French colonial architecture: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Style of architecture used in French colonies}} |
{{Short description|Style of architecture used in French colonies}} |
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[[File:Presidential Palace of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|Presidential Palace of Vietnam]], in Hanoi, was built between 1900 and 1906 to host the French Governor-General of [[Indochina]].]] |
[[File:Presidential Palace of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|Presidential Palace of Vietnam]], in Hanoi, was built between 1900 and 1906 to host the French Governor-General of [[Indochina]].]] |
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==In Canada== |
==In Canada== |
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[[French colonization of the Americas|French settlements in Canada]] date back to the mid-16th century until the French defeat in [[Seven Years' War]] where New France was annexed by the British Crown in 1763 as a result of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]]. The settlements in the regions were extensive, hence the abundant architectural legacy from that period shows itself particularly [[Maison Drouin|in]] [[Quebec City]] but also in the city of [[Montreal]], which has a significant [[French Canadian|Canadien]] population. Most buildings constructed during the French colonial period utilized a heavy timber frame of logs installed vertically on a sill, ''[[poteaux-sur-sol]]'', or into the earth, ''[[Post in ground|poteaux-en-terre]]''. An infill of lime mortar or clay mixed with small stones ([[pierrotage]]) or a mixture of mud, moss, and animal hair ([[bousillage]]) was used to pack between the logs. Many times the infill would later be replaced with [[brick]]. This method of construction was used in the [[Illinois Country]] as well as Louisiana. General characteristics of a French Colonial dwelling included a raised [[basement]] which would support the floor of the home's primary living quarters. Exterior stairs were another common element; the stairs would often climb up to a distinctive, full-length [[veranda]] or "gallery |
[[French colonization of the Americas|French settlements in Canada]] date back to the mid-16th century until the French defeat in [[Seven Years' War]] where New France was annexed by the British Crown in 1763 as a result of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]]. The settlements in the regions were extensive, hence the abundant architectural legacy from that period shows itself particularly [[Maison Drouin|in]] [[Quebec City]] but also in the city of [[Montreal]], which has a significant [[French Canadian|Canadien]] population. Most buildings constructed during the French colonial period utilized a heavy timber frame of logs installed vertically on a sill, ''[[poteaux-sur-sol]]'', or into the earth, ''[[Post in ground|poteaux-en-terre]]''. An infill of lime mortar or clay mixed with small stones ([[pierrotage]]) or a mixture of mud, moss, and animal hair ([[bousillage]]) was used to pack between the logs. Many times the infill would later be replaced with [[brick]]. This method of construction was used in the [[Illinois Country]] as well as Louisiana. General characteristics of a French Colonial dwelling included a raised [[basement]] which would support the floor of the home's primary living quarters. Exterior stairs were another common element; the stairs would often climb up to a distinctive, full-length [[veranda]] or "gallery", on a home's [[façade]]. The roof over the veranda was normally part of the overall roof. French Colonial roofs were either a steep [[Hip roof|hipped roof]], with a [[dormer]] or dormers, or a side-gabled roof. The veranda or gallery was often accessed via [[French doors]]. French Colonial homes in the [[Southern United States|American South]] commonly had [[stucco]]ed exterior walls.<ref name=bigolin>Bigolin, Steve. [https://archive.today/20130122051617/http://www.daily-chronicle.com/articles/2005/02/28/neighbors/neighbors01.txt "The Landmarks of Barb City"], ''Daily Chronicle'', 28 February 2005. Retrieved 15 February 2007.</ref> |
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==In |
==In Asia== |
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[[File:Metropole la terrasse.jpg|thumb |
[[File:Metropole la terrasse.jpg|thumb|A bistro in central [[Hanoi]] with [[Art Nouveau]] and colonial designs]] |
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French colonisation of three countries in mainland Southeast Asia—Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, known as [[French Indochina|Indochina]] in the 19th and 20th centuries, left a lasting architectural legacy. Most French colonial buildings, now mostly transformed for public use, are located in large urban areas, namely [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (Vietnam), and [[Phnom Penh]] (Cambodia). |
French colonisation of three countries in mainland Southeast Asia—Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, known as [[French Indochina|Indochina]] in the 19th and 20th centuries, left a lasting architectural legacy. Most French colonial buildings, now mostly transformed for public use, are located in large urban areas, namely [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (Vietnam), and [[Phnom Penh]] (Cambodia). |
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There are also some colonial buildings were built in China due to French concessions and other interests in the country during 19th and 20th centuries. |
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=== Vietnam === |
=== Vietnam === |
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File:Hanoï - Palais du Gouverneur Général.jpg |Hanoi, [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|Presidential Palace]] |
File:Hanoï - Palais du Gouverneur Général.jpg |Hanoi, [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|Presidential Palace]] |
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File:Hanoi cau long bien.jpg|Hanoi, [[Long Biên Bridge]] |
File:Hanoi cau long bien.jpg|Hanoi, [[Long Biên Bridge]] |
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File:Exposition Hanoï 1902 - Grand Palais.jpg|Hanoi, [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the [[Hanoi Exhibition]] 1902-1903, destroyed during WWII |
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File:Hanoi, Vietnam (12036416576).jpg|Hanoi, [[Tonkin Palace]], formerly housing the French governor of [[Tonkin]] |
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File:Hanoi Opera House, 24 December 2016.jpg |[[Hanoi Opera House]] modeled on the [[Palais Garnier]] in Hanoi |
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File:Ngân hàng Nhà nước - 2022-09-02 03.jpg|Hanoi, [[State Bank of Vietnam]] headquarters in [[art-deco]] style |
File:Ngân hàng Nhà nước - 2022-09-02 03.jpg|Hanoi, [[State Bank of Vietnam]] headquarters in [[art-deco]] style |
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File:Bâtiments_172.jpg|Hanoi, [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]], formerly the first ''[[École française d'Extrême-Orient]]'' |
File:Bâtiments_172.jpg|Hanoi, [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]], formerly the first ''[[École française d'Extrême-Orient]]'' |
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File:Hotel Metropole Hanoi at night.JPG|Hanoi, a corner of [[Sofitel Legend Metropole Hanoi|Hôtel Metropole]] |
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File:St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam.jpg|Hanoi, [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] resembling [[Notre Dame de Paris]] |
File:St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam.jpg|Hanoi, [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] resembling [[Notre Dame de Paris]] |
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File:Indochina Medical College.jpg|Hanoi, campus of [[Indochina Medical College]] and [[Université Indochinoise]] |
File:Indochina Medical College.jpg|Hanoi, campus of [[Indochina Medical College]] and [[Université Indochinoise]] |
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File:Ho Chi Minh City, Central Post Office, 2020-01 CN-01.jpg|Ho Chi Minh City, [[Saigon Central Post Office|Central Post Office]] |
File:Ho Chi Minh City, Central Post Office, 2020-01 CN-01.jpg|Ho Chi Minh City, [[Saigon Central Post Office|Central Post Office]] |
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File:Basílica de Nuestra Señora, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 03.JPG|Ho Chi Minh City, [[Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon|Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica]] |
File:Basílica de Nuestra Señora, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 03.JPG|Ho Chi Minh City, [[Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon|Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica]] |
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File:Nhà thờ Cha Tam.jpg|Ho Chi Minh City, {{ill|Saint Francis Xavier's Church, Ho Chi Minh City|fr|Église Saint-François-Xavier (Hô Chi Minh-Ville)|vi|Nhà thờ Cha Tam|lt=Saint Francis Xavier's Church}} |
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File:Một góc trường Trần Đai Nghĩa ngày nay.jpg|Ho Chi Minh City, [[Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted]] |
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File:03-OPERA HOUSE.jpg|[[Haiphong Opera House]] |
File:03-OPERA HOUSE.jpg|[[Haiphong Opera House]] |
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File:French Colonial House in Luangprabang (1490843210).jpg|A typical colonial house in [[Luang Prabang]] |
File:French Colonial House in Luangprabang (1490843210).jpg|A typical colonial house in [[Luang Prabang]] |
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File:VillaColVientiane.jpg| A French-style [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] house in [[Vientiane]] |
File:VillaColVientiane.jpg| A French-style [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] house in [[Vientiane]] |
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</gallery> |
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===China=== |
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* In Beijing: |
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** {{ill|Banque de l'Indochine Building, Beijing|zh|东方汇理银行北京分行}} |
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* In Tianjin: |
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** {{ill|French Municipal Administration Council Building, Tianjin|zh|法国公议局旧址}} |
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** {{ill|Banque de l'Indochine Building, Tianjin|zh|天津东方汇理银行大楼}} |
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* In Shanghai: |
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** {{Ill|Shanghai Museum of Arts And Crafts|zh|上海工艺美术博物馆}} |
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** [[Banque de l'Indochine Building, Shanghai]] |
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** [[Saint Joseph's Church, Shanghai]] |
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* In Wuhan: |
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** {{ill|Banque de l'Indochine Building, Hankou|zh|东方汇理银行大楼 (汉口)}} |
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* In Guangzhou |
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** [[Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel, Shamian Island]] |
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* In Zhanjiang: |
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** {{illm|Former sites of the Residence of the French Commissioner and the French Army Commandantura of Guangzhouwan|zh|广州湾法国公使署旧址和法军指挥部旧址|fr|Ancien Bureau du Commissaire français et ancien Quartier général de l'Armée française à Kouang-Tchéou-Wan}} |
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** {{illm|Our Lady of Victory Cathedral, Zhanjiang|zh|维多尔天主教堂|fr|Église Notre-Dame-des-Victoires (Kouang-Tchéou-Wan)}} |
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** {{illm|Naozhou Lighthouse|zh|硇洲灯塔|fr|Phare de Nǎozhōu}} |
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<gallery> |
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File:原北京东方汇理银行.JPG|Banque de l'Indochine Building, Beijing |
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File:20150223-法国公议局旧址.jpg|French Municipal Administration Council Building in Tianjin |
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File:天津东方汇理银行大楼1.jpg|Banque de l'Indochine Building, Tianjin |
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File:东方汇理银行大楼正立面2021 (1).jpg|Banque de l'Indochine Building, Shanghai |
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File:Saint-Joseph's church, Shanghai 1.jpg|Saint Joseph's church in Shanghai |
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File:French Concession building - Shanghai.JPG|An apartment at No.142 West Jianguo Road, Shanghai |
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File:Shamian Church of Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel 20221223-A.jpg|Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel, Shamian Island, Guangzhou |
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File:Guangzhou Shamian 2012.11.15 10-05-31.jpg|Banque de l'Indochine Building in Shamian Island, Guangzhou |
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File:Zhanjiang Guangzhouwan Faguo Gongshishu Jiuzhi he Fajun Zhihuibu Jiuzhi 2014.02.27 09-05-29.jpg|Former French Commissioner Residence in Zhanjiang |
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File:Zhanjiang Guangzhouwan Faguo Gongshishu Jiuzhi he Fajun Zhihuibu Jiuzhi 2014.02.27 09-09-19.jpg|Former French Army Commandantura in Zhanjiang |
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File:Cathedral of St. Victor.jpg|Our Lady of Victory Cathedral in Zhanjiang |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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Latest revision as of 18:09, 22 May 2024
French colonial architecture includes several styles of architecture used by the French during colonization. Many former French colonies, especially those in Southeast Asia, have previously been reluctant to promote their colonial architecture as an asset for tourism; however, in recent times, the new generation of local authorities has somewhat "embraced" the architecture and has begun to advertise it.[1] French Colonial architecture has a long history, beginning in North America in 1604 and being most active in the Western Hemisphere (Caribbean, Guiana, Canada, Louisiana) until the 19th century, when the French turned their attention more to Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.[2]
In Canada
[edit]French settlements in Canada date back to the mid-16th century until the French defeat in Seven Years' War where New France was annexed by the British Crown in 1763 as a result of the Treaty of Paris. The settlements in the regions were extensive, hence the abundant architectural legacy from that period shows itself particularly in Quebec City but also in the city of Montreal, which has a significant Canadien population. Most buildings constructed during the French colonial period utilized a heavy timber frame of logs installed vertically on a sill, poteaux-sur-sol, or into the earth, poteaux-en-terre. An infill of lime mortar or clay mixed with small stones (pierrotage) or a mixture of mud, moss, and animal hair (bousillage) was used to pack between the logs. Many times the infill would later be replaced with brick. This method of construction was used in the Illinois Country as well as Louisiana. General characteristics of a French Colonial dwelling included a raised basement which would support the floor of the home's primary living quarters. Exterior stairs were another common element; the stairs would often climb up to a distinctive, full-length veranda or "gallery", on a home's façade. The roof over the veranda was normally part of the overall roof. French Colonial roofs were either a steep hipped roof, with a dormer or dormers, or a side-gabled roof. The veranda or gallery was often accessed via French doors. French Colonial homes in the American South commonly had stuccoed exterior walls.[3]
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Quebec City presents probably the finest example of urban colonial architecture in North America
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Old Quebec (City) was listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site in 1985
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The manoir Boucher-De Niverville, located in Trois-Rivières, in Quebec province was built in the mid-17th century
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The Château Ramezay, is one of the best preserved mansion in Montreal, built in 1705.
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The Maison François-Jacquet-Dit-Langevin, located in the heart of Old Quebec, was built in 1675.
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LeBer-LeMoyne House, was an important trading post when it was built in the late 17th century. It is today in historical museum of Montreal.
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Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec, started in 1647, is the oldest church in the Americas north of the Spanish colonies in Florida and New Mexico.
In the United States
[edit]French Colonial was one of four domestic architectural styles that developed during the colonial period in what would become the United States. The other styles were Colonial Georgian, Dutch Colonial, and Spanish Colonial. French Colonial developed in the settlements of the Illinois Country and French Louisiana. It is believed to have been primarily influenced by the building styles of French Canada and the Caribbean.[4] It had its beginnings in 1699 with the establishment of French Louisiana but continued to be built after Spain assumed control of the colonial territory in 1763. Styles of building that evolved during the French colonial period include the Creole cottage, Creole townhouse, and French Creole plantation house.[5]
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Ursuline Convent in New Orleans, built c. 1752. It is the oldest-surviving building from the French colonial period in New Orleans. It is an example of stuccoed brick construction.
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Gabriel Peyroux House in New Orleans, built c. 1780, is an example of briquette-entre-poteaux (brick-between-post) construction.
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Lorreins Plantation, aka Old Spanish Customs House, in New Orleans, built c. 1784
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Destrehan Plantation near Destrehan, St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, built c. 1787, portions were altered in 1840 to reflect the Greek Revival style.
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Bequette-Ribault House in Ste. Geneviève, Missouri, c. 1789 is an example of poteaux-en-terre construction.
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Louis Bolduc House Museum, in Ste. Geneviève, Missouri, c. 1792 is an example of poteaux-sur-sol construction.
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Parlange Plantation House in Mix, Louisiana, was built c. 1754 and is an early example of French Colonial architecture in the United States.
In Asia
[edit]French colonisation of three countries in mainland Southeast Asia—Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, known as Indochina in the 19th and 20th centuries, left a lasting architectural legacy. Most French colonial buildings, now mostly transformed for public use, are located in large urban areas, namely Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), and Phnom Penh (Cambodia).
There are also some colonial buildings were built in China due to French concessions and other interests in the country during 19th and 20th centuries.
Vietnam
[edit]Various colonial buildings and constructions have become popular tourist destinations. Major landmarks that have become icons of cities including Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City include:
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Hanoi, Presidential Palace
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Hanoi, Long Biên Bridge
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Hanoi, Grand Palais built for the Hanoi Exhibition 1902-1903, destroyed during WWII
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Hanoi, Tonkin Palace, formerly housing the French governor of Tonkin
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Hanoi Opera House modeled on the Palais Garnier in Hanoi
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Hanoi, State Bank of Vietnam headquarters in art-deco style
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Hanoi, National Museum of Vietnamese History, formerly the first École française d'Extrême-Orient
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Hanoi, a corner of Hôtel Metropole
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Hanoi, St. Joseph's Cathedral resembling Notre Dame de Paris
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Hanoi, campus of Indochina Medical College and Université Indochinoise
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Hanoi, a local police station in a colonial building by Hoàn Kiếm lake
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Hanoi, a French villa in Ba Đình District
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Hanoi, a government office (Fatherland Front HQ)
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Ho Chi Minh City, Municipal Theatre
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Ho Chi Minh City, Central Post Office
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Ho Chi Minh City, Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica
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Ho Chi Minh City, Saint Francis Xavier's Church
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Ho Chi Minh City, Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted
Cambodia
[edit]- In Phnom Penh:
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Phnom Penh Post Office
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Phnom Penh Royal Railway Station
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Raffles Hotel Le Royal
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Phnom Penh UNESCO office
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Railway station in Battambang
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Building in Kampot
Laos
[edit]-
A typical colonial house in Luang Prabang
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A French-style Arts and Crafts house in Vientiane
China
[edit]- In Beijing:
- In Tianjin:
- In Shanghai:
- In Wuhan:
- In Guangzhou
- In Zhanjiang:
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Banque de l'Indochine Building, Beijing
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French Municipal Administration Council Building in Tianjin
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Banque de l'Indochine Building, Tianjin
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Banque de l'Indochine Building, Shanghai
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Saint Joseph's church in Shanghai
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An apartment at No.142 West Jianguo Road, Shanghai
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Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel, Shamian Island, Guangzhou
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Banque de l'Indochine Building in Shamian Island, Guangzhou
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Former French Commissioner Residence in Zhanjiang
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Former French Army Commandantura in Zhanjiang
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Our Lady of Victory Cathedral in Zhanjiang
In Africa
[edit]North Africa
[edit]19th and early 20th-century French colonial architecture is typical of the European districts of most Algerian and Tunisian cities, as well as Casablanca, Morocco. In the mid-20th-century, Algiers became an important center for Modernist architecture.
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Notre-Dame d'Afrique basilica, Algiers, Algeria
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Apartment building in Casablanca, Morocco
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Apartment building in Algiers, Algeria
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Apartment building on Rue Didouche-Mourad, Algiers, Algeria (formerly Rue Michelet)
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Rue d'Isly in Algiers (early 20th century)
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Lycée Bugeaud in Algiers (early 20th century)
West Africa
[edit]French colonial architecture is found in many large and mid-sized West African cities, with a particularly significant concentration in the former capital city, Saint-Louis, Senegal.
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Rue Lebon in Saint Louis (circa 1900)
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Colonial houses in Saint Louis
Central Africa
[edit]Brazzaville, the capital of Congo, and Douala, the largest city of Cameroon have many French colonial buildings.
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The headquarters for the French Commissioner General in Brazzaville (circa 1896–1910)
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The Chambre of Commerce in Douala, Cameroon
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The Palace of Justice in Douala
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The former residence of the French regional governor in Douala
See also
[edit]- American colonial architecture, which states that by 1770 the briquette-entre-poteaux replaced earlier types of French Colonial construction.
- Creole cottage
References
[edit]- ^ About Ho Chi Minh City Archived 2017-12-13 at the Wayback Machine. eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn.
- ^ "Architecture and Urbanism in the French Atlantic Empire | McGill-Queen's University Press". www.mqup.ca. Archived from the original on 2020-01-31. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
- ^ Bigolin, Steve. "The Landmarks of Barb City", Daily Chronicle, 28 February 2005. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
- ^ Gamble, Robert Historic architecture in Alabama: a guide to styles and types, 1810-1930, page 180. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8173-1134-3.
- ^ "French Creole Architecture". Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation. National Park Service's National Register of Historic Places. Archived from the original on 2008-06-21. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
- ^ "Top 10 Colonial Buildings in Phnom Penh". Going Colonial. 2018-09-12. Archived from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2019-11-15.