Ethnic religion: Difference between revisions
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==List of ethnic religions== |
==List of ethnic religions== |
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{{See|List of ethnic religions|List of Neopagan movements}} |
{{See|List of ethnic religions|List of Neopagan movements}} |
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Some ethnic religions include: |
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* [[Judaism]] of the [[Jews]]<ref name="JEjudaism">{{JewishEncyclopedia|author=[[Kaufmann Kohler|Kohler, Kaufmann]] |title=Judaism|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9028-judaism}}</ref>{{sfn|Jacobs|2007|p=511 quote: "Judaism, the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jews."}} |
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* [[Ancient Celtic religion]] of the ancient [[Celts]] |
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* [[Germanic Paganism|Ancient Germanic Religion]] of various [[Germanic tribes]] |
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* [[Ancient Greek religion|Hellenism]] of the [[Greeks]] |
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* Druzism of the [[Druze]]<ref name=dawn>{{cite book|title=Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East|last= Chatty|first= Dawn |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81792-9|date= 2010-03-15}}</ref><ref name="Harrison">{{cite book|author=Simon Harrison|title=Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9-LF_Of_E8C&pg=PA121|year=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-680-1|pages=121–}}</ref> |
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* Alawism of [[Alawites]] |
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* [[Abkhazian Paganism]] |
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* [[Mandaeism]] of the [[Mandaeans]]<ref name="Mandaens">{{citation|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195153859|url=http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|4}} |
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* [[Samaritanism]] of the [[Samaritans]]<ref>Shulamit Sela, ''The Head of the Rabbanite, Karaite and Samaritan Jews: On the History of a Title'', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 57, No. 2 (1994), pp. 255–267</ref>{{sfn|Mor|Reiterer|Winkler|2010|p=}}{{sfn|Coggins|1975|p=}}{{sfn|Pummer|2002|pp=42, 123, 156}}<ref name="Gesellschaft1862"> |
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{{cite book|last1=Grunbaum|first1=M.|last2=Geiger |first2=Rapoport|title=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft: ZDMG|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgY-AAAAcAAJ|volume=16|year=1862|publisher=Harrassowitz|pages=389–416|chapter=mitgetheilten ausfsatze uber die samaritaner}} |
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</ref><ref> |
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David Noel Freedman, ''The Anchor Bible Dictionary'', 5:941 (New York: Doubleday, 1996, c1992).</ref><ref>See also: |
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{{cite book|author=Saint Epiphanius (Bishop of Constantia in Cyprus)|title=The Panarion of Ephiphanius of Salamis: Book I (sects 1–46) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9-utOHPLfEC&pg=PA29|date=1 January 1987 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-07926-7|page=30}} |
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{{cite book|author=Paul Keseling|title=Die chronik des Eusebius in der syrischen ueberlieferung (auszug) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHhNAAAAYAAJ |year=1921 |publisher=Druck von A. Mecke|page=184}} |
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{{cite book |author=Origen |title=The Commentary of Origen on S. John's Gospel: The Text Rev. with a Critical Introd. & Indices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGuLXIy_eXEC |year=1896 |publisher=The University Press}}</ref> |
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* [[Yazidism]] of the [[Yazidis]]<ref name="Fuccaro" >{{cite book |author1=Nelida Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}}</ref> |
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* [[Zoroastrianism]] of the [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] |
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* [[Hinduism]] of the [[Indian people|Indians]]<ref name="Park"/> |
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* [[Chinese folk religion]] of the [[Han Chinese]]<ref>Shi Hu, “[https://www.worldcat.org/title/religion-and-philosophy-in-chinese-history/oclc/4203370 Religion and Philosophy in Chinese History]” (Shanghai: China Institute of Pacific Relations, 1931), reprinted in {{cite book | last = Hu | first = Shih | author-link = Hu Shih | year = 2013 | title = English Writings of Hu Shih: Chinese Philosophy and Intellectual History | volume = 2| series = China Academic Library | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | isbn = 978-3642311819 }}</ref> |
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* [[Kejawèn]] and [[Kapitayan]] of the [[Javanese people]] |
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* [[Kalash religion ]] of the [[Kalash people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1324805|title=Peshawar High Court orders govt to include Kalasha religion in census|last=Akbar|first=Ali|date=4 April 2017|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|language=en|access-date=11 July 2017|quote=Kalasha, the religion followed by Kalash community, lies between Islam and an ancient form of Hinduism}}</ref> |
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* [[Sikhism]] of the [[Punjabis]]<ref name="Singh2011">{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8yWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|date=22 February 2011|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-549-2|pages=61–}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Kenneth W.|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=whMLdd8F_xAC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=shaivism+tamil+religion&source=bl&ots=BP8q4Oy5Jw&sig=ACfU3U2lLz0QL2NdlIUNMt_3MEo1JqTDKg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwj7_w8OvjAhU-H7cAHbrTCD84FBDoATADegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=shaivism%20tamil%20religion&f=false|title=Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages|date=1992-01-03|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0828-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Sumathi|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=La8wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=tamilian+religion&source=bl&ots=gdYdtEXiDn&sig=ACfU3U04UoDmXLBaLNPmMXH15NyMpXVQkA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiY39zzuYXlAhX77XMBHbS3BHIQ6AEwFXoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=tamilian%20religion&f=false|title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970|date=1997-11-20|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20805-6|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[Sunda Wiwitan]] of the [[Sundanese people]] |
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* [[Shinto]] of the [[Japanese people|Japanese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/ataglance/glance.shtml|title=Shinto at a glance |
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|last=|first=|date=2011|publisher=BBC|language=en|access-date=|quote=Because Shinto is focussed on the land of Japan it is clearly an ethnic religion. Therefore Shinto is little interested in missionary work, and rarely practised outside its country of origin.}}</ref> |
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* [[Tengrism]] of the [[Hungarians]], [[Mongols|Mongolians]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] |
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* [[Serer religion|A ƭat Roog]] of the [[Serer people|Serer]] of [[Senegal]],<ref name=Olson>{{cite book|last1=Olson|first1=James Stuart|author-link1=James S. Olson|title=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0313279188|page=516|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&q=serer%7Cseereer+muslims&pg=PA516}}</ref> [[The Gambia]], and [[Mauritania]]<ref>[[Diedrich Hermann Westermann|Westermann, Diedrich]]; Smith, Edwin William; Forde, Cyril Daryll; [[International African Institute]]; [[International Institute of African Languages and Cultures]]; [[Project Muse]]; [[JSTOR]] (Organization), ''Africa: journal of the International African Institute, Volume 63'', pp 86-96, 270-1, [[Edinburgh University Press]] for the International African Institute (1993)</ref> |
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{{colend}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 04:33, 18 September 2021
In religious studies, an ethnic religion is a religion or belief associated with a particular ethnic group. Ethnic religions are often distinguished from universal religions, such as Christianity or Islam, in which gaining converts is a primary objective and, therefore, are not limited in ethnic, national or racial scope.[2]
Terminology
A number of alternative terms have been used instead of ethnic religion.
Another term that is often used is folk religion. While ethnic religion and folk religion have overlapping uses, the latter term implies "the appropriation of religious beliefs and practices at a popular level."[3] The term folk religion can therefore be used to speak of certain Chinese and African religions, but can also refer to popular expressions of more multi-national and institutionalized religions such as Folk Christianity or Folk Islam.[4][5]
In Western contexts, a variety of terms are also employed. In the United States and Canada a popular alternative term has been nature religion.[6] Some neopagan movements, especially in Europe, have adopted ethnic religion as their preferred term, aligning themselves with ethnology. This notably includes the European Congress of Ethnic Religions,[7] which chose its name after a day-long discussion in 1998, where the majority of the participants expressed that Pagan contained too many negative connotations and ethnic better described the root of their traditions in particular nations. In the English-language popular and scholarly discourse Paganism, with a capital P, has become an accepted term.[8]
Usage
Ethnic religions are distinctive in their relationship with a particular ethnic group and often in the shaping of one's solidarity with an ethnic identity.[9]
Diasporic groups often maintain ethnic religions as a means of maintaining a distinct ethnic identity such as the role of African traditional religion and African diaspora religions among the African diaspora in the Americas.[10]
Some ancient ethnic religions, such as those historically found in pre-modern Europe, have found new vitality in neopaganism.[11] Moreover, non-ethnic religions, such as Christianity, have been known to assume ethnic traits to an extent that they serve a role as an important ethnic identity marker,[12] a notable example of this is the Serbian "Saint-Savianism" of the Serbian Orthodox Church,[13] and the religious and cultural heritage of Syriac Christianity branch of the Assyrian people.[14][15][failed verification]
List of ethnic religions
See also
References
- ^ Hardacre 2017, p. 4.
- ^ Park, Chris C. (1994). Sacred Worlds: An Introduction to Geography and Religion. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 9780415090124.
- ^ Bowker, John (2000). "Folk Religion". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-191-72722-1.
- ^ Rock, Stella (2007). Popular religion in Russia. Routledge ISBN 0-415-31771-1, p. 11. Last accessed July 2009.
- ^ Cook, Chris (2009). Spirituality and Psychiatry. RCPsych Publications. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-904671-71-8.
- ^ Strmiska, Michael F. (2005). Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. pp. 15–16, 276. ISBN 9781851096084.
- ^ Strmiska 2005, p. 14.
- ^ Ivakhiv, Adrian (2005). "In Search of Deeper Identities: Neopaganism and "Native Faith" in Contemporary Ukraine" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 8 (3): 30. doi:10.1525/nr.2005.8.3.7. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2005.8.3.7.
- ^ Ruane, Joseph B.; Todd, Jennifer, eds. (2011). Ethnicity and Religion: Intersections and Comparisons. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-88037-5.
- ^ Oduah, Chika (19 October 2011). "Are blacks abandoning Christianity for African faiths?". theGrio. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^ Lewis, James R. (2004). The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-36964-9.
- ^ Chong, Kelly H. (1997). "What It Means to Be Christian: The Role of Religion in the Construction of Ethnic Identity and Boundary Among Second- Generation Korean Americans". Sociology of Religion. 59 (3): 259–286. doi:10.2307/3711911. JSTOR 3711911.
- ^ Martensson, Ulrika; Bailey, Jennifer; Ringrose, Priscilla; Dyrendal, Asbjorn (15 August 2011). Fundamentalism in the Modern World Vol 1: Fundamentalism, Politics and History: The State, Globalisation and Political Ideologies. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781848853300 – via Google Books.
- ^ Winkler 2019, pp. 119–133.
- ^ Hunter 2019, pp. 783–796.
