Albania–Hungary relations: Difference between revisions
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[[Albania]] has an embassy in [[Budapest]] and [[Hungary]] has an embassy and a consular office in [[Tirana]]. The history of diplomatic relations of Albania and Hungary dates back to 1912, when Albania declared its [[Declaration of independence of Albania|independence]] on November 28, 1912. |
[[Albania]] has an embassy in [[Budapest]] and [[Hungary]] has an embassy and a consular office in [[Tirana]]. The history of diplomatic relations of Albania and Hungary dates back to 1912, when Albania declared its [[Declaration of independence of Albania|independence]] on November 28, 1912. |
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The countries are members of the [[North Atlantic Treaty |
The countries are members of the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]. As a [[European Union]] (EU) member, Hungary supports Albania in its euro-integration path.<ref>{{cite web|title=Berisha-Kover: PS, jo bojkot|url=http://top-channel.tv/lajme/artikull.php?id=231055|website=top-channel.tv|language=sq|date=20 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SZIJJÁRTÓ: HUNGARY FIRMLY SUPPORTS ALBANIA IN EU INTEGRATION EFFORTS|url=https://dailynewshungary.com/szijjarto-hungary-firmly-supports-albania-eu-integration-efforts/|website=dailynewshungary.com|language=en|date=19 November 2016}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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| ⚫ | Both countries experienced Ottoman rule and in some cases rebelled against it, historically including the alliance between [[John Hunyadi]] and [[Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} In the [[Great Turkish War]], Albanian Catholic leaders [[Pjetër Bogdani]] and [[Toma Raspasani]] rallied Kosovo Albanian Catholics and Muslims to the pro-Austrian cause.<ref name=Raspasani>{{cite book|last=Malcolm|first=Noel|title=Kosovo: a short history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGQ_AQAAIAAJ&q=Toma+Raspasani|access-date=21 June 2011|year=1998|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-66612-8|page=162}}</ref> After the [[Great Turkish War]], Hungary was absorbed into the [[Hapsburg]] domain, while Albanian inhabited regions remained part of the Ottoman Empire and experienced a period of economic and societal breakdown, which saw large numbers of Catholics from Kosovo flee to north to arrive in [[Budapest]],<ref name=Raspasani/><ref name=Pahumi>Pahumi, Nevila (2007). "The Consolidation of Albanian Nationalism". Page 18: "The pasha of Ipek forcibly removed Catholic inhabitants of northern Albania into the plains of southern Serbia after a failed Serb revolt in 1689 and the flight of many Serbs to the Habsburg Empire. The transferred villagers were forced to convert over to Islam."</ref> and the [[Islamization of Albania|widespread Islamization]] due to extremely steep increases in the poll tax by Ottoman authorities as well as instances of forced conversion.<ref name=Pahumi/><ref>Marmullaku, ‘’Albania and the Albanians’’. London: C. Hurst & co., 1975. Page 16.</ref><ref>Jelavich, Barbara. ‘’History of the Balkans.’’ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Pages 80–81.</ref><ref name="Zhelyazkova">Zhelyazkova, Antonina. ‘’Albanian Identities’’. Page 22</ref> Albanian Catholicism survived in the mountainous Northwest of Albania with significant aid from Austro-Hungarian clerics. Austro-Hungarian funded Catholic schools were the only schools where Albanians were able to study in their [[First language|native language]] during Ottoman rule, and as a result many of their students would contribute to the emergence of Albanian nationalism, as did some Hungarian intellectuals such as [[Franz Nopcsa]]. |
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Historically, Albanian-Hungarian relations were strong in the Middle Ages due to dynastic ties (common governance by members of the Angevin family in the 14th century followed by the marriage of many other Albanian nobles to Hungarians), religious ties, and common interests, especially the prevention of Venetian domination of the Adriatic coast. Hungary played a significant role in the development and spread of Catholicism in Albania during the 13th to 15th centuries. |
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| ⚫ | [[Austria-Hungary]] was a key proponent of Albanian independence and opposed attempts by Slavic nations to dominate Albanian lands. Austro-Hungarian diplomatic assistance was critical for the expulsion of the Serbian and Montenegrin armies from Durrës and Shkodër in 1912, during the [[First Balkan War]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Balkan Wars |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balkan-Wars |access-date=28 November 2021 |date=1 October 2021 |editor= |editor-first=}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} After Albanian independence, [[King Zog]] married a Hungarian woman, [[Géraldine Apponyi de Nagyappony]]. In the early 20th century, Albania and Hungary shared a situation where large numbers of Albanians and Hungarians resided outside of their respective new borders, and both saw the rise of [[irredentist]] movements that aimed to create [[Greater Hungary (irredentism)|Greater Hungary]] and [[Greater Albania]], but were obstructed by the relative strength of surrounding countries. During [[World War II]], both countries came under the control of Axis-allied regimes, followed by the domination of Communist parties allied to Moscow. Albanian-Hungarian relations came to a halt after the Soviet-Albanian split, but were resuscitated after the fall of Communism. |
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| ⚫ | Both countries |
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| ⚫ | [[Austria |
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===Middle Ages=== |
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Albanian-Hungarian relations date back to the Middle Ages. Especially after Hungary was converted to Catholicism and northern Albanian rulers increasingly also converted and converted their subjects to Catholicism as well during the [[High Middle Ages]] especially after the [[Fourth Crusade]], Hungary often had relationships with [[Albanian principalities]]. |
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Academics such as Muhamet Mala and Edmond Malaj have argued that the foundation of the state of Hungary had far reaching political effects that proved critical for the survival of Albanians despite repeated Slavic invasions. Their domination of the Danube preempted any possibility of large unifying Slavic states in the Balkans, which would have "with certainty" have brought about a "definitive Slavicization of the Balkan", changing the ethnic structure in favor Slavic domination at the expense of the survival of Albanians, Greeks and Romanians.<ref>Malaj, Edmond. ''Rreth marredhenieve ndermjet shqiptareve dhe hungarezeve gjate mesjetes''. Page 272-273</ref> |
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Albano-Hungarian relations existed in two realms, the secular and the religious. In the religious realm, Hungarian assistance was critical for the growth of Albanian Catholicism. <ref>Malaj, Edmond. [https://www.academia.edu/28187405/Rreth_marr%C3%ABdh%C3%ABnieve_nd%C3%ABrmjet_shqiptar%C3%ABve_dhe_hungarez%C3%ABve_gjat%C3%AB_Mesjet%C3%ABs_About_the_Relationship_between_Albanians_and_Hungarians_during_the_Middle_Ages._Albanian_ ''Rreth marrëdhënieve ndërmjet shqiptarëve dhe hungarezëve gjatë Mesjetës'']. Page 268</ref> |
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==== Catholic relations ==== |
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Albanian monasteries were constructed with similar architecture to Hungarian and Italian models.<ref>Malaj, Edmond. [https://www.academia.edu/28187405/Rreth_marr%C3%ABdh%C3%ABnieve_nd%C3%ABrmjet_shqiptar%C3%ABve_dhe_hungarez%C3%ABve_gjat%C3%AB_Mesjet%C3%ABs_About_the_Relationship_between_Albanians_and_Hungarians_during_the_Middle_Ages._Albanian_ ''Rreth marrëdhënieve ndërmjet shqiptarëve dhe hungarezëve gjatë Mesjetës'']. Page 268</ref> Intensive clerical relations began in the 12th century and were first documented in 1177 by Gregori, the prelate of Tivar.<ref>Malaj, 270</ref> |
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The establishment of Hungarian domination by [[Bela III]] over the Dalmatian cities of [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Zadar]] and [[Trogir]] ultimately caused the promotion of Albanian ecclesiastic structures to direct subordination to Rome, rather than having been dependent on the Dalmatian city of Ragusa, as they were previously. After this point, the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ulcinj|Ulcinj]] (Ecclesia Dulcignensis), Shas (Suaciensis), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shkodër-Pult|Shkodër-Pult]] (Scodrensis/Pulatensis), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Balecium|Baleč]] (Beleacensis), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Drivasto|Drivasto]] (Drivastensis), Deje (Dagnesnsis), and et cetera were reorganized into an "Albanian archbishopric" directly under Rome, as Malaj notes, an important development in the growth of Albanian Catholicism in the [[Balkans]].<ref>Malaj, Page 270</ref> |
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Hungary provided a "definitive role" in the development of Albanian Catholicism, because it wished to replace the influence of its rival [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusa]] in Albania, which had remained outside the control of the Hungarian crown. With the rise of Serbia under [[Stefan Dushan|Stefan Dušan]] and the beginning of Dušan's persecution of Catholics; notably, when the Bishop of Shas was accused of murder by Serbian authorities, he found refuge in Hungary. Hungary would also provide Albanian Catholics with aid in their polemical fight against "schismatics" (such as [[Bogomil]]s), sending its own Dominican priests to Albania for this purpose. In 1278, Dominican priests convened for a summit in [[Durrës]] which resulted in the construction of the first Dominican monastery in Albania, a significant event in the deepening of ties with the Albanian noble [[Thopia family]] of Central Albania with the [[Dominican Order]] and the growth of the latter in Northern and Central Albania.<ref>Malaj, pages 271-272</ref> |
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====Diplomatic relations==== |
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Relations between Albania and Hungary became more intensive in the 14th century, during the rule of Albania by [[Charles of Anjou]]. After 1308, another Angevin (''Anzhu'' as Albanians call the family) ruled Hungary and Croatia as Angevins also remained on the Albanian throne, bringing the three nations into a period of political convergence.<ref>Malaj, Edmond. ''Rreth marredhenieve ndermjet shqiptareve dhe hungarezeve gjate mesjetes''. Page 273</ref> |
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===Ottoman conquest=== |
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During the Ottoman conquests of the Balkans, Albanian national hero [[Skanderbeg]] and Hungarian national hero [[Janos Hunyadi|John Hunyadi]] were aligned together against the Ottoman Army. |
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===Late Ottoman era=== |
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As a unified state, Austro-Hungary helped provide education to Northern Albanians, especially those of [[Catholicism in Albania|Catholic faith]], by helping build schools in the vicinity of [[Shkodër]]. Unlike all other schools in the country at the time, it allowed students to learn in [[Albanian language|Albanian]]. The expansion of Albanian education helped the stimulate the [[Albanian National Awakening]]. |
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A Hungarian noble [[Franz Nopcsa]] was influential in the emerging field of [[Albanology]] which fueled the rise of [[Albanian nationalism]], and he gave his support to [[Albanian independence]]. |
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Austro-Hungary supported Albanian aspirations, particularly against Serbian claims to Albanian territory, motivated by a desire to restrain the power of [[Pan-Slavism]] under the aegis of the [[Russian Empire]], which was a particular threat to Hungary which had to contend with [[Slovak nationalism]], [[Croatian nationalism]] and [[Serbian nationalism]]. |
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===After Albanian Independence=== |
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[[Zog I of Albania|King Zog]] chose as his wife, a Hungarian noblewoman named [[Geraldine of Albania|Geraldine]]. |
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===Communist era=== |
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During the [[Soviet era]], both countries were part of the [[Eastern Bloc]] and [[COMECON]] until Albania's withdrawal in 1961. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Foreign relations of Hungary]] |
* [[Foreign relations of Hungary]] |
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* [[Accession of Albania to the European Union]] |
* [[Accession of Albania to the European Union]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Foreign relations of Albania}} |
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{{Foreign relations of Hungary}} |
{{Foreign relations of Hungary}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Albania-Hungary Relations}} |
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[[Category:Albania–Hungary relations| ]] |
[[Category:Albania–Hungary relations| ]] |
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Revision as of 23:39, 2 April 2024
 | |
 Albania |
 Hungary |
|---|---|
Albania has an embassy in Budapest and Hungary has an embassy and a consular office in Tirana. The history of diplomatic relations of Albania and Hungary dates back to 1912, when Albania declared its independence on November 28, 1912.
The countries are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. As a European Union (EU) member, Hungary supports Albania in its euro-integration path.[1][2]
History
Both countries experienced Ottoman rule and in some cases rebelled against it, historically including the alliance between John Hunyadi and Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg.[citation needed] In the Great Turkish War, Albanian Catholic leaders Pjetër Bogdani and Toma Raspasani rallied Kosovo Albanian Catholics and Muslims to the pro-Austrian cause.[3] After the Great Turkish War, Hungary was absorbed into the Hapsburg domain, while Albanian inhabited regions remained part of the Ottoman Empire and experienced a period of economic and societal breakdown, which saw large numbers of Catholics from Kosovo flee to north to arrive in Budapest,[3][4] and the widespread Islamization due to extremely steep increases in the poll tax by Ottoman authorities as well as instances of forced conversion.[4][5][6][7] Albanian Catholicism survived in the mountainous Northwest of Albania with significant aid from Austro-Hungarian clerics. Austro-Hungarian funded Catholic schools were the only schools where Albanians were able to study in their native language during Ottoman rule, and as a result many of their students would contribute to the emergence of Albanian nationalism, as did some Hungarian intellectuals such as Franz Nopcsa.
Austria-Hungary was a key proponent of Albanian independence and opposed attempts by Slavic nations to dominate Albanian lands. Austro-Hungarian diplomatic assistance was critical for the expulsion of the Serbian and Montenegrin armies from Durrës and Shkodër in 1912, during the First Balkan War.[8][citation needed] After Albanian independence, King Zog married a Hungarian woman, Géraldine Apponyi de Nagyappony. In the early 20th century, Albania and Hungary shared a situation where large numbers of Albanians and Hungarians resided outside of their respective new borders, and both saw the rise of irredentist movements that aimed to create Greater Hungary and Greater Albania, but were obstructed by the relative strength of surrounding countries. During World War II, both countries came under the control of Axis-allied regimes, followed by the domination of Communist parties allied to Moscow. Albanian-Hungarian relations came to a halt after the Soviet-Albanian split, but were resuscitated after the fall of Communism.
See also
- Foreign relations of Albania
- Foreign relations of Hungary
- Accession of Albania to the European Union
- List of ambassadors of Albania to Hungary
References
- ^ "Berisha-Kover: PS, jo bojkot". top-channel.tv (in Albanian). 20 March 2012.
- ^ "SZIJJÁRTÓ: HUNGARY FIRMLY SUPPORTS ALBANIA IN EU INTEGRATION EFFORTS". dailynewshungary.com. 19 November 2016.
- ^ a b Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: a short history. Macmillan. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-333-66612-8. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ a b Pahumi, Nevila (2007). "The Consolidation of Albanian Nationalism". Page 18: "The pasha of Ipek forcibly removed Catholic inhabitants of northern Albania into the plains of southern Serbia after a failed Serb revolt in 1689 and the flight of many Serbs to the Habsburg Empire. The transferred villagers were forced to convert over to Islam."
- ^ Marmullaku, ‘’Albania and the Albanians’’. London: C. Hurst & co., 1975. Page 16.
- ^ Jelavich, Barbara. ‘’History of the Balkans.’’ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Pages 80–81.
- ^ Zhelyazkova, Antonina. ‘’Albanian Identities’’. Page 22
- ^ "Balkan Wars". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
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