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Lungshar and the four Tibetan students just before leaving for England.

Rugby School as seen from "the close" where according to legend Rugby football was invented

The 1910s saw an attempt to turn four young Tibetans – the Four Rugby Boys – into the vanguard of "modernisers" through the medium of an English public school education.^[1]

Lungshar, a Tibetan high official, escorted four sons of Tibetan "respectable families"^[2] – W. N. Kyipup, K. K. Möndö, Sonam Gonpa Gongkar and R. D. Ringang – to England, in 1913, so they could be educated at a public school. After completing their studies at Rugby School, each of the Rugby Four^[3] received professional training in a particular field and eventually returned to Tibet.

According to Lungshar's son Lhalu Tsewang Dorje, "the experiment was not a great success."^[4] Historian Alastair Lamb concurs: “the experiment […] can hardly be described as a success", adding that the boys were side-tracked by the Tibetan establishment and "made no significant contribution in later life to the development of Tibet".^[5]

The experiment

Lungshar, Möndro, Ringang, Kyipup and Gongkar at Buckingham Palace, 28 June 1913 after an audience with King George V

In August 1912, the Dalai Lama proposed that some "energetic and clever sons of respectable families" in Tibet should be given "first-class educations at Oxford College, London". The Indian government requested that Basil Gould, who was about to go on leave back to England, should guide the four young Tibetan boys (known as the "Rugby Boys") on their journey to the United Kingdom and assist them through the difficult first few weeks of their journey away from the roof of the world. In early 1913 the youths selected turned up at the British Trade Agency at Gyantse, where their companion, a Tibetan official called Lungshar, presented Gould with a request from the Dalai Lama for four first-class educations at Oxford College, London. The four boys were W. N. Kyipup (16), K. K. Möndö, a monk, (17), Gongkar (16) and R. D. Ringang (11).^[6]

The Tibetan Boys settled down at Farnham, where they began to learn English under the supervision of the Berlitz School of Languages. It was decided that Rugby would be the best place for their schooling.^[7]

Wangdu Norbu Kyipup

Kyipup studied telegraphy, surveying and cartography. On returning to Tibet, he was assigned the task of developing a telegraph network but failed and was given other assignments.^[8]

Khyenrab Kunzang Mondo

Möndö studied mining engineering in Grimethorpe and mineralogy in Camborne. Back in Tibet, he went into mineral ore prospecting but was accused of disturbing spirits and spoiling crops and so had to give up prospecting.^[9]

Sonam Gonpa Gongkar

Gongkar^[1] went to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich in London and then on to a short period of officer training with the Indian Army^[10] as he was expected to later reorganise the Tibetan Army.^[4] He was attached to the Northumberland Fusiliers for a short period.^[11] However, for political reasons, he was assigned to a frontier post in Kham.^[12] He died from pneumonia in 1917.^[10]

Rigzin Dorje Ringang

The youngest of the lot, Ringang, stayed in England for a longer period and studied electrical engineering at the Universities of London and Birmingham.^[10] After returning home, he assembled a hydro-electric power station in Lhasa called Dodri^[1] from equipment brought over from England, and laid an electric line to the Dalai Lama's summer palace in Lhasa, a colossal undertaking. Of the Rugby Four, he was the only one to have achieved something. However, after his death, the plant stopped being maintained for lack of money and fell into disrepair.^[12] Peter Aufschnaiter wrote in his book Eight Years in Tibet,

"We arrived in Lhasa on 15 January 1946. (…) a man wearing a yellow and crimson hat- an official- approached us. He was very friendly. After asking a few questions, he said he would arrange different quarters for us. Our new friend was Lhasa's electrical engineer. After receiving permission from the town council, he gave us quarters in the storeroom of his house."^[13]

The outcome

Three of the former Rugby Boys being entertained as guests by the members of the German SS expedition to Tibet in 1939 (from left to right: Kyipup, Ringang and Möndö, along with Chinese envoy Chang and Tsarong Dzasa)

As Lhalu Tsewang Dorje, Lungshar's son, remarked to British radio operator Robert W. Ford, "The experiment was not a great success" but, according to Ford, the fault did not lie entirely with the boys.^[9] Alastair Lamb claims that they were effectively side-tracked by the Tibetan establishment.^[10] The experiment was not to be repeated during the remaining period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent.^[10]

Tibetologist Alex McKay observes that the three surviving Rugby boys formed, together with their fellow countrymen that had been educated in British India or at Frank Ludlow's English school at Gyantse (1923–1926), "a growing circle of generally progressive thinkers, in whose company Europeans visitors felt comfortable" and who were recognised by the British cadre as "a major propaganda channel".^[14]

In 1946, when Austrian war prisoner Heinrich Harrer reached Lhasa, there was only one of the Rugby boys still alive, namely Kyipup, then a high official at the foreign ministry, whose meeting he recalls in his 1954 book Seven Years in Tibet. In the introduction to the book, writer Peter Fleming calls him "the only survivor of a sensible experiment that the Tibetans never got around to repeating."^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c British Intelligence on China in Tibet, 1903–1950 Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Formerly classified and confidential British intelligence and policy files, Editor: A.J. Farrington, Former Deputy Director, OIOC, British Library, London, IDC Publishers, 2002, p. 22.
^ Alastair Lamb, Tom Browns from Central Asia, in The History of Tibet: The modern period : 1895–1959, the encounter with modernity, Alex Mackay, Routledge (ed.), 2003, p. 325.
^ The four boys are variously referred to by historians as "the four Rugby boys", "the four young Tibetans", "the four Tibetan youths", "the four Tibetans in England", "the Rugby party".
^ ^a ^b Robert W. Ford, Wind Between the Worlds, David McKay Company, Inc, New York, 1957, p. 109.
^ Alastair Lamb, Tom Browns from Central Asia, in The History of Tibet: The modern period : 1895–1959, the encounter with modernity, Alex Mackay, Routledge (ed.), 2003, p. 327.
^ Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 325
^ Alastair Lamb, op. cit., pp. 326–327.
^ Robert W. Ford, Wind Between the Worlds, New York: David McKay Company, Inc, 1957, pp. 107–110, p. 108. The book contains the story of the 4 Rugby boys as related by Lhalu Tsewang Dorje, Lungshar's son, to British radio operator Robert Ford.
^ ^a ^b Robert W. Ford, op. cit., p. 108.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 327.
^ Farrington, A.J., ed. (2002). "British Intelligence on China in Tibet, 1903–1950: Formerly classified and confidential British intelligence and policy files" (PDF). Brill. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2018. Fiche 456–458 (26–28) Tibetan students in England: training of S.G. Gongkar after leaving Rugby School; attached to Northumberland Fusiliers; return to India, September 1914 – November 1916 L/P&S/10/539-1 File P.111/1915 Pt 8 98ff
^ ^a ^b Robert W. Ford, op. cit., p. 109.
^ Aufschnaiter, Peter; Brauen, Martin (2002). Peter Aufschaiter's Eight Years in Tibet. Bangkok: Orchid Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-9-74524-012-4. OCLC 917234693.
^ Alex McKay, Tibet and the British Raj: the frontier cadre, 1904–1947, Curzon Press, Richmond, 1997, p. 293, p. 136: "They formed a growing circle of generally progressive thinkers, in whose company European visitors felt comfortable. […] the cadre […] recognised that 'the pupils from these schools … constitute a major propaganda channel'."
^ Heinrich Harrer, Seven Years in Tibet, translated from the German by Richard Graves; with an introduction by Peter Fleming; foreword by the Dalai Lama, E. P. Dutton, 1954.

[:0-1] British Intelligence on China in Tibet, 1903–1950 Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Formerly classified and confidential British intelligence and policy files, Editor: A.J. Farrington, Former Deputy Director, OIOC, British Library, London, IDC Publishers, 2002, p. 22.

[2] Alastair Lamb, Tom Browns from Central Asia, in The History of Tibet: The modern period : 1895–1959, the encounter with modernity, Alex Mackay, Routledge (ed.), 2003, p. 325.

[3] The four boys are variously referred to by historians as "the four Rugby boys", "the four young Tibetans", "the four Tibetan youths", "the four Tibetans in England", "the Rugby party".

[:1-4] Robert W. Ford, Wind Between the Worlds, David McKay Company, Inc, New York, 1957, p. 109.

[5] Alastair Lamb, Tom Browns from Central Asia, in The History of Tibet: The modern period : 1895–1959, the encounter with modernity, Alex Mackay, Routledge (ed.), 2003, p. 327.

[6] Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 325

[7] Alastair Lamb, op. cit., pp. 326–327.

[8] Robert W. Ford, Wind Between the Worlds, New York: David McKay Company, Inc, 1957, pp. 107–110, p. 108. The book contains the story of the 4 Rugby boys as related by Lhalu Tsewang Dorje, Lungshar's son, to British radio operator Robert Ford.

[Ford108-9] Robert W. Ford, op. cit., p. 108.

[Lamb327-10] Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 327.

[11] Farrington, A.J., ed. (2002). "British Intelligence on China in Tibet, 1903–1950: Formerly classified and confidential British intelligence and policy files" (PDF). Brill. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2018. Fiche 456–458 (26–28) Tibetan students in England: training of S.G. Gongkar after leaving Rugby School; attached to Northumberland Fusiliers; return to India, September 1914 – November 1916 L/P&S/10/539-1 File P.111/1915 Pt 8 98ff

[Ford109-12] Robert W. Ford, op. cit., p. 109.

[13] Aufschnaiter, Peter; Brauen, Martin (2002). Peter Aufschaiter's Eight Years in Tibet. Bangkok: Orchid Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-9-74524-012-4. OCLC 917234693.

[14] Alex McKay, Tibet and the British Raj: the frontier cadre, 1904–1947, Curzon Press, Richmond, 1997, p. 293, p. 136: "They formed a growing circle of generally progressive thinkers, in whose company European visitors felt comfortable. […] the cadre […] recognised that 'the pupils from these schools … constitute a major propaganda channel'."

[15] Heinrich Harrer, Seven Years in Tibet, translated from the German by Richard Graves; with an introduction by Peter Fleming; foreword by the Dalai Lama, E. P. Dutton, 1954.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
+{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
 [[File:Lungshar and the four Tibetan students just before leaving for England.jpg|thumb|[[Lungshar]] and the four Tibetan students just before leaving for England.]]
 [[File:Rugby School 850.jpg|thumb|Rugby School as seen from "the close" where according to legend Rugby football was invented]]
-The 1910s saw the attempt to turn four young Tibetans – the '''Four Rugby Boys''' – into a vanguard of "modernisers" through the medium of an [[English public school]] education.<ref name=":0">''[http://www.brill.com/sites/default/files/ftp/downloads/31696_Guide.pdf British Intelligence on China in Tibet, 1903-1950]'', Formerly classified and confidential British intelligence and policy files, Editor: A.J. Farrington, Former Deputy Director, OIOC, British Library, London, IDC Publishers, 2002, p. 22: "A fascinating group of files offers minute detail in an attempt to turn four young Tibetans into a vangard of "modernisers" through the medium of an English public school education."</ref>
+The 1910s saw an attempt to turn four young Tibetans – the '''Four Rugby Boys''' – into the vanguard of "modernisers" through the medium of an [[English public school]] education.<ref name=":0">''[http://www.brill.com/sites/default/files/ftp/downloads/31696_Guide.pdf British Intelligence on China in Tibet, 1903–1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905084226/http://www.brill.com/sites/default/files/ftp/downloads/31696_Guide.pdf|date=5 September 2015}}'', Formerly classified and confidential British intelligence and policy files, Editor: A.J. Farrington, Former Deputy Director, OIOC, British Library, London, IDC Publishers, 2002, p. 22.</ref>
-[[Lungshar]], a Tibetan high official, escorted four sons of Tibetan "respectable families"{{Citation needed|reason=Source(s) needed to support this claim|date=December 2018}} – W. N. Kyipup, K. K. Möndö, Sonam Gonpa Gongkar and R. D. Ringang – to England, in 1913, so they could be educated at a public school. After completing their studies at [[Rugby School]], each of the '''Rugby Four''' received professional training in a particular field and eventually returned to Tibet.
+[[Lungshar]], a Tibetan high official, escorted four sons of Tibetan "respectable families"<ref>Alastair Lamb, ''Tom Browns from Central Asia'', in ''The History of Tibet: The modern period : 1895–1959, the encounter with modernity'', Alex Mackay, Routledge (ed.), 2003, p. 325.</ref> – W. N. Kyipup, K. K. Möndö, Sonam Gonpa Gongkar and R. D. Ringang – to England, in 1913, so they could be educated at a public school. After completing their studies at [[Rugby School]], each of the '''Rugby Four'''<ref>The four boys are variously referred to by historians as "the four Rugby boys", "the four young Tibetans", "the four Tibetan youths", "the four Tibetans in England", "the Rugby party".</ref> received professional training in a particular field and eventually returned to Tibet.
-According to Lungshar’s son [[Lhalu Tsewang Dorje]], "the experiment was not a great success."<ref name=":1">{{en icon}} Robert W. Ford, [https://archive.org/stream/windbetweenthewo011656mbp#page/n113/mode/2up ''Wind Between the Worlds''], David McKay Company, Inc, New York, 1957, p. 109.</ref> Historian Alastair Lamb concurs: “the experiment […] can hardly be described as a success”, adding that the boys were sidetracked by the Tibetan establishment and “made no significant contribution in later life to the development of Tibet”.<ref>{{en icon}} Alastair Lamb, ''Tom Browns from Central Asia'', in [https://books.google.com/books?id=3BPsOQe654IC&pg=PA325&lpg=PA325&dq=basil+gould&source=web&ots=zW9wzXwz3b&sig=RYMrvWjtWBUfBvBJ41tkhbhncRk#PPA325,M1 ''The History of Tibet: The modern period : 1895-1959, the encounter with modernity''], Alex Mackay, Routledge (ed.), 2003, p. 327.</ref>
+According to Lungshar's son [[Lhalu Tsewang Dorje]], "the experiment was not a great success."<ref name=":1">Robert W. Ford, [https://archive.org/stream/windbetweenthewo011656mbp#page/n113/mode/2up ''Wind Between the Worlds''], David McKay Company, Inc, New York, 1957, p. 109.</ref> Historian Alastair Lamb concurs: “the experiment […] can hardly be described as a success", adding that the boys were side-tracked by the Tibetan establishment and "made no significant contribution in later life to the development of Tibet".<ref>Alastair Lamb, ''Tom Browns from Central Asia'', in [https://books.google.com/books?id=3BPsOQe654IC&pg=PA325 ''The History of Tibet: The modern period : 1895–1959, the encounter with modernity''], Alex Mackay, Routledge (ed.), 2003, p. 327.</ref>
 ==The experiment==
 [[File:Lungshar, Gongkar, Ringang, Möndro and Kyibu II at Buckingham Palace.JPG|thumb|[[Lungshar]], [[Möndro]], [[Ringang]], [[Kyibu II|Kyipup]] and [[Gongkar]] at [[Buckingham Palace]], 28 June 1913 after an audience with King [[George V]]]]
-In August 1912, the [[Dalai Lama]] asked that some "energetic and clever sons of respectable families"{{Citation needed|reason=Source(s) needed to support this claim that the 13th Dalai Lama said what is quoted here|date=December 2018}} should be given "world-class educations"{{Citation needed|reason=Source(s) needed to support this claim that the 13th Dalai Lama said what is quoted here|date=December 2018}} in England. In early 1913 the youths selected turned up at the British Trade Agency at [[Gyantse]], chaperoned by a Tibetan official called Lungshar. These were W. N. Kyipup, aged 16, K. K. Möndö, a monk, aged 17, Gongkar, aged 16, and R. D. Ringang, 11 years old. The Indian government decided that [[Basil Gould]], who was about to go on leave back to [[England]], should guide the four young boys (known as the "Rugby Boys") on their journey to the [[United Kingdom]] and assist them during their first few weeks in England in April 1913.<ref>Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 325.</ref>
+In August 1912, the [[Dalai Lama]] proposed that some "energetic and clever sons of respectable families" in Tibet should be given "first-class educations at [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|Oxford College]], London". The Indian government requested that [[Basil Gould]], who was about to go on leave back to England, should guide the four young Tibetan boys (known as the "Rugby Boys") on their journey to the United Kingdom and assist them through the difficult first few weeks of their journey away from the roof of the world. In early 1913 the youths selected turned up at the British Trade Agency at [[Gyantse]], where their companion, a Tibetan official called Lungshar, presented Gould with a request from the Dalai Lama for four first-class educations at Oxford College, London. The four boys were W. N. Kyipup (16), K. K. Möndö, a monk, (17), Gongkar (16) and R. D. Ringang (11).<ref>Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 325</ref>
-The Tibetan Boys settled down at Farnham, where they began to learn English under the supervision of the [[Berlitz Corporation|Berlitz School of Languages]]. It was decided that Rugby would be the best place for their schooling.<ref>Alastair Lamb, op. cit., pp. 326-327.</ref>
+The Tibetan Boys settled down at Farnham, where they began to learn English under the supervision of the [[Berlitz Corporation|Berlitz School of Languages]]. It was decided that Rugby would be the best place for their schooling.<ref>Alastair Lamb, op. cit., pp. 326–327.</ref>
 ===Wangdu Norbu Kyipup===
 [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-13-07-45, Tibetexpedition, Möndro mit Kyibu, Fotoapparat.jpg|thumb|right|Kyipup (left) and Möndö in 1939]]
-Kyipup studied telegraphy, surveying and cartography. On returning to Tibet, he was assigned the task of developing a telegraph network but failed and was given other assignments.<ref>Robert W. Ford, [https://archive.org/stream/windbetweenthewo011656mbp#page/n113/mode/2up ''Wind Between the Worlds''], New York: David McKay Company, Inc, 1957, pp. 107-110, p. 108. The book contains the story of the 4 Rugby boys as related by [[Lhalu Tsewang Dorje]], Lungshar’s son, to British radio operator Robert Ford.</ref>
+Kyipup studied telegraphy, surveying and cartography. On returning to Tibet, he was assigned the task of developing a telegraph network but failed and was given other assignments.<ref>Robert W. Ford, [https://archive.org/stream/windbetweenthewo011656mbp#page/n113/mode/2up ''Wind Between the Worlds''], New York: David McKay Company, Inc, 1957, pp. 107–110, p. 108. The book contains the story of the 4 Rugby boys as related by [[Lhalu Tsewang Dorje]], Lungshar's son, to British radio operator Robert Ford.</ref>
+===Khyenrab Kunzang Mondo===
-===Khyenrab Kunzang Mondo<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dhondup|first=K.|date=|year=1984|editor-last=Tshering|editor-first=Gyatsho|title="The Thirteenth Dalai Lama's Experiment in Modern Education"|journal=The Tibet Journal: A Publication for the Study of Tibet|publisher=Library of Tibetan Works & Archives|publication-place=Dharamsala, India|volume=XI, No. 3|pages=page 46|quote=Khyenrab Kunzang Mondo was a monk official.}}</ref>===
-[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-13-02-19, Tibetexpedition, Ringang.jpg|thumb|Ringang in 1939]]
-Möndö studied mining engineering in [[Grimethorpe]] and mineralogy in [[Camborne School of Mines|Camborne]]. Back in Tibet, he went into mineral ore prospecting but was accused of disturbing spirits and spoiling crops and so had to give up prospecting.<ref>Robert W. Ford, op. cit., p. 108.</ref>
-===Sonam Gonpa Gongkar<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dhondup|first=K.|date=Autumn 1984|year=1984|title=The Thirteenth Dalai Lama's Experiment in Modern Education|url=|journal=The Tibet Journal: A Publication for the Study of Tibet|publisher=Library of Tibetan Works & Archives|publication-place=Dharamsala, India|volume=XI, No. 3|pages=page 42|quote=Sonam Gonpa Gongkar was very well mannered.|via=}}</ref>===
 [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-08-031, Tibetexpedition, Tibeter, Möndro.jpg|thumb|Möndö in 1939]]
+Möndö studied mining engineering in [[Grimethorpe]] and mineralogy in [[Camborne School of Mines|Camborne]]. Back in Tibet, he went into mineral ore prospecting but was accused of disturbing spirits and spoiling crops and so had to give up prospecting.<ref name=Ford108/>
-Gongkar<ref name=":0" /> went to the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]] in London and then on to a short period of officer training with the Indian Army<ref>Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 327.</ref> as he was expected to later reorganise the [[Tibetan Army|Tibetan army]].<ref name=":1" /> He was attached to the Northumberland Fusiliers for a short period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brill.com/sites/default/files/ftp/downloads/31696_Guide.pdf|title=British Intelligence on China in Tibet, 1903-1950: Formerly classified and confidential British intelligence and policy files|last=|first=|date=2002|editor-last=Farrington|editor-first=A.J.|website=Brill|page=22|access-date=22 February 2018|quote="Fiche 456-458 (26-28) Tibetan students in England: training of S G Gongkar after leaving Rugby School; attached to Northumberland Fusiliers; return to India, Sep 1914-Nov 1916 L/P&S/10/539-1 File P.111/1915 Pt 8 98ff"}}</ref> However, for political reasons, he was assigned to a frontier post in Kham.<ref>Robert W. Ford, op. cit., p. 109.</ref> He died from pneumonia in 1917.<ref>Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 327.</ref>
-===R. D. Ringang===
+===Sonam Gonpa Gongkar===
+Gongkar<ref name=":0" /> went to the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]] in London and then on to a short period of officer training with the Indian Army<ref name=Lamb327>Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 327.</ref> as he was expected to later reorganise the [[Tibetan Army]].<ref name=":1" /> He was attached to the Northumberland Fusiliers for a short period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brill.com/sites/default/files/ftp/downloads/31696_Guide.pdf|title=British Intelligence on China in Tibet, 1903–1950: Formerly classified and confidential British intelligence and policy files|year=2002|editor-last=Farrington|editor-first=A.J.|website=Brill|page=22|access-date=22 February 2018|quote="Fiche 456–458 (26–28) Tibetan students in England: training of S.G. Gongkar after leaving Rugby School; attached to Northumberland Fusiliers; return to India, September 1914 – November 1916 L/P&S/10/539-1 File P.111/1915 Pt 8 98ff"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905084226/http://www.brill.com/sites/default/files/ftp/downloads/31696_Guide.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> However, for political reasons, he was assigned to a frontier post in Kham.<ref name=Ford109>Robert W. Ford, op. cit., p. 109.</ref> He died from pneumonia in 1917.<ref name=Lamb327/>
-The youngest of the lot, Ringang, stayed in England for a longer period and studied electrical engineering at the Universities of London and Birmingham.<ref>Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 327.</ref> After returning home, he assembled an hydro-electric power station in Lhasa called Dodri<ref name=":0" /> from equipment brought over from England, and laid an electric line to the Dalai Lama’s [[Norbulingka|summer palace]] in Lhasa, a colossal undertaking. Of the Rugby Four, he was the only one to have achieved something. However, after his death, the plant stopped being maintained for lack of money and fell into disrepair.<ref>Robert W. Ford, op. cit., p. 109.</ref> [[Peter Aufschnaiter]] wrote in his book ''Eight Years in Tibet,'' {{quote|"We arrived in Lhasa on 15 January 1946. (...) a man wearing a yellow and crimson hat- an official- approached us. He was very friendly. After asking a few questions, he said he would arrange different quarters for us. Our new friend was Lhasa's electrical engineer. After receiving permission from the town council, he gave us quarters in the storeroom of his house."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Peter Aufschaiter's Eight Years in Tibet|last=Aufschnaiter|first=Peter|last2=Brauen|first2=Martin|publisher=Orchid Press|year=2002|isbn=9789745240124|location=Bangkok|pages=71|oclc=917234693|quote="We arrived in Lhasa on 15 January 1946. (...) a man wearing a yellow and crimson hat- an official- approached us. He was very friendly. After asking a few questions, he said he would arrange different quarters for us. Our new friend was Lhasa's electrical engineer. After receiving permission from the town council, he gave us quarters in the storeroom of his house."}}</ref>}}
+===Rigzin Dorje Ringang===
+[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-13-02-19, Tibetexpedition, Ringang.jpg|thumb|Ringang in 1939]]
+The youngest of the lot, Ringang, stayed in England for a longer period and studied electrical engineering at the Universities of London and Birmingham.<ref name=Lamb327/> After returning home, he assembled a hydro-electric power station in Lhasa called Dodri<ref name=":0" /> from equipment brought over from England, and laid an electric line to the Dalai Lama's [[Norbulingka|summer palace]] in Lhasa, a colossal undertaking. Of the Rugby Four, he was the only one to have achieved something. However, after his death, the plant stopped being maintained for lack of money and fell into disrepair.<ref name=Ford109/> [[Peter Aufschnaiter]] wrote in his book ''Eight Years in Tibet,'' {{quote|"We arrived in Lhasa on 15 January 1946. (…) a man wearing a yellow and crimson hat- an official- approached us. He was very friendly. After asking a few questions, he said he would arrange different quarters for us. Our new friend was Lhasa's electrical engineer. After receiving permission from the town council, he gave us quarters in the storeroom of his house."<ref>{{cite book|title=Peter Aufschaiter's Eight Years in Tibet|last1=Aufschnaiter|first1=Peter|last2=Brauen|first2=Martin|publisher=Orchid Press|year=2002|isbn=978-9-74524-012-4|location=Bangkok|pages=71|oclc=917234693}}</ref>}}
 ==The outcome==
 [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-BB-099-04, Tibetexpedition, Tibeter in Tracht.jpg|thumb|Three of the former Rugby Boys being entertained as guests by the members of the German SS expedition to Tibet in 1939 (from left to right: Kyipup, Ringang and Möndö, along with Chinese envoy Chang and [[Tsarong Dzasa]])]]
-As [[Lhalu Tsewang Dorje]], Lungshar's son, remarked to British radio operator [[Robert W. Ford]], "The experiment was not a great success" but, according to Ford, the fault did not lie entirely with the boys.<ref>Robert W. Ford, op. cit., p. 108.</ref> Alastair Lamb claims that they  were effectively sidetracked by the Tibetan establishment.<ref>Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 327.</ref> The experiment was not to be repeated during the remaining period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>Alastair Lamb, op. cit., p. 327.</ref>
+As [[Lhalu Tsewang Dorje]], Lungshar's son, remarked to British radio operator [[Robert W. Ford]], "The experiment was not a great success" but, according to Ford, the fault did not lie entirely with the boys.<ref name=Ford108>Robert W. Ford, op. cit., p. 108.</ref> Alastair Lamb claims that they were effectively side-tracked by the Tibetan establishment.<ref name=Lamb327/> The experiment was not to be repeated during the remaining period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=Lamb327/>
-Tibetologist Alex McKay observes that the three surviving Rugby boys formed, together with their fellow countrymen that had been educated in British India or at [[Frank Ludlow]]'s English school at Gyantse (1923–1926), "a growing circle of generally progressive thinkers, in whose company Europeans visitors felt comfortable" and who were recognised by the British cadre as "a major propaganda channel."<ref>Alex McKay, ''Tibet and the British Raj: the frontier cadre, 1904-1947'', Curzon Press, Richmond, 1997, 293 p., p. 136: "They formed a growing circle of generally progressive thinkers, in whose company European visitors felt comfortable. [...] the cadre [...] recognised that 'the pupils from these schools ... constitute a major propaganda channel'."</ref>
+Tibetologist Alex McKay observes that the three surviving Rugby boys formed, together with their fellow countrymen that had been educated in British India or at [[Frank Ludlow]]'s English school at Gyantse (1923–1926), "a growing circle of generally progressive thinkers, in whose company Europeans visitors felt comfortable" and who were recognised by the British cadre as "a major propaganda channel".<ref>Alex McKay, ''Tibet and the British Raj: the frontier cadre, 1904–1947'', Curzon Press, Richmond, 1997, p. 293, p. 136: "They formed a growing circle of generally progressive thinkers, in whose company European visitors felt comfortable. […] the cadre […] recognised that 'the pupils from these schools … constitute a major propaganda channel'."</ref>
 In 1946, when Austrian war prisoner [[Heinrich Harrer]] reached Lhasa, there was only one of the Rugby boys still alive, namely Kyipup, then a high official at the foreign ministry, whose meeting he recalls in his 1954 book ''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]''. In the introduction to the book, writer [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]] calls him "the only survivor of a sensible experiment that the Tibetans never got around to repeating."<ref>Heinrich Harrer, ''Seven Years in Tibet'', translated from the German by Richard Graves; with an introduction by Peter Fleming; foreword by the Dalai Lama, E. P. Dutton, 1954.</ref>
 ==References==
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 [[Category:Tibet]]