Jump to content

Fédéré: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Expansion, +4 references
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
The term ''"'''fédérés'''"'' (sometimes translated to English as "'''federates'''") most commonly refers to the troops who volunteered for the French [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] in the summer of 1792 during the [[French Revolution]]. The ''fédérés'' of 1792 effected a transformation of the Guard from a [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchist]] force into a republican revolutionary force.
The term ''"'''fédérés'''"'' (sometimes translated to English as "'''federates'''") most commonly refers to the troops who volunteered for the French [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] in the summer of 1792 during the [[French Revolution]]. The ''fédérés'' of 1792 effected a transformation of the Guard from a [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchist]] force into a republican revolutionary force.


Line 6: Line 5:


==The ''fédérés'' of 1790==
==The ''fédérés'' of 1790==
The term "'''fédérés'''" derives from the ''fête de la Fédération'', the annual celebration during the revolutionary era, celebrated at the [[Champ de Mars]] in Paris on the anniversary of the [[storming of the Bastille]]. The Bastille fell on 14 July 1789. At the first ''fête de la Fédération'' (1790) [[Talleyrand]] performed a [[mass (liturgy)|Mass]], [[Marquis de la Fayette|Lafayette]] addressed the crowd, and [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] gave a secular sermon. The attendees, known as ''fédérés'', came from all over France and brought the spirit of the revolution back to the provinces.
The term "'''fédérés'''" derives from the ''[[Fête de la Fédération]]'', the annual celebration during the revolutionary era, celebrated at the [[Champ de Mars]] in [[Paris]] on the anniversary of the [[storming of the Bastille]]. The Bastille fell on 14 July 1789. At the first ''fête de la Fédération'' in 1790, [[Talleyrand]] performed a [[mass (liturgy)|Mass]], [[Marquis de la Fayette|Lafayette]] addressed the crowd, and King [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] gave a secular sermon. The attendees, known as ''fédérés'', came from all over France and brought the spirit of the revolution back to the provinces.


==The ''fédérés'' of 1792==
==The ''fédérés'' of 1792==
However, the term ''"fédérés"'' as used by historians today almost always refers to the volunteer troops of 1792. The 1792 ''fête'' was of a far more radical nature than that two years earlier, and prefigured the [[10 August (French Revolution)|insurrection on the 10 August]]. The [[Legislative Assembly (France)|Legislative Assembly]] had called for a camp outside Paris for 20,000 ''"fédérés"'' to protect the city from the impending invasion of France by the troops of the Prussian [[Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick|Duke of Brunswick]], but the king had vetoed this. Nonetheless, thousands came.
However, the term ''"fédérés"'' as used by historians today almost always refers to the volunteer troops of 1792. The third ''fête'' of 1792 was of a far more radical nature than that of 1790, and prefigured the militant insurrections later in the year.


In early May, 1792, the [[Girondin]] Minister of War [[Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey|Joseph Servan]] made the proposal to bring armed volunteers from the provinces to Paris. The citizen-soldiers were to be invited to the city for the third ''fête'', but they were also intended to become an effective supplement to the regular army. They were to receive military training in Paris and eventually take their place at the frontlines in the [[French Revolutionary War]].<ref name=Schama604ff>Schama, pp.604–605.</ref>
⚫
==The ''fédérés'' of 1871==
⚫
The term ''"fédérés"'' was revived during the [[Paris Commune]]. The [[Communards' Wall]] is known in French as the ''Mur de Fédérés''.


The prospect of thousands of new militiamen descending upon the capital for an indeterminate length of time was a highly contentious one. Some, like the king, saw it as a plot to stack Paris full with anti-monarchists, while others, like [[Maximilien Robespierre]], feared the outsiders might be used as a provincial counterweight to the radical Parisian [[sans-culottes]].<ref name=Schama604ff/>

King Louis employed his [[French constitution of 1791|constitutional]] prerogative to quash the proposal, and this use of the greatly unpopular royal [[veto]] was met with a storm of protest from all quarters. In the ensuing political struggle, the king dismissed the entire Girondin ministry.<ref>Soboul, p. 245.</ref> With the government in disarray, radical agitators seized the issue and it rapidly became the source of massive citywide unrest.<ref name=Schama604ff/>

Eventually thousands of the provincial volunteers arrived regardless of the king's disapproval, and they were given a warm welcome by members of the [[Legislative Assembly (France)|Legislative Assembly]]. Robespierre himself, now fully supportive, greeted the provincial "defenders of liberty" as the "last hope of the country."<ref>MacLehose, p. 405.</ref>

The ''fédérés'' issue helped lead to a series of Parisian insurrections throughout the spring and summer, culminating in the assault on the [[Tuileries Palace]] on [[10 August (French Revolution)|10 August]].<ref>Soboul, p. 259.</ref> The ''fédérés'' themselves played a large part in the Tuileries assault, and afterwards they contributed further to the climate of republican solidarity by adopting an uncommonly grateful public posture towards the [[Militant Feminism in the French Revolution|female participants of the Revolution]]. In a post-victory ceremony, leaders of the ''fédérés'' honored their female colleagues and awarded civic crowns to three who displayed outstanding conduct in the assault – [[Louise Reine Audu]], [[Claire Lacombe]], and [[Theroigne de Mericourt]].<ref>Godineau, pp. 110–111.</ref>

⚫
==The ''fédérés'' of 1871==
⚫
The term ''"fédérés"'' was revived during the [[Paris Commune]]. The [[Communards' Wall]] is known in French as the ''Mur de Fédérés''.
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Foederati]]
*[[Foederati]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{Cite book |title=The Women of Paris and Their French Revolution |last=Godineau |first=Dominique |year=1998 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-06718-5 |url= |accessdate= }}
*{{Cite book|author=Sophia H. MacLehose|title=From the monarchy to the republic in France, 1788-1792|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1QRdAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA405|accessdate=24 August 2011|year=1904|publisher=J. MacLehose & Sons |location=Glasgow|oclc=1898577}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Schama |first1=Simon |authorlink=Simon Schama |title=Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution |year=1989 |publisher=Vintage |location=New York |isbn=0679726101 }}
*{{Cite book |title=The French Revolution 1787–1799 |last=Soboul |first=Albert |authorlink=Albert Soboul |year=1975 |publisher=Vintage |location=New York |isbn=039471220X }}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Federe}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Federe}}
Line 21: Line 39:
[[Category:1792 events of the French Revolution]]
[[Category:1792 events of the French Revolution]]
[[Category:Paris Commune]]
[[Category:Paris Commune]]


{{France-hist-stub}}
{{Euro-mil-stub}}

Revision as of 02:36, 25 August 2011

The term "fédérés" (sometimes translated to English as "federates") most commonly refers to the troops who volunteered for the French National Guard in the summer of 1792 during the French Revolution. The fédérés of 1792 effected a transformation of the Guard from a constitutional monarchist force into a republican revolutionary force.

"Fédérés" has several other closely related meanings, also discussed in this article.

The fédérés of 1790

The term "fédérés" derives from the Fête de la Fédération, the annual celebration during the revolutionary era, celebrated at the Champ de Mars in Paris on the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. The Bastille fell on 14 July 1789. At the first fête de la Fédération in 1790, Talleyrand performed a Mass, Lafayette addressed the crowd, and King Louis XVI gave a secular sermon. The attendees, known as fédérés, came from all over France and brought the spirit of the revolution back to the provinces.

The fédérés of 1792

However, the term "fédérés" as used by historians today almost always refers to the volunteer troops of 1792. The third fête of 1792 was of a far more radical nature than that of 1790, and prefigured the militant insurrections later in the year.

In early May, 1792, the Girondin Minister of War Joseph Servan made the proposal to bring armed volunteers from the provinces to Paris. The citizen-soldiers were to be invited to the city for the third fête, but they were also intended to become an effective supplement to the regular army. They were to receive military training in Paris and eventually take their place at the frontlines in the French Revolutionary War.[1]

The prospect of thousands of new militiamen descending upon the capital for an indeterminate length of time was a highly contentious one. Some, like the king, saw it as a plot to stack Paris full with anti-monarchists, while others, like Maximilien Robespierre, feared the outsiders might be used as a provincial counterweight to the radical Parisian sans-culottes.[1]

King Louis employed his constitutional prerogative to quash the proposal, and this use of the greatly unpopular royal veto was met with a storm of protest from all quarters. In the ensuing political struggle, the king dismissed the entire Girondin ministry.[2] With the government in disarray, radical agitators seized the issue and it rapidly became the source of massive citywide unrest.[1]

Eventually thousands of the provincial volunteers arrived regardless of the king's disapproval, and they were given a warm welcome by members of the Legislative Assembly. Robespierre himself, now fully supportive, greeted the provincial "defenders of liberty" as the "last hope of the country."[3]

The fédérés issue helped lead to a series of Parisian insurrections throughout the spring and summer, culminating in the assault on the Tuileries Palace on 10 August.[4] The fédérés themselves played a large part in the Tuileries assault, and afterwards they contributed further to the climate of republican solidarity by adopting an uncommonly grateful public posture towards the female participants of the Revolution. In a post-victory ceremony, leaders of the fédérés honored their female colleagues and awarded civic crowns to three who displayed outstanding conduct in the assault – Louise Reine Audu, Claire Lacombe, and Theroigne de Mericourt.[5]

The fédérés of 1871

The term "fédérés" was revived during the Paris Commune. The Communards' Wall is known in French as the Mur de Fédérés.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Schama, pp.604–605.
  2. ^ Soboul, p. 245.
  3. ^ MacLehose, p. 405.
  4. ^ Soboul, p. 259.
  5. ^ Godineau, pp. 110–111.

Sources

  • Godineau, Dominique (1998). The Women of Paris and Their French Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06718-5.
  • Sophia H. MacLehose (1904). From the monarchy to the republic in France, 1788-1792. Glasgow: J. MacLehose & Sons. OCLC 1898577. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  • Schama, Simon (1989). Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0679726101.
  • Soboul, Albert (1975). The French Revolution 1787–1799. New York: Vintage. ISBN 039471220X.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fédéré&oldid=446591059"