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{{correct title|Eu:CROPIS|reason=:}}
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{{Infobox spaceflight |auto=all
{{Infobox spaceflight |auto=all
| name = Eu:CROPIS
| name = Eu:CROPIS
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| SATCAT = <!--25544-->
| SATCAT = <!--25544-->
| website =
| website =
| mission_duration = Planned: 1 year <!--<br/> Elapsed: {{time interval|}}--><ref name="skyrocket"/>
| mission_duration = Planned: 1 year<ref name="skyrocket"/> <br/> Final: {{time interval|3 December 2018|31 December 2019}}


| spacecraft_bus = DLR Compact Satellite bus<ref name='EuCROPIS Status'/><ref name="eoportal"/>
| spacecraft_bus = DLR Compact Satellite bus<ref name='EuCROPIS Status'/><ref name="eoportal"/>
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| launch_contractor = [[SpaceX]]<ref name="EuCropisDLR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10081/151_read-17874/#/gallery/23027|title=Eu:CROPIS – Greenhouses for the Moon and Mars|last=DLR|work=DLR Portal|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en-GB}}</ref>
| launch_contractor = [[SpaceX]]<ref name="EuCropisDLR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10081/151_read-17874/#/gallery/23027|title=Eu:CROPIS – Greenhouses for the Moon and Mars|last=DLR|work=DLR Portal|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en-GB}}</ref>


| disposal_type = <!--deorbited, decommissioned, placed in a graveyard orbit, etc-->
| disposal_type = Decommissioned
| deactivated = <!--when craft was decommissioned-->
| deactivated = 31 December 2019
| destroyed = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| destroyed = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
| last_contact = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
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}}
}}


'''Eu:CROPIS''' ('''Euglena and Combined Regenerative Organic-Food Production in Space''') is a life science satellite developed by the [[German Aerospace Center]] (DLR) and is intended to investigate the possibility of growing plants (specifically [[Tomato|tomatoes]]) in different levels of gravity, such as on the [[Moon]] and [[Mars]],<ref name="skyrocket"/> as a sustainable food source while using human urine for moisture and as the source of fixed nitrogen.
'''Eu:CROPIS''' ('''Euglena and Combined Regenerative Organic-Food Production in Space''') was a life science satellite developed by the [[German Aerospace Center]] (DLR) and intended to investigate the possibility of growing plants (specifically [[Tomato|tomatoes]]) in different levels of gravity, such as that of the [[Moon]] and [[Mars]],<ref name="skyrocket"/> as a [[sustainable food systems|sustainable food]] source using human urine for moisture and as the source of fixed nitrogen.


==Overview==
==Overview==


This orbital mission will simulate and test two [[greenhouse]]s that could be scaled up and assembled inside a lunar or Martian habitat to provide the crew with a local source of fresh food, while recycling human urine into [[fertiliser]].<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/> Some microorganisms will be added to convert synthetic urine into easily digestible fertilisers for the tomatoes. The aim is to develop a stable, closed-loop, bio-regenerative [[life support system]] functioning in low gravity.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/>
This orbital mission was intended to simulate and teste two [[greenhouse]]s that could be scaled up and assembled inside a lunar or Martian habitat to provide the crew with a local source of fresh food, while recycling human urine into [[fertiliser]].<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/> Some microorganisms would be added to convert synthetic urine into easily digestible fertilisers for the tomatoes. The aim was to develop a stable, closed-loop, bio-regenerative [[life support system]] functioning in low gravity.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/>


In more detail, porous [[Volcanic rock|lava stones]] will be fitted in trickle filters and dried soil containing [[Soil biology|normal soil microbial colonies]]. Microbes then use nitrite ({{chem|NO|2|-}}) to convert the harmful ammonia ([[Ammonia|{{chem|NH|3}}]]) into nitrate ({{chem|N|O|3|-}}), which is then added to six [[tomato]] seeds as liquid fertiliser.<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/> In addition, the system incorporates a colony of the single-cell microorganism ''[[Euglena gracilis]]'', which is a [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] algae able to produce oxygen and [[biomass]] while protecting the whole system against high ammonia concentrations.<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/><ref name='Hauslage 2018'/> This oxygen is necessary for the conversion of urine to nitrate until the photosynthetic oxygen production by the tomatoes is sufficient.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/>
In more detail, porous [[Volcanic rock|lava stones]] were fitted in trickle filters and dried soil containing [[Soil biology|normal soil microbial colonies]]. Microbes would then use nitrite ({{chem|NO|2|-}}) to convert the harmful ammonia ([[Ammonia|{{chem|NH|3}}]]) into nitrate ({{chem|N|O|3|-}}), which is then added to six [[tomato]] seeds as liquid fertiliser.<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/> In addition, the system incorporated a colony of the single-cell microorganism ''[[Euglena gracilis]]'', a [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] algae able to produce oxygen and [[biomass]] while protecting the entire system against high ammonia concentrations.<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/><ref name='Hauslage 2018'/> This oxygen is necessary for the conversion of urine to nitrate until the photosynthetic oxygen production by the tomatoes is sufficient.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/>


Initially, the spacecraft will replicate lunar gravity on one greenhouse for a period of six months before simulating Martian gravity on the second greenhouse for the next six months.<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/> The level of gravity on the Moon (0.16[[g-force| g]]) and Mars (0.38 g) are simulated by rotating the spacecraft's cylindrical body around its longitudinal axis.<ref name="skyrocket"/> The experiments on different payloads are realized in different positions within the cylinder.<ref name="eoportal"/> Tomato seeds will germinate and plant growth will be monitored with 16 cameras,<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/> while [[radiometer]]s called RAMIS (RAdiation Measurement In Space) will monitor the radiation inside and outside the spacecraft.<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/><ref name='Hauslage 2018'/>
The spacecraft was designed replicate lunar gravity on one greenhouse for a period of six months before simulating Martian gravity on the second greenhouse for the next six months.<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/> The level of gravity on the Moon (0.16[[g-force| g]]) and Mars (0.38 g) was simulated by rotating the spacecraft's cylindrical body around its longitudinal axis.<ref name="skyrocket"/> The various payload experiments were placed in different areas within the cylinder.<ref name="eoportal"/> Tomato seed germination and plant growth were monitored with 16 cameras,<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/> while the RAMIS (RAdiation Measurement In Space) [[radiometer]]s monitored the radiation inside and outside the spacecraft.<ref name="EuCropisDLR"/><ref name='Hauslage 2018'/>


The greenhouse is made of clear [[polycarbonate]], with an approximate volume of {{cvt|12|L|in3}}.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/> The closed system features moisture, [[pH]], oxygen, pressure and temperature sensors, and is capable to control these parameters. Four small fans create airflow through a cooling device to maintain a stable "atmospheric" temperature. On top of the greenhouse, three lamps provide light in the correct spectrum for photosynthesis.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/> Scanners and fluorometers measure cell density and photosynthetic yield. The fluids are monitored with seven electrodes to measure ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, pH, chloride, sodium, and potassium.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/>
The greenhouse was made of clear [[polycarbonate]], with an approximate volume of {{cvt|12|L|in3}}.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/> The closed system featured moisture, [[pH]], oxygen, pressure and temperature sensors, and was capable of controlling these parameters. Four small fans created airflow through a cooling device to maintain a stable "atmospheric" temperature. On top of the greenhouse, three lamps provided light in the correct spectrum for photosynthesis.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/> Scanners and fluorometers measured cell density and photosynthetic yield. The fluids were to be monitored with seven electrodes to measure ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, pH, chloride, sodium, and potassium.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/>


To monitor the health of ''Euglena gracilis'', the system also analyse the microbes' [[mRNA]] to determine which proteins —and therefore which [[genes]]— are being commanded into action.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/>
To monitor the health of ''Euglena gracilis'', the system also analysed the microbes' [[mRNA]] to determine which proteins —and therefore which [[genes]]— were being commanded into action.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/>


==Objectives==
==Objectives==


The aim is to develop a stable, and [[Symbiosis|symbiotic]] biological [[life support system]] while being exposed to gravity levels similar to those on the lunar surface as well as the surface of Mars. Both phases of experimentation will last for six months.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/> With water being the only component that has been recycled so far and all other components being extracted and disposed, processing of urine is an issue in human space flight. Eu:CROPIS is intended to examine the possibility of using not only water, but also previously disposed waste to grow fruits and vegetables after proper conversion. Two life support systems (a nitrifying trickle filter system and the single-celled algae ''[[Euglena gracilis]]'') within the satellite will be used for producing [[biomass]] out of artificial urine in a closed system. Furthermore, the algae ''Euglena gracilis'' will protect the biosystem against high levels of ammonia present in urine.<ref name="eoportal"/>
The aim was to develop a stable, and [[Symbiosis|symbiotic]] biological [[life support system]] while being exposed to gravity levels similar to those on the lunar surface as well as the surface of Mars. Both phases of experimentation would last for six months.<ref name='Hauslage 2018'/> With water being the only component that has been recycled so far and all other components being extracted and disposed, processing of urine is an issue in human space flight. Eu:CROPIS was intended to examine the possibility of using previously disposed waste to grow fruits and vegetables after proper conversion. Two life support systems (a nitrifying trickle filter system and the single-celled algae ''[[Euglena gracilis]]'') within the satellite were to be used for producing [[biomass]] out of artificial urine in a closed system. Furthermore, the algae ''Euglena gracilis'' would protect the biosystem against high levels of ammonia present in urine.<ref name="eoportal"/>


==Supporting science payloads==
==Supporting science payloads==


* PowerCell (Payload 2, from NASA Ames Research Center) will investigate the performance of microbial mini-ecologies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/engineering/projects/powercell|title=PowerCell|last=Kovo|first=Yael|date=2015-11-09|work=NASA|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en}}</ref> These will contain the carbohydrate (sugar) products of photosynthesis, which will feed  ''Bacillus subtilis'', a robust bacterium commonly found in soil and the gut, which has already proven that it can withstand the rigors of space while in the spore form. A second objective of the PowerCell Payload is to conduct synthetic biology remotely in outer space. The basic technique for introducing genetic material into a living cell, called [[Transformation (genetics)|transformation]], involves the transfer across a cells encasing membrane of genetic material. The PowerCell payload will examine if and how reduced gravity levels affect transformation processes. The third objective is to test protein production under different gravity regimes. Using the tools of synthetic biology, ''B. subtilis'' was engineered to produce several proteins which will be produced at the three different space gravity regimes. The ability to make proteins in space will be fundamental for human exploration, as proteins will be used to produce a range of critical substances, from on-demand food and vaccines to building materials.
* PowerCell (Payload 2, from NASA Ames Research Center) will investigate the performance of microbial mini-ecologies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/engineering/projects/powercell|title=PowerCell|last=Kovo|first=Yael|date=2015-11-09|work=NASA|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en}}</ref> These will contain the carbohydrate (sugar) products of photosynthesis, which will feed  ''Bacillus subtilis'', a robust bacterium commonly found in soil and the gut, which has already proven that it can withstand the rigors of space while in the spore form. A second objective of the PowerCell Payload is to conduct synthetic biology remotely in outer space. The basic technique for introducing genetic material into a living cell, called [[Transformation (genetics)|transformation]], involves the transfer across a cells encasing membrane of genetic material. The PowerCell payload will examine if and how reduced gravity levels affect transformation processes. The third objective is to test protein production under different gravity regimes. Using the tools of synthetic biology, ''B. subtilis'' was engineered to produce several proteins which will be produced at the three different space gravity regimes. The ability to make proteins in space will be fundamental for human exploration, as proteins will be used to produce a range of critical substances, from on-demand food and vaccines to building materials.
* Radiation Measurement in Space (Payload 3) has the goal of collecting data on long-term exposure to [[cosmic radiation]] over the course of the space flight<ref name='Hauslage 2018'>{{Cite journal |last=Hauslage| first=Jens| last2=Strauch| first2=Sebastian M.| last3=Eßmann|first3=Olaf| last4=Haag| first4=Ferdinand W. M.| last5=Richter |first5=Peter| last6=Krüger |first6=Julia|last7=Stoltze| first7=Julia| last8=Becker| first8=Ina| last9=Nasir| first9=Adeel| date=2018-09-26| title=Eu:CROPIS – "Euglena gracilis: Combined Regenerative Organic-food Production in Space" - A Space Experiment Testing Biological Life Support Systems Under Lunar And Martian Gravity| journal=Microgravity Science and Technology| volume=30| issue=6| pages=933–942| language=en| doi=10.1007/s12217-018-9654-1| issn=0938-0108| url=https://elib.dlr.de/122102/1/2018_Article_EuCROPISEuglenaGracilisCombine.pdf}}</ref><ref name="eoportal"/>
* Radiation Measurement in Space (Payload 3) has the goal of collecting data on long-term exposure to [[cosmic radiation]] over the course of the space flight<ref name='Hauslage 2018'>{{Cite journal |last=Hauslage| first=Jens| last2=Strauch| first2=Sebastian M.| last3=Eßmann|first3=Olaf| last4=Haag| first4=Ferdinand W. M.| last5=Richter |first5=Peter| last6=Krüger |first6=Julia|last7=Stoltze| first7=Julia| last8=Becker| first8=Ina| last9=Nasir| first9=Adeel| date=2018-09-26| title=Eu:CROPIS – "Euglena gracilis: Combined Regenerative Organic-food Production in Space" - A Space Experiment Testing Biological Life Support Systems Under Lunar And Martian Gravity| journal=Microgravity Science and Technology| volume=30| issue=6| pages=933–942| language=en| doi=10.1007/s12217-018-9654-1| bibcode=2018MicST..30..933H| issn=0938-0108| url=https://elib.dlr.de/122102/1/2018_Article_EuCROPISEuglenaGracilisCombine.pdf| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="eoportal"/>
* SCORE (Payload 4) is a technology demonstrator for next generation on-board computing in hardware and software developed by the DLR Institute of Space Systems. It is complemented by a set of three cameras that are commanded via SCORE.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=39358.0;attach=1370882| title=Food Production in Space - Operating a Greenhouse in Low Earth Orbit (PDF)| date=2016-05-20|website=nasaspaceflight.com|access-date=2018-09-26}}</ref><ref name="eoportal"/>
* SCORE (Payload 4) is a technology demonstrator for next generation on-board computing in hardware and software developed by the DLR Institute of Space Systems. It is complemented by a set of three cameras that are commanded via SCORE.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=39358.0;attach=1370882| title=Food Production in Space - Operating a Greenhouse in Low Earth Orbit (PDF)| date=2016-05-20|website=nasaspaceflight.com|access-date=2018-09-26}}</ref><ref name="eoportal"/>


==Satellite characteristics==
==Satellite characteristics==


Both the satellite and the experiment are called Eu:CROPIS. The satellite features four [[gyroscope]]s, two [[magnetometer]]s, three [[Magnetorquer|magnetic torque rods]] and a sun sensor in combination with a single-frequency Phoenix [[Global Positioning System|GPS receiver]] for [[attitude control]].<ref name="eoportal"/><ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/31012577.pdf Attitude Control System of the Eu:CROPIS Mission]. (PDF) Ansgar Heidecker, Takahiro Kato, Olaf Maibaum, Matthew Hölzel. DLR Institute of Space Systems.</ref> The power for the satellite is provided by an Electrical Power Subsystem, which includes a [[lithium-ion battery]] and four deployable fixed solar arrays delivering an average of 520 W of power.<ref name="skyrocket"/>
Both the satellite and the experiment are called Eu:CROPIS. The satellite features four [[gyroscope]]s, two [[magnetometer]]s, three [[Magnetorquer|magnetic torque rods]] and a Sun sensor in combination with a single-frequency Phoenix [[Global Positioning System|GPS receiver]] for [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]].<ref name="eoportal"/><ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/31012577.pdf Attitude Control System of the Eu:CROPIS Mission]. (PDF) Ansgar Heidecker, Takahiro Kato, Olaf Maibaum, Matthew Hölzel. DLR Institute of Space Systems.</ref> The power for the satellite is provided by an Electrical Power Subsystem, which includes a [[lithium-ion battery]] and four deployable fixed solar arrays delivering an average of 520 W of power.<ref name="skyrocket"/>

==Results==

The Eu:CROPIS mission ended on 31 December 2019. The three supporting payloads generated large amounts of data, but the eponymous Eu:CROPIS experiment failed to activate due to a software problem. The satellite is expected to slowly de-orbit over the next two decades before reentering Earth's atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/news/2020/01/20200113_farewell-to-the-eucropis-mission.html |title=Farewell to the Eu:CROPIS mission |work=[[German Aerospace Center|DLR]] |date=13 January 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 99: Line 103:


[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2018]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2018]]
[[Category:Spacecraft decommissioned in 2019]]
[[Category:2018 in Germany]]
[[Category:2018 in Germany]]
[[Category:Satellites of Germany]]
[[Category:Satellites of Germany]]

Latest revision as of 14:42, 16 November 2023

The correct title of this article is Eu:CROPIS. The omission of the colon is due to technical restrictions.
Eu:CROPIS
Render of the Eu:CROPIS satellite after launch
Mission typeLife sciences research
OperatorGerman Aerospace Center[1]
COSPAR ID2018-099BB Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.43807Edit this on Wikidata
Mission durationPlanned: 1 year[1]
Final: 1 year and 28 days
Spacecraft properties
BusDLR Compact Satellite bus[2][3]
ManufacturerDLR
Launch mass250 kg (550 lb)[1][3]
Dimensions1.0 m diameter x 1.13 m length[3]
with panels deployed: 2.88 m wide[3]
Power520 W, 4 solar arrays, Li-ion batteries[1][3]
Start of mission
Launch date3 December 2018[4]
RocketFalcon 9 (Block 5)[5]
Launch siteVandenberg Air Force Base
ContractorSpaceX[6]
End of mission
DisposalDecommissioned
Deactivated31 December 2019
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeLow Earth (SSO)
Perigee altitude575 km (357 mi)[3]
Inclination98°[2][3]
Period10 h
EpochPlanned[5]
Transponders
BandS band[3]
 

Eu:CROPIS (Euglena and Combined Regenerative Organic-Food Production in Space) was a life science satellite developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and intended to investigate the possibility of growing plants (specifically tomatoes) in different levels of gravity, such as that of the Moon and Mars,[1] as a sustainable food source using human urine for moisture and as the source of fixed nitrogen.

Overview

[edit]

This orbital mission was intended to simulate and teste two greenhouses that could be scaled up and assembled inside a lunar or Martian habitat to provide the crew with a local source of fresh food, while recycling human urine into fertiliser.[6] Some microorganisms would be added to convert synthetic urine into easily digestible fertilisers for the tomatoes. The aim was to develop a stable, closed-loop, bio-regenerative life support system functioning in low gravity.[7]

In more detail, porous lava stones were fitted in trickle filters and dried soil containing normal soil microbial colonies. Microbes would then use nitrite (NO−
2) to convert the harmful ammonia (NH
3) into nitrate (NO−
3), which is then added to six tomato seeds as liquid fertiliser.[6] In addition, the system incorporated a colony of the single-cell microorganism Euglena gracilis, a photosynthetic algae able to produce oxygen and biomass while protecting the entire system against high ammonia concentrations.[6][7] This oxygen is necessary for the conversion of urine to nitrate until the photosynthetic oxygen production by the tomatoes is sufficient.[7]

The spacecraft was designed replicate lunar gravity on one greenhouse for a period of six months before simulating Martian gravity on the second greenhouse for the next six months.[6] The level of gravity on the Moon (0.16 g) and Mars (0.38 g) was simulated by rotating the spacecraft's cylindrical body around its longitudinal axis.[1] The various payload experiments were placed in different areas within the cylinder.[3] Tomato seed germination and plant growth were monitored with 16 cameras,[6] while the RAMIS (RAdiation Measurement In Space) radiometers monitored the radiation inside and outside the spacecraft.[6][7]

The greenhouse was made of clear polycarbonate, with an approximate volume of 12 L (730 in3).[7] The closed system featured moisture, pH, oxygen, pressure and temperature sensors, and was capable of controlling these parameters. Four small fans created airflow through a cooling device to maintain a stable "atmospheric" temperature. On top of the greenhouse, three lamps provided light in the correct spectrum for photosynthesis.[7] Scanners and fluorometers measured cell density and photosynthetic yield. The fluids were to be monitored with seven electrodes to measure ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, pH, chloride, sodium, and potassium.[7]

To monitor the health of Euglena gracilis, the system also analysed the microbes' mRNA to determine which proteins —and therefore which genes— were being commanded into action.[7]

Objectives

[edit]

The aim was to develop a stable, and symbiotic biological life support system while being exposed to gravity levels similar to those on the lunar surface as well as the surface of Mars. Both phases of experimentation would last for six months.[7] With water being the only component that has been recycled so far and all other components being extracted and disposed, processing of urine is an issue in human space flight. Eu:CROPIS was intended to examine the possibility of using previously disposed waste to grow fruits and vegetables after proper conversion. Two life support systems (a nitrifying trickle filter system and the single-celled algae Euglena gracilis) within the satellite were to be used for producing biomass out of artificial urine in a closed system. Furthermore, the algae Euglena gracilis would protect the biosystem against high levels of ammonia present in urine.[3]

Supporting science payloads

[edit]
  • PowerCell (Payload 2, from NASA Ames Research Center) will investigate the performance of microbial mini-ecologies.[8] These will contain the carbohydrate (sugar) products of photosynthesis, which will feed  Bacillus subtilis, a robust bacterium commonly found in soil and the gut, which has already proven that it can withstand the rigors of space while in the spore form. A second objective of the PowerCell Payload is to conduct synthetic biology remotely in outer space. The basic technique for introducing genetic material into a living cell, called transformation, involves the transfer across a cells encasing membrane of genetic material. The PowerCell payload will examine if and how reduced gravity levels affect transformation processes. The third objective is to test protein production under different gravity regimes. Using the tools of synthetic biology, B. subtilis was engineered to produce several proteins which will be produced at the three different space gravity regimes. The ability to make proteins in space will be fundamental for human exploration, as proteins will be used to produce a range of critical substances, from on-demand food and vaccines to building materials.
  • Radiation Measurement in Space (Payload 3) has the goal of collecting data on long-term exposure to cosmic radiation over the course of the space flight[7][3]
  • SCORE (Payload 4) is a technology demonstrator for next generation on-board computing in hardware and software developed by the DLR Institute of Space Systems. It is complemented by a set of three cameras that are commanded via SCORE.[9][3]

Satellite characteristics

[edit]

Both the satellite and the experiment are called Eu:CROPIS. The satellite features four gyroscopes, two magnetometers, three magnetic torque rods and a Sun sensor in combination with a single-frequency Phoenix GPS receiver for attitude control.[3][10] The power for the satellite is provided by an Electrical Power Subsystem, which includes a lithium-ion battery and four deployable fixed solar arrays delivering an average of 520 W of power.[1]

Results

[edit]

The Eu:CROPIS mission ended on 31 December 2019. The three supporting payloads generated large amounts of data, but the eponymous Eu:CROPIS experiment failed to activate due to a software problem. The satellite is expected to slowly de-orbit over the next two decades before reentering Earth's atmosphere.[11]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Eu:CROPIS". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
  2. ^ a b Institute of Space Systems, Status Report 2007-2016. (PDF) DLR.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Eu CROPIS - eoPortal Directory - Satellite Missions". directory.eoportal.org. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
  4. ^ "SpaceX Twitter". twitter.com. 2018-12-02.
  5. ^ a b "UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL ELV LAUNCH MANIFEST". sworld.com.au. 2018-09-26.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g DLR. "Eu:CROPIS – Greenhouses for the Moon and Mars". DLR Portal. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hauslage, Jens; Strauch, Sebastian M.; Eßmann, Olaf; Haag, Ferdinand W. M.; Richter, Peter; Krüger, Julia; Stoltze, Julia; Becker, Ina; Nasir, Adeel (2018-09-26). "Eu:CROPIS – "Euglena gracilis: Combined Regenerative Organic-food Production in Space" - A Space Experiment Testing Biological Life Support Systems Under Lunar And Martian Gravity" (PDF). Microgravity Science and Technology. 30 (6): 933–942. Bibcode:2018MicST..30..933H. doi:10.1007/s12217-018-9654-1. ISSN 0938-0108.
  8. ^ Kovo, Yael (2015-11-09). "PowerCell". NASA. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
  9. ^ "Food Production in Space - Operating a Greenhouse in Low Earth Orbit (PDF)". nasaspaceflight.com. 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
  10. ^ Attitude Control System of the Eu:CROPIS Mission. (PDF) Ansgar Heidecker, Takahiro Kato, Olaf Maibaum, Matthew Hölzel. DLR Institute of Space Systems.
  11. ^ "Farewell to the Eu:CROPIS mission". DLR. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
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