Scholasticide: Difference between revisions
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= '''Educide''' = |
= '''Educide''' = |
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Educide, often used interchangeably with the terms "scholasticide" and "epistemicide",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=The War on Education—in Gaza and at Home |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/campus-wars-gaza-higher-ed-christopher-rufo |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=In These Times |language=en}}</ref> refers to the intended mass destruction of [[education]] in a specific place.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last= |
Educide, often used interchangeably with the terms "scholasticide" and "epistemicide",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=The War on Education—in Gaza and at Home |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/campus-wars-gaza-higher-ed-christopher-rufo |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=In These Times |language=en}}</ref> refers to the intended mass destruction of [[education]] in a specific place.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Alousi |first=Rula |last2= |first2= |date=2022-08-10 |title=Educide: The Genocide of Education A case study on the impact of invasion, and conflict on education |url=https://cberuk.com/cdn/conference_proceedings/2022-09-16-09-29-05-AM.pdf |journal=The Business and Management Review |volume=13 |issue=02 |pages=331-335 |doi=10.24052/BMR/V13NU02/ART-28 |via=Regent College London, UK}}</ref> The term "educide" makes a connection between [[genocide]] and education, as "educide" is found in a combination of the words "'''educ'''ation" and "geno'''cide'''". According to Alousi, the term "educide" was first used as a concept in 2009 concerning Iraq.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alousi |first=Rula |last2= |first2= |date=2022-08-10 |title=Educide: The Genocide of Education A case study on the impact of invasion, and conflict on education |url=https://cberuk.com/cdn/conference_proceedings/2022-09-16-09-29-05-AM.pdf |journal=The Business and Management Review |volume=13 |issue=02 |pages=331 |doi=10.24052/BMR/V13NU02/ART-28 |via=Regent College London, UK}}</ref> Educide is mostly used to describe the mass destruction in the [[Iraq War]] (2003-2011) and the [[Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza|genocide in Gaza]] (2023 - recent). |
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=== Scholasticide and Epistemicide === |
=== Scholasticide and Epistemicide === |
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=== Genocide === |
=== Genocide === |
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Educide is has been linked to genocide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |
Educide is has been linked to genocide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alousi |first=Rula |last2= |first2= |date=2022-08-10 |title=Educide: The Genocide of Education A case study on the impact of invasion, and conflict on education |url=https://cberuk.com/cdn/conference_proceedings/2022-09-16-09-29-05-AM.pdf |journal=The Business and Management Review |volume=13 |issue=02 |doi=10.24052/BMR/V13NU02/ART-28 |via=Regent College London, UK}}</ref> The [[United Nations]] (UN) established what constitutes a genocide in [https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf Article II] of the [[Genocide Convention|Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]]. Genocide is the intentional killing and destruction of an entire group, based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, or religion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect |url=https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> |
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== Motives for Educide == |
== Motives for Educide == |
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=== Iraq === |
=== Iraq === |
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The educide in Iraq happened through multiple episodes. Before the 1990s, Iraq's educational infrastructure was good and improving. During the 1990s, the [[International sanctions against Iraq|UN imposed sanctions]] decreased the education's quality and accessibility, as it reduced income via trade which would end up going to the educational system. The situation worsened further during the [[Iraq War|Iraq war]] (2003-2011) and the [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|war in Iraq]] against terrorist groups such as [[Islamic State|Daesh]] (2013-2017). |
The educide in Iraq happened through multiple episodes. Before the 1990s, Iraq's educational infrastructure was good and improving. During the 1990s, the [[International sanctions against Iraq|UN imposed sanctions]] decreased the education's quality and accessibility, as it reduced income via trade which would end up going to the educational system. The situation worsened further during the [[Iraq War|Iraq war]] (2003-2011) and the [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|war in Iraq]] against terrorist groups such as [[Islamic State|Daesh]] (2013-2017).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alousi |first=Rula |last2= |first2= |date=2022-08-10 |title=Educide: The Genocide of Education A case study on the impact of invasion, and conflict on education |url=https://cberuk.com/cdn/conference_proceedings/2022-09-16-09-29-05-AM.pdf |journal=The Business and Management Review |volume=13 |issue=02 |page=335 |doi=10.24052/BMR/V13NU02/ART-28 |via=Regent College London, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Under Attack 2018 - Iraq |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/gcpea/2018/en/122339 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> |
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During the Iraq War, the US aimed for a regime change, and some argue that there was even an aim for cultural cleansing. Changing the regime, and change the political and economic status-quo, was partially done via educide. The US dismantled the educational system, replaced it with a system dependent on British and American universities, and promoted "Western values," which were criticised for being Islamophobic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kabel |first=Ahmed |date=2014-10-01 |title=The Islamophobic-Neoliberal-Educational Complex |url=https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0058 |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=68-72 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0058 |issn=2325-8381}}</ref> |
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Between 2003 and 2007 school attendance dropped by almost 70%. |
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=== Palestine === |
=== Palestine === |
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Revision as of 19:13, 8 June 2024
Educide
Educide, often used interchangeably with the terms "scholasticide" and "epistemicide",[1] refers to the intended mass destruction of education in a specific place.[2] The term "educide" makes a connection between genocide and education, as "educide" is found in a combination of the words "education" and "genocide". According to Alousi, the term "educide" was first used as a concept in 2009 concerning Iraq.[3] Educide is mostly used to describe the mass destruction in the Iraq War (2003-2011) and the genocide in Gaza (2023 - recent).
Scholasticide and Epistemicide
There is no official definition of educide, scholasticide or epistemicide in major dictionaries, such as Oxford English Dictionary. The terms are primarily established by the work of academics. Thus, the terms are used interchangeably as they all cover the mass destruction of educational infrastructure. The concept of "scholasticide" (Latin: Schola- for School, and -cide for killing) was first used by Karma Nabulsi in 2009 in relation to the destruction of Palestinian educational infrastructure.[4] "Epistemicide" was created by Boaventura de Sousa Santos in Epistemologies of the South: Justice against Epistemicide (2014) and describes the destruction of knowledge systems.[5] This often in light of a coloniser destroying the existing knowledge systems of the colonised, to replace them with knowledge systems controlled by the coloniser.[6]
Elements of Educide
Characteristics that are often mentioned as elements of educide include, but are not necessarily limited to;
- a strategy of intentional and systematic destruction of existing education;
- situations of extreme violence (war, invasion, conflict, genocide, etc.);
- destruction of educational institutions;
- mass killings of academics and students;
- and the destruction of educational materials.[2][7]
Genocide
Educide is has been linked to genocide.[8] The United Nations (UN) established what constitutes a genocide in Article II of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Genocide is the intentional killing and destruction of an entire group, based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, or religion.[9]
Motives for Educide
Educide happens intentionally by an aggressor to a certain place and/or people. There are several reasons why an actor decides to commit educide. Motives for educide are
(Please note: this list of motives are not necessarily always present nor are motives for educide limited to these reasons)
- colonisation;
- occupation;
- annihilition of perceived threats.
Colonisation
Part of colonising a land is imposing rule and power over the people already living there, often displacing the native population and for settlers to take over the land. This process is often violent as the coloniser tries to surpress uprisings and resistance from the people living there. This suppression can happen via soft power, hard power, or both. Soft power is getting results not by coercion but by attraction, for example via payments, good affiliation, or education.[10] Education plays a crucial role, as it reproduces ideas such as norms, and values of a society; identities and nationalism; and it determines how history is taught. Consequently, it establishes an idea of who is good and who is bad. The coloniser can use education institutions to control these ideas. It does so by taking over the educational infrastructure. In this process, the original infrastructure is often overruled. This can happen via hard power by forcing change or destroying the existing educational infrastructure, which leads to educide.
Occupation
Occupation is similar to colonisation in the character of taking over control over a land, but not necessarily settling there. Colonisation could follow. If the occupation has the goal to weaken or destroy the place, or regime change, it could replace the educational infrastructure and thus lead to educide.
Annihilation of perceived threats
If an actor perceives a certain group of people form a threat to the actor's stability, security, or power, it could try to weaken or destroy this group of people. In this process, the actor could perceive the educational infrastructure as a danger, since this is where knowledge is developed that serves this group of people. The actor can then decide to destroy the educational infrastructure.
Impact of Educide
The destruction of the educational infrastructure of a place has long-term effects on its people. The possible impacts of educide are
- inaccessibility to education;
- educational delays and disadvantages (e.g. higher illiteracy rate);
- underemployment;
- linguicide;
- brain drain;
- assimilation;
- ethnic cleansing and/or genocide;
- colonisation.
International Law
Educide is not discussed as a specific crime, such as genocide, in international law. Nevertheless, other elements in International Humanitarian Law (IHL) tries to prevent the crimes committed during educide. IHL established for example the protection of schools and the protection of innocent civilians.[11][12]
Cases of Educide
Iraq
The educide in Iraq happened through multiple episodes. Before the 1990s, Iraq's educational infrastructure was good and improving. During the 1990s, the UN imposed sanctions decreased the education's quality and accessibility, as it reduced income via trade which would end up going to the educational system. The situation worsened further during the Iraq war (2003-2011) and the war in Iraq against terrorist groups such as Daesh (2013-2017).[13][14]
During the Iraq War, the US aimed for a regime change, and some argue that there was even an aim for cultural cleansing. Changing the regime, and change the political and economic status-quo, was partially done via educide. The US dismantled the educational system, replaced it with a system dependent on British and American universities, and promoted "Western values," which were criticised for being Islamophobic.[15]
Between 2003 and 2007 school attendance dropped by almost 70%.
Palestine
x
Further Reading
- Wind, Maya. 2024. Towers of Ivory and Steel: How Israeli Universities deny Palestinian Freedom. New York: Verso Books.
References
- ^ "The War on Education—in Gaza and at Home". In These Times. 2024-02-15. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
- ^ a b Alousi, Rula (2022-08-10). "Educide: The Genocide of Education A case study on the impact of invasion, and conflict on education" (PDF). The Business and Management Review. 13 (02): 331–335. doi:10.24052/BMR/V13NU02/ART-28 – via Regent College London, UK.
- ^ Alousi, Rula (2022-08-10). "Educide: The Genocide of Education A case study on the impact of invasion, and conflict on education" (PDF). The Business and Management Review. 13 (02): 331. doi:10.24052/BMR/V13NU02/ART-28 – via Regent College London, UK.
- ^ "About - Scholars Against the War on Palestine". 2023-12-01. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
- ^ Siddiqui, Rameen (2023-04-13). "Epistemicide: Intellectual Genocide and Eurocentric Modernity". Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
- ^ "The Epistemicide of the Palestinians: Israel Destroys Pillars of Knowledge". Institute for Palestine Studies. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
- ^ Talebi, Tessa (2024-04-18). "The Hidden War on Higher Education: Unmasking the 'Educide' in Gaza". Project on Middle East Political Science. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
- ^ Alousi, Rula (2022-08-10). "Educide: The Genocide of Education A case study on the impact of invasion, and conflict on education" (PDF). The Business and Management Review. 13 (02). doi:10.24052/BMR/V13NU02/ART-28 – via Regent College London, UK.
- ^ "United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect". www.un.org. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
- ^ Köse, Talha; Özcan, Mesut; Karakoç, Ekrem (2016). "A Comparative Analysis of Soft Power in the MENA Region: The Impact of Ethnic, Sectarian, and Religious Identity on Soft Power in Iraq and Egypt". Foreign Policy Analysis. 12 (3): 356-357. doi:10.2307/26168109. ISSN 1743-8586.
{{cite journal}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) - ^ "The Protection of Schools under International Humanitarian Law - Militair Rechtelijk Tijdschrift". puc.overheid.nl. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ "Students, teachers and schools should always be protected in armed conflict". International Committee of the Red Cross. 2023-09-11. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ Alousi, Rula (2022-08-10). "Educide: The Genocide of Education A case study on the impact of invasion, and conflict on education" (PDF). The Business and Management Review. 13 (02): 335. doi:10.24052/BMR/V13NU02/ART-28 – via Regent College London, UK.
- ^ "Education Under Attack 2018 - Iraq". Refworld. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
- ^ Kabel, Ahmed (2014-10-01). "The Islamophobic-Neoliberal-Educational Complex". Islamophobia Studies Journal. 2 (2): 68–72. doi:10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0058. ISSN 2325-8381.
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