php?menunode=2&show=material&materialid=259 |title=Дудук : Horo.bg - българският сайт за народни хора, песни, танци, обичаи, фолклор |publisher=Horo.bg |access-date=2013-09-22 |language=bg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927233800/http://horo.bg/index.php?menunode=2&show=material&materialid=259 |archive-date=2013-09-27 }}</ref><ref>For a detailed description of the instrument (in Bulgarian), see {{cite web |url=http://www.bgjourney.com/Bit%20t%20Kultura/Old%20gloss/Old%20gloss%20Du.html |title=Бит и култура | Речник на остарели, редки, чуждици и диалектни думи ДЛ-ДУ |access-date=2012-03-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216024758/http://www.bgjourney.com/Bit%20t%20Kultura/Old%20gloss/Old%20gloss%20Du.html |archive-date=2012-02-16 }}</ref> Made of maple or other wood, it comes in two sizes: {{convert|700|-|780|mm}} and {{convert|240|-|400|mm}} (duduce). The blocked end is flat. |
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==In popular culture== |
==In popular culture== |
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* [[Dead Man Walking (film)|''Dead Man Walking'' (1995)]] by [[David Robbins (composer)|David Robbins]] |
* [[Dead Man Walking (film)|''Dead Man Walking'' (1995)]] by [[David Robbins (composer)|David Robbins]] |
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* [[Elektra (2005 film)|''Elektra'' (2005)]] by [[Christophe Beck]]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
* [[Elektra (2005 film)|''Elektra'' (2005)]] by [[Christophe Beck]]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* [[Gladiator (2000 soundtrack)#More Music from Gladiator|''Gladiator'' (2000)]] by [[Djivan Gasparyan]] in the track ''Duduk of the North''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tracksounds.com/reviews/gladiator.htm|title=Gladiator (Soundtrack) by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard|website=www.tracksounds.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620054815/http://www.tracksounds.com/reviews/gladiator.htm|archive-date=20 June 2006}}</ref> |
* [[Gladiator (2000 soundtrack)#More Music from Gladiator|''Gladiator'' (2000)]] by [[Djivan Gasparyan]] in the track ''Duduk of the North''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tracksounds.com/reviews/gladiator.htm|title=Gladiator (Soundtrack) by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard|website=www.tracksounds.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620054815/http://www.tracksounds.com/reviews/gladiator.htm|archive-date=20 June 2006}}</ref> |
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* [[Hotel Rwanda|''Hotel Rwanda'' (2004)]] main theme music<ref name=rwanda>"Hotel Rwanda Film Music"{{cite web |url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/apr06/hotelrwanda.html |title=Hotel Rwanda: Rupert Gregson-Williams, Andrea Guerra: Film Music on the Web CD Reviews April 2006 |access-date=2011-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129182649/http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/apr06/hotelrwanda.html |archive-date=2011-11-29 }}</ref> |
* [[Hotel Rwanda|''Hotel Rwanda'' (2004)]] main theme music<ref name=rwanda>"Hotel Rwanda Film Music"{{cite web |url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/apr06/hotelrwanda.html |title=Hotel Rwanda: Rupert Gregson-Williams, Andrea Guerra: Film Music on the Web CD Reviews April 2006 |access-date=2011-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129182649/http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/apr06/hotelrwanda.html |archive-date=2011-11-29 }}</ref> |
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* ''Beasts in Our Time'' and ''Under The Eye Of The Sun'' played by [[Robert Townsend (Saxophonist)|Rob Townsend]] on [[Steve Hackett]]'s album ''At The Edge Of Light'' |
* ''Beasts in Our Time'' and ''Under The Eye Of The Sun'' played by [[Robert Townsend (Saxophonist)|Rob Townsend]] on [[Steve Hackett]]'s album ''At The Edge Of Light'' |
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* ''[[3 Faces]]'' (2018) by [[Jafar Panahi]], duduk by [[Yusef Moharamian]] |
* ''[[3 Faces]]'' (2018) by [[Jafar Panahi]], duduk by [[Yusef Moharamian]] |
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⚫ | * [[Dune (2021 film)|''Dune'']] (2021) by [[Hans Zimmer]], duduk by [[Pedro Eustache]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://moviemusicuk.us/2024/03/08/dune-part-two-hans-zimmer/|website=[[The New York Times]]|title=How Hans Zimmer Conjured the Otherworldly Sounds of 'Dune' |date=22 October 2021 |last1=King |first1=Darryn }}</ref> |
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* ''[[Dune: Part Two]]'' (2024) by [[Hans Zimmer]], duduk by [[Pedro Eustache]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/22/movies/hans-zimmer-dune.html|website=Movie Music UK|title=DUNE, PART TWO – Hans Zimmer | MOVIE MUSIC UK |date= 8 March 2024|last1=Broxton |first1=Jonathan}}</ref> |
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[[File:Benik Iknatyan playing the doudouk.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Benik Ignatyan playing the duduk at the [[Tsitsernakaberd|Armenian Genocide memorial complex]] in [[Yerevan]], Armenia, 1997.]] |
[[File:Benik Iknatyan playing the doudouk.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Benik Ignatyan playing the duduk at the [[Tsitsernakaberd|Armenian Genocide memorial complex]] in [[Yerevan]], Armenia, 1997.]] |
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===Television soundtracks=== |
===Television soundtracks=== |
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* ''[[Angel (1999 TV series)|Angel]]'' by Rob Kral<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
* ''[[Angel (1999 TV series)|Angel]]'' by Rob Kral<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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* ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]'' by [[Jeremy Zuckerman]] features the instrument in a recurring motif associated with the character of [[Zuko]], most notably in the tracks "Iroh's Tsungi Horn" and "The Blue Spirit" |
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* ''[[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'' (2004 TV series) by [[Bear McCreary]]. Its tracks "Two Funerals", "Starbuck on the Red Moon", "Escape from the Farm", "Colonial Anthem, "Black Market", "Something Dark is Coming", "Martial Law", "Prelude to War" feature the duduk.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bearmccreary.com/blog/?p=42 |title=Instruments of Battlestar Galactica: Duduk |publisher=Bearmccreary.com |date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531173154/http://www.bearmccreary.com/blog/?p=42 |archive-date=2010-05-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Runner |first=Blade |url=http://galactica-station.blogspot.com/2006/10/duduk-instrument-that-makes-hollywood.html |title=Duduk: The Instrument That Makes Hollywood Cry |publisher=Galactica-station.blogspot.com |date=2004-02-26 |access-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708040055/http://galactica-station.blogspot.com/2006/10/duduk-instrument-that-makes-hollywood.html |archive-date=2011-07-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/dec06/bsg_s2.html |title=Battlestar Galactica: Season Two |publisher=Musicweb-international.com |access-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014182512/http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/dec06/bsg_s2.html |archive-date=2011-10-14 }}</ref> Roslin's theme was set to lyrics a second time for the third-season premiere "Occupation", this time in Armenian. |
* ''[[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'' (2004 TV series) by [[Bear McCreary]]. Its tracks "Two Funerals", "Starbuck on the Red Moon", "Escape from the Farm", "Colonial Anthem, "Black Market", "Something Dark is Coming", "Martial Law", "Prelude to War" feature the duduk.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bearmccreary.com/blog/?p=42 |title=Instruments of Battlestar Galactica: Duduk |publisher=Bearmccreary.com |date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531173154/http://www.bearmccreary.com/blog/?p=42 |archive-date=2010-05-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Runner |first=Blade |url=http://galactica-station.blogspot.com/2006/10/duduk-instrument-that-makes-hollywood.html |title=Duduk: The Instrument That Makes Hollywood Cry |publisher=Galactica-station.blogspot.com |date=2004-02-26 |access-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708040055/http://galactica-station.blogspot.com/2006/10/duduk-instrument-that-makes-hollywood.html |archive-date=2011-07-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/dec06/bsg_s2.html |title=Battlestar Galactica: Season Two |publisher=Musicweb-international.com |access-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014182512/http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/dec06/bsg_s2.html |archive-date=2011-10-14 }}</ref> Roslin's theme was set to lyrics a second time for the third-season premiere "Occupation", this time in Armenian. |
||
* ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' by [[Christophe Beck]], Tomas Wanker, Rob Dunkin, [[Douglas Stevens]]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
* ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' by [[Christophe Beck]], Tomas Wanker, Rob Dunkin, [[Douglas Stevens]]<ref name="chrisbleth1" /> |
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Line 160: | Line 154: | ||
* ''[[Empire: Total War]]'' |
* ''[[Empire: Total War]]'' |
||
* ''[[Metro Exodus]]'' by Oleksii Omelchuk |
* ''[[Metro Exodus]]'' by Oleksii Omelchuk |
||
* ''[[Xenoblade Chronicles 3]]'' by Kenji Hiramatsu in both ''Day'' and ''Night'' versions of the track ''Eagus Wilderness'' |
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===Popular music=== |
===Popular music=== |
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Line 174: | Line 169: | ||
*"[[1944 (song)|1944]]" by [[Jamala]] (2015) |
*"[[1944 (song)|1944]]" by [[Jamala]] (2015) |
||
*"Soulfly X" by [[Soulfly]] (from the 2015 album ''[[Archangel (Soulfly album)|Archangel]]'') |
*"Soulfly X" by [[Soulfly]] (from the 2015 album ''[[Archangel (Soulfly album)|Archangel]]'') |
||
*"Model Village" by [[Gong (band)]] (from the 2016 album ''[[Rejoice! I'm Dead!]]'') |
|||
*"Come Along" by [[Cosmo Sheldrake]] (from the 2017 album "The Much Much How How and I", and featured in advertisements for Apple's [[iPhone XR]] in the UK, USA, and Canada) |
*"Come Along" by [[Cosmo Sheldrake]] (from the 2017 album "The Much Much How How and I", and featured in advertisements for Apple's [[iPhone XR]] in the UK, USA, and Canada) |
||
*"Meeting" album by A.G.A. Trio with Arsen Petrosyan on Duduk (2020 by [[Naxos (company)|NAXOS WORLD]]) |
*"Meeting" album by A.G.A. Trio with Arsen Petrosyan on Duduk (2020 by [[Naxos (company)|NAXOS WORLD]]) |
||
===Anime soundtracks=== |
===Anime soundtracks=== |
||
* ''[[Arrietty]]'' by [[Cécile Corbel]], in the track "Sho's Song - Instrumental Version" |
|||
* ''[[Tales from Earthsea (film)|Tales from Earthsea]]'' by Tamiya Terashima, in the tracks "The Trip", "The Spider" and "Violent Robbery/The Seduction of the Undead".<ref>{{cite web |author=Benoit Basirico |url=http://www.cinezik.org/critiques/affcritique.php?titre=contes_terremer |title=Gedo Senki (Les Contes de Terremer) |publisher=Cinezik.org |date=2005-11-14 |access-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501152605/http://www.cinezik.org/critiques/affcritique.php?titre=contes_terremer |archive-date=2009-05-01 }}</ref> |
* ''[[Tales from Earthsea (film)|Tales from Earthsea]]'' by Tamiya Terashima, in the tracks "The Trip", "The Spider" and "Violent Robbery/The Seduction of the Undead".<ref>{{cite web |author=Benoit Basirico |url=http://www.cinezik.org/critiques/affcritique.php?titre=contes_terremer |title=Gedo Senki (Les Contes de Terremer) |publisher=Cinezik.org |date=2005-11-14 |access-date=2010-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501152605/http://www.cinezik.org/critiques/affcritique.php?titre=contes_terremer |archive-date=2009-05-01 }}</ref> |
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* [http://www.duduk.ca/dudukhtml/damduduk.html Duduk.ca] |
* [http://www.duduk.ca/dudukhtml/damduduk.html Duduk.ca] |
||
* [http://www.duduk.com/forums/index.php Duduk.com], including Duduk Forum |
* [http://www.duduk.com/forums/index.php Duduk.com], including Duduk Forum |
||
* [http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/dudukgroup Duduk YahooGroup] |
* [https://archive.today/20130105134927/http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/dudukgroup Duduk YahooGroup] |
||
* [http://www.armenianinstruments.com ArmenianInstruments.com], including duduk scores |
* [http://www.armenianinstruments.com ArmenianInstruments.com], including duduk scores |
||
Revision as of 15:31, 8 July 2024
Duduk | |
Woodwind instrument | |
---|---|
Classification | Wind instrument with double reed |
Related instruments | |
Closely related instruments include the Mey (Turkey), Balaban (Azerbaijan, Iran), Yasti Balaban (Dagestan), Duduki (Georgia), Duduk (Armenia), Hichiriki (Japan), Piri (Korea), Guanzi (China), and Kamis Sirnay (Kyrgyzstan), | |
Musicians | |
Djivan Gasparyan, Gevorg Dabaghyan, Vache Hovsepyan, Levon Minassian, Pedro Eustache | |
Builders | |
Karlen Matevosyan, Arthur Grigoryan, Hovsep Grigoryan | |
Sound sample | |
Duduk and its music | |
---|---|
Armenian children playing the duduk | |
Country | Armenia |
Domains | Performing arts (music) |
Reference | 00092 |
Region | Europe and North America |
Inscription history | |
Inscription | 2008 (3rd session) |
List | Representative |
The duduk (/duːˈduːk/ doo-DOOK; Armenian: դուդուկ IPA: [duˈduk])[1] or tsiranapogh (Armenian: ծիրանափող, meaning "apricot-made wind instrument"), is a double reed woodwind instrument made of apricot wood originating from Armenia.[2][3] Variations of the Armenian duduk appear throughout the Caucasus and the Middle East, including Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kurdistan, Turkey, and Iran.[4][5] Duduk, Kaval , Balaban, and Mey are almost identical, except for historical and geographical differences.[6]
It is commonly played in pairs: while the first player plays the melody, the second plays a steady drone called dum, and the sound of the two instruments together creates a richer, more haunting sound. The unflattened reed and cylindrical body produce a sound closer to the English horn than the oboe or bassoon. Unlike other double reed instruments like the oboe or shawm, the duduk has a very large reed proportional to its size.
UNESCO proclaimed the Armenian duduk and its music as a Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005 and inscribed it in 2008.[7][8] Duduk music has been used in a number of films, most notably in The Russia House and Gladiator.
Etymology
There have been two published lines of thinking on the origins of the word.
Both the Russian book Musical Instruments Encyclopedia (Музыкальные инструменты. Энциклопедия) and American book Musical Instruments, A Comprehensive Dictionary give an ultimate origin of the name as Persian, the word tutak.[9][10]
In Armenia, the instrument is also known as tsiranapogh (ծիրանափող [hy]).
This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, Balkan duduk). Similar instruments used in other parts of Western Asia are the mey and balaban.
Overview
The duduk is a double reed instrument with ancient origins, having existed since at least the fifth century, while there are Armenian scholars who believe it existed more than 1,500 years before that.[11] The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today, the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed, with the body made from aged apricot wood.[12]
The particular tuning depends heavily on the region in which it is played. An eight-hole duduk (not counting the thumb hole on the lower side) can play ten successive notes of a diatonic scale with simple fingering, or sixteen consecutive notes of a chromatic scale by half-covering holes. For example, an A duduk can play all the notes from F♯ to the A more than an octave higher.[13][14] (Another reference gives different information.[15]) By using the lips to "bend" notes and partially covering holes any pitch in this range can be produced, as required for Oriental music.[16] The instrument's body has different lengths depending upon the range of the instrument and region. The reed (Armenian: եղեգն, eġegn), is made from one or two pieces of cane in a duck-bill type assembly. Unlike other double-reed instruments, the reed is quite wide, helping to give the duduk both its unique, mournful sound, as well as its remarkable breathing requirements. The duduk player is called dudukahar (դուդուկահար) in Armenian.
The performers use air stored in their cheeks to keep playing the instrument while they inhale air into their lungs. This "circular" breathing technique is commonly used with all the double-reed instruments in the Middle East.[17]
Duduk "is invariably played with the accompaniment of a second dum duduk, which gives the music an energy and tonic atmosphere, changing the scale harmoniously with the principal duduk."[18]
History
Armenian musicologists cite evidence of the duduk's use as early as 1200 BC, though Western scholars suggest it is 1,500 years old.[19][unreliable source?] Variants of the duduk can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The history of the Armenian duduk music is dated to the reign of the Armenian king Tigran the Great, who reigned from 95 to 55 B.C.[20] According to ethnomusicologist Dr. Jonathan McCollum, the instrument is depicted in numerous Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages, and is "actually the only truly Armenian instrument that's survived through history, and as such is a symbol of Armenian national identity ... The most important quality of the duduk is its ability to express the language dialectic and mood of the Armenian language, which is often the most challenging quality to a duduk player."[21]
Balkan duduk
While "duduk" most commonly refers to the double reed instrument described on this page, there is a very similar instrument played in northwestern Bulgaria. This is a blocked-end flute known as a kaval, resembling the Serbian frula, or kavalče in a part of Macedonia,[22] and as duduk in northwest Bulgaria.[23][24] Made of maple or other wood, it comes in two sizes: 700–780 millimetres (28–31 in) and 240–400 millimetres (9.4–15.7 in) (duduce). The blocked end is flat.
In popular culture
This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2014) |
The sound of the duduk has become known to wider audiences through its use in popular film soundtracks. Starting with Peter Gabriel's score for Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ, the duduk's archaic and mournful sound has been employed in a variety of genres to depict such moods. Djivan Gasparyan played the duduk in Gladiator, Syriana, and Blood Diamond, among others.[25][unreliable source?] It was also used extensively in Battlestar Galactica.[26] In the TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender, its computer-altered sound was given to the fictitious Tsungi horn, most notably played by Iroh and often being featured in the show's soundtrack. With many of the members who worked on ATLA now working on The Dragon Prince, the duduk regularly appears in its soundtrack as well. The sound of the duduk was also used in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe for a lullaby which Mr. Tumnus plays on a fictitious double flute and in the theme song of the Dothraki clan during the TV adaptation Game of Thrones.[27][28]
Armenia's entry in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest, "Apricot Stone," featured Armenian musician Djivan Gasparyan playing the duduk.
Film soundtracks
The duduk has been used in a number of films, especially "to denote otherworldliness, loneliness, and mourning or to supply a Middle Eastern/Central Asian atmosphere".[29]
- Ararat (2002) by Mychael Danna
- Avatar (2009) by James Horner, in the track Shutting Down Grace's Lab
- Bedtime Stories (2008) by Rupert Gregson-Williams[30]
- Brotherhood of the Wolf (2001) by Joseph LoDuca
- Chilean Gothic (2000) by Fractal
- Constantine (2005) by Brian Tyler, Klaus Badelt, in the track Circle of Hell
- The Crow (1994) by Graeme Revell featuring the duduk player Djivan Gasparyan
- Dead Man Walking (1995) by David Robbins
- Elektra (2005) by Christophe Beck[30]
- Gladiator (2000) by Djivan Gasparyan in the track Duduk of the North[31]
- Hotel Rwanda (2004) main theme music[32]
- Hulk (2003) duduk by Pedro Eustache by Danny Elfman[33]
- The Island (2005) by Steve Jablonsky[30]
- The Kite Runner (2007) by Alberto Iglesias[30]
- The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) by Peter Gabriel, featuring the duduk player Vatche Hovsepian
- The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005) by Harry Gregson-Williams, in the track A Narnia Lullaby[34]
- Munich duduk by Pedro Eustache (2005) by John Williams
- Mayrig (1991) by Omar Al Sharif
- Next (2007) by Mark Isham[30]
- The Passion of The Christ (2004) by Mel Gibson, composer John Debney duduks by Pedro Eustache and Chris Bleth
- Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007) by Hans Zimmer[30]
- Rendition (2007) by Paul Hepker and Mark Kilian, duduk by Pedro Eustache
- Ronin (1998) by Elia Cmiral, duduk by Albert Vardanyan
- Syriana (2005) by Alexandre Desplat, duduks by Djivan Gasparyan and Pedro Eustache
- The Russia House (1990) by Jerry Goldsmith
- The Siege (1998) by Graeme Revell, in the track Torture
- Vantage Point (2008) by Atli Orvarsson[30]
- Wanted (2008) by Danny Elfman[30]
- Warriors of Heaven and Earth (2003) by A. R. Rahman[35]
- You Don't Mess with the Zohan (2008) by Rupert Gregson-Williams[30]
- Beasts in Our Time and Under The Eye Of The Sun played by Rob Townsend on Steve Hackett's album At The Edge Of Light
- 3 Faces (2018) by Jafar Panahi, duduk by Yusef Moharamian
- Dune (2021) by Hans Zimmer, duduk by Pedro Eustache[36]
- Dune: Part Two (2024) by Hans Zimmer, duduk by Pedro Eustache[37]
Television soundtracks
- Angel by Rob Kral[30]
- Avatar: The Last Airbender by Jeremy Zuckerman features the instrument in a recurring motif associated with the character of Zuko, most notably in the tracks "Iroh's Tsungi Horn" and "The Blue Spirit"
- Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) by Bear McCreary. Its tracks "Two Funerals", "Starbuck on the Red Moon", "Escape from the Farm", "Colonial Anthem, "Black Market", "Something Dark is Coming", "Martial Law", "Prelude to War" feature the duduk.[38][39][40] Roslin's theme was set to lyrics a second time for the third-season premiere "Occupation", this time in Armenian.
- Buffy the Vampire Slayer by Christophe Beck, Tomas Wanker, Rob Dunkin, Douglas Stevens[30]
- Castle by Robert Duncan[30]
- Children of Dune by Brian Tyler in the tracks "Dune Messiah", "The Throne of Alia", "The Preacher At Arrakeen", "Farewell"[41]
- Cold Case by Michael A. Levine[30]
- CSI: New York by Bill Brown[30]
- Firefly by Greg Edmonson[30]
- Game of Thrones by Ramin Djawadi features the instrument in Daenerys Targaryen's theme[42]
- JAG by Steve Bramson[30]
- The Mummy Who Would Be King by Gil Talmi, Andrew Gross[30]
- Over There by Ed Rogers[30]
- The Pacific by Blake Neely and Geoff Zanelli[30]
- Path to 9/11 by John Cameron[30]
- Rome by Jeff Beal[43]
- The Dragon Prince by Frederik Wiedmann[44]
- Spartacus by Randy Miller. Track Second Thought
- Star Trek: Enterprise by Paul Baillargeon[30]
- Yu-Gi-Oh! by Wayne Sharpe
- Xena: Warrior Princess by Joseph Loduca
- The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power by Bear McCreary features this instrument in settings of the Númenor theme.
- Boohbah
- Foundation (TV series) by Bear McCreary features the instrument in a recurring motif associated with the character of Gaal Dornick.
Video game scores
- Shards of the Exodar in World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade by Derek Duke, Glenn Stafford and Russell Brower
- Dalaran in World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King by Derek Duke, Glenn Stafford and Russell Brower
- Orsis in Hearthstone: League of Explorers
- Civilization V by Michael Curran[45][46]
- Crimson Dragon by Saori Kobayashi and Jeremy Garren
- Dark Void by Bear McCreary[30]
- Dota 2 by Jason Hayes
- F.E.A.R. by Nathan Grigg
- God of War III by Gerard Marino
- Mass Effect by Jack Wall[47]
- Myst III: Exile by Jack Wall
- Myst IV: Revelation by Jack Wall[30]
- Outcast by Lennie Moore in the track Oriental Spirit
- Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones by Inon Zur[30]
- Uncharted 2 by Greg Edmonson[30]
- Croft Manor Theme in Tomb Raider Legend by Troels Brun Folmann
- The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011) by Jeremy Soule in the track Tundra
- Total War: Rome II by Richard Beddow
- Empire: Total War
- Metro Exodus by Oleksii Omelchuk
- Xenoblade Chronicles 3 by Kenji Hiramatsu in both Day and Night versions of the track Eagus Wilderness
Popular music
- "Come Talk to Me" by Peter Gabriel (from the 1992 album Us)
- "Zachem Ya" by t.A.T.u. (from the 2001 album 200 Po Vstrechnoy)
- "Prelude & Nostalgia" by Yanni (from the 1997 album Tribute)
- "Prelude & Nostalgia" by Yanni (from the 2006 album Yanni Live! The Concert Event)
- "Science" and "Arto" (Hidden Track) by System of a Down (from the 2001 album Toxicity)
- "Jenny Wren" (2005) and "Back in Brazil" (2018) by Paul McCartney
- "All That I Am" by Rob Thomas (from the 2006 album ...Something to Be)
- "Touching the Void" by Soulfly (from the 2008 album Conquer)
- "Qélé, Qélé" by Sirusho (from the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest Armenian entry)
- "1944" by Jamala (2015)
- "Soulfly X" by Soulfly (from the 2015 album Archangel)
- "Model Village" by Gong (band) (from the 2016 album Rejoice! I'm Dead!)
- "Come Along" by Cosmo Sheldrake (from the 2017 album "The Much Much How How and I", and featured in advertisements for Apple's iPhone XR in the UK, USA, and Canada)
- "Meeting" album by A.G.A. Trio with Arsen Petrosyan on Duduk (2020 by NAXOS WORLD)
Anime soundtracks
- Arrietty by Cécile Corbel, in the track "Sho's Song - Instrumental Version"
- Tales from Earthsea by Tamiya Terashima, in the tracks "The Trip", "The Spider" and "Violent Robbery/The Seduction of the Undead".[48]
See also
References
- ^ "The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia". Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society. 32. American Musical Instrument Society: 183. 2006.
...the duduk (pronounced doo-dook)...
- ^ McCollum, Jonathan (2016). "Duduk (i)". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2294963.
- ^ "…which is indigenous to Armenia,…" Archived 2018-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East p.335
- ^ Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2008). Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6.
One of the oldest indigenous Armenian instruments is the duduk, a woodwind instrument usually made from apricot wood, with a double reed.
- ^ "Armenian duduk and other Armenian folk instruments" (PDF). UNESCO. June 2003. p. 32. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
Duduk is considered to be the most Armenian of all folk instruments for its Armenian origin and honest expression. It has a 1500 – year history and is native to Armenia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
- ^ A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE MEY, BALABAN AND DUDUK AS ORGANOLOGICAL PHENOMENARetrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ "Sounds of Armenian duduk". UNESCO. November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014.
Duduk and its music were inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 (originally proclaimed in 2005). The duduk, or "dziranapogh" in Armenian, is a double-reed woodwind instrument made of apricot wood, conventionally called the "Armenian oboe".
- ^ "Duduk and its music". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
- ^ Marcuse, Sibyl (1964). "Duduk". Musical Instruments, A Comprehensive Dictionary. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 157.
- ^ Есипова М. В., ed. (2008). "Дудук (свистковая флейта и язычковый духовой инструмент)". Музыкальные инструменты. Энциклопедия. Moscow: Дека-ВС. pp. 207–209.
[Information in English: Musical instruments. Encyclopedia Publisher: Deca-Sun, The year of publishing: 2008, Place of publication: Moscow, Text language: Russian, Editor/compiler: Esipova M.V., ISBN 978-5-901951-40-8]
- ^ Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard, eds. (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. p. 334. ISBN 9781858286358.
- ^ Andrea L. Stanton; Edward Ramsamy; Peter J. Seybolt, eds. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 167. ISBN 9781412981767.
- ^ "Duduk Fingering Chart". ArmenianDuduk.am.
- ^ "HOW TO PLAY DUDUK 3: Playing a scale". YouTube. DudukLessons.com.
- ^ Dr John Vartan (2000). "Armenian Duduk An Instructional Book For Beginners" (PDF). American Recording Productions.
- ^ David Brown. "The Duduk & Mey: History, Info and Set-Up". Lark in the morning.
- ^ Albright, Ch. (15 December 1988). "BĀLĀBĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014.
- ^ "WWW.DUDUK.CO.UK - Professional Armenian Duduks, Zurnas, Ghamish by Master Arthur Grigoryan". Archived from the original on 2006-03-04. Retrieved 2006-02-20. Duduk Info at Ethnicinstruments.co.uk
- ^ "Gasparyan, Djivan | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011.
- ^ "The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC)": "The Duduk and its Music Archived 2014-03-16 at the Wayback Machine. UNESCO. Accessed February 8, 2010.
- ^ Turpin, Andy (12 February 2010). "Nothing Sounds Armenian Like a Duduk: ALMA Lecture". Armenian Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
- ^ www.macedoniadirect.com/instruments/supelki.htm Archived 2006-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Дудук : Horo.bg - българският сайт за народни хора, песни, танци, обичаи, фолклор" (in Bulgarian). Horo.bg. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
- ^ For a detailed description of the instrument (in Bulgarian), see "Бит и култура | Речник на остарели, редки, чуждици и диалектни думи ДЛ-ДУ". Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
- ^ "Jivan Gasparyan". IMDb. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ "Bear McCreary – Official site". www.bearmccreary.com. 28 September 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ "Harry Gregson-Williams Talks Narnia & Narnian Lullaby Clip". Archived from the original on July 21, 2012.
- ^ No flutes allowed: Composer Ramin Djawadi on the music of 'Game of Thrones' Archived 2016-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, Deutsche Welle
- ^ Hung, Eric (2011). Leonard, Kendra Preston (ed.). Buffy, Ballads, and Bad Guys Who Sing: Music in the Worlds of Joss Whedon. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 259. ISBN 9780810877658.
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These include the use of the duduk as Mr. Tumnus' pipe in "A Narnia Lullaby"...
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ King, Darryn (22 October 2021). "How Hans Zimmer Conjured the Otherworldly Sounds of 'Dune'". The New York Times.
- ^ Broxton, Jonathan (8 March 2024). "DUNE, PART TWO – Hans Zimmer | MOVIE MUSIC UK". Movie Music UK.
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Further reading
- Nercessian, Andy (2001). The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9781461672722.