Alexander R. Todd: Difference between revisions

The Right Honourable
The Lord Todd
OM FRS FRSE
The Right Honourable The Lord Todd OM FRS FRSE
	Todd in 1957
Born	Alexander Robertus Todd; 2 October 1907; Cathcart, Scotland
Died	10 January 1997 (aged 89); Oakington, England
Alma mater	University of Glasgow; University of Frankfurt am Main ; Oriel College, Oxford
Awards	Tilden Prize (1940); Davy Medal (1949); Royal Medal (1955); Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1957); Paul Karrer Gold Medal (1963); Copley Medal (1970); Lomonosov Gold Medal (1978)
	Scientific career
Fields	Chemistry, Biochemistry
Institutions	Lister Institute ; University of Edinburgh ; University of London ; University of Manchester ; University of Cambridge ; Christ's College, Cambridge ; University of Strathclyde ; Hatfield Polytechnic
Doctoral advisor	Walter Borsche, Sir Robert Robinson
Doctoral students	J. Rodney Quayle

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Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd OM FRS FRSE^[1] (2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997), was a British biochemist whose research on the structure and synthesis of nucleotides, nucleosides, and nucleotide coenzymes gained him the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1957.

Early life and education

Todd was born at Cathcart in outer Glasgow, the son of Alexander Todd, JP, a clerk with the Glasgow Subway, and his wife, Jane Lowry.^[2]

He attended Allan Glen's School and graduated from the University of Glasgow with a bachelor's degree (BSc) in 1928. He received a doctorate (Dr Phil.nat.)from Goethe University Frankfurt in 1931 for his thesis on the chemistry of the bile acids.

Todd was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851,^[3] and, after studying at Oriel College, Oxford, he gained another doctorate (DPhil) in 1933.

Career

Todd held posts with the Lister Institute, the University of Edinburgh (staff, 1934–1936) and the University of London, where he was appointed Reader in biochemistry.

In 1938, Alexander Todd spent six months as a visiting professor at California Institute of Technology, eventually declining an offer of faculty position.^[4]^[5] Todd became the Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry and director of the Chemical Laboratories of the University of Manchester in 1938, where he began working on nucleosides, compounds that form the structural units of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

In 1944, he was appointed to the 1702 Chair of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge, which he held until his retirement in 1971.^[6] In 1949, he synthesised adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Todd served as a visiting professor at the University of Chicago in Autumn 1948^[7] and University of Sydney in 1950.^[4]^[8]^[9]

In 1955, he helped elucidate the structure of vitamin B₁₂, although the final formula and definite structure was determined by Dorothy Hodgkin and her team, and later worked on the structure and synthesis of vitamin B₁ and vitamin E, the anthocyanins (the pigments of flowers and fruits) from insects (aphids, beetles) and studied alkaloids found in cannabis. He served as chairman of the Government of the United Kingdom's advisory committee on scientific policy from 1952 to 1964.

He is credited as the first person to synthesize H4-CBD and H2-CBD from Cannabidiol by hydrogenation as early as 1940.^[10]

Elected a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge in 1944, he was Master from 1963 to 1978. Lord Todd became the first Chancellor of the new University of Strathclyde in 1965, and a visiting professor at Hatfield Polytechnic (1978–1986). Among his many honours, including over 40 honorary degrees, he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1942, a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1955,^[11] a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1957,^[12] and the American Philosophical Society in 1965.^[13] He was President of the Royal Society from 1975 to 1980 and was appointed a member of the Order of Merit in 1977.^[14]

In 1981, Todd became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.^[15]

Personal life and death

In 1937, Todd married Alison Sarah Dale (d.1987), daughter of Nobel Prize winner Sir Henry Dale, who, as Todd did, served as President of the Royal Society of London.

Lord and Lady Todd had a son and two daughters:

The Hon. Dr Alexander Henry Todd (b. 1939), m. 1967 Joan Margaret Koester;
The Hon. Helen Jean (b. 1941), m. 1963 Professor Philip Edgar Brown, DPhil (Oxon)^[16], and has two children;
The Hon. Hilary Alison Todd (b. 1946).^[17]

Lord Todd died in Cambridge on 10 January 1997 at the age of 89 following a heart attack.

Honours

Todd was honoured as a Nieuwland Lecturer at the University of Notre Dame in 1948,^[18] an Arthur D. Little Visiting Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1954,^[4]^[19] and a Hitchcock Lecturer at University of California, Berkeley, in 1957.^[4]^[20]

Knighted as Sir Alexander Todd in 1954^[21] he was created a Life Peer as Baron Todd of Trumpington in the County of Cambridge on 16 April 1962.^[22]

Master of the Worshipful Company of Salters (1961/62), Lord Todd is commemorated by a blue plaque erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge.^[23]

Coat of arms of Alexander R. Todd
Coronet Coronet of a Baron Crest In front of an Open Book Proper bound Or a Fox passant guardant Gules. Escutcheon Gules a Chevron between in chief two Foxes' Masks and in base a Serpent embowed biting the tail Or. Supporters Dexter an Ounce and Sinister a Fox each Sable bezanty and gorged with a Ducal Coronet with chain reflexed over the back Or pendant from the coronet by a like chain an Escutcheon Blue celeste. Motto Faire Sans Dire Orders Suspended below the Shield, by a ribbon, the insignia of a member of the Order of Merit: Other elements As Master Salter, Lord Todd could impale the Salters' arms (dexter) with his family arms (sinister): ^[24]

Bibliography

Todd, Alexander (3 December 2009). A Time to Remember. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-12673-1.

References

^ Brown, D. M.; Kornberg, H. (2000). "Alexander Robertus Todd, O.M., Baron Todd of Trumpington. 2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997: Elected F.R.S. 1942". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 46: 515. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0099. S2CID 73076704.
^ Brown, Daniel M.; Kornberg, Hans (2000). "Alexander Robertus Todd, O. M., Baron Todd of Trumpington. 2 October 1907–10 January 1997". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 46 (–1): 517–532. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0130. JSTOR 770414.
^ 1851 Royal Commission Archives
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Lord Todd – Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ Kay, Lily E. (3 December 1992). The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-028161-8.
^ Archer, Mary D.; Haley, Christopher D. (2005), The 1702 chair of chemistry at Cambridge: transformation and change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82873-2, Chapter 9: Alexander Todd, p 233
^ Todd, Alexander (17 November 1983). A Time to Remember: The Autobiography of a Chemist. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-521-25593-7.
^ Conn, Eric E. (2008). "Our Work with Cyanogenic Plants". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 1–19. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092924. PMID 17988213.
^ "ChemNEWS (FACULTY OF SCIENCE)" (PDF). The University of Sydney.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1940/jr/jr9400000649
^ "Alexander R. Todd of Trumpington". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "Alexander Robertus Todd". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "No. 47362". The London Gazette. 28 October 1977. p. 13613.
^ "About Us". World Cultural Council. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
^ www.ncl.ac.uk
^ www.burkespeerage.com
^ Todd, Alexander R (1949). Vitamins, coenzymes and nucleotides; a series of lectures presented at the University of Notre Dame on October 22, 25 and 27, 1948. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame. OCLC 6142088.
^ "Postdoc T.Y. Shen Honors his Wife | MIT Department of Chemistry". chemistry.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ "Nucleotide Co-Enzymes: A Study in Synthesis | Berkeley Graduate Lectures". gradlectures.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ "No. 40227". The London Gazette. 9 July 1954. p. 4026.
^ "No. 42651". The London Gazette. 17 April 1962. p. 3185.
^ www.alumni.christs.cam.ac.uk
^ Debrett's Peerage. 1973.

External links

Obituary in the Independent
Obituary in The New York Times
Lord Todd on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1957 Synthesis in the Study of Nucleotides
Portraits of Alexander R. Todd at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Interviews with Nobel Prize winning scientists: Lord Alexander Todd, British Broadcasting Corporation, c. 1985. Video of an interviewed with Lewis Wolpert. Duration 37 minutes.
The Papers of Lord Todd held at Churchill Archives Centre

Academic offices
Preceded by William Pope	Professor of Organic Chemistry, Cambridge University 1944–1972	Succeeded by Ralph Raphael
Preceded by Brian Downs	32nd Master of Christ's College, Cambridge 1963–1978	Succeeded by Sir John Plumb
Professional and academic associations
Preceded by Alan Lloyd Hodgkin	54th President of the Royal Society 1975–1980	Succeeded by Andrew Huxley

[frs-1] Brown, D. M.; Kornberg, H. (2000). "Alexander Robertus Todd, O.M., Baron Todd of Trumpington. 2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997: Elected F.R.S. 1942". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 46: 515. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0099. S2CID 73076704.

[2] Brown, Daniel M.; Kornberg, Hans (2000). "Alexander Robertus Todd, O. M., Baron Todd of Trumpington. 2 October 1907–10 January 1997". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 46 (–1): 517–532. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0130. JSTOR 770414.

[3] 1851 Royal Commission Archives

[:0-4] "Lord Todd – Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 January 2018.

[5] Kay, Lily E. (3 December 1992). The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-028161-8.

[6] Archer, Mary D.; Haley, Christopher D. (2005), The 1702 chair of chemistry at Cambridge: transformation and change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82873-2, Chapter 9: Alexander Todd, p 233

[7] Todd, Alexander (17 November 1983). A Time to Remember: The Autobiography of a Chemist. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-521-25593-7.

[8] Conn, Eric E. (2008). "Our Work with Cyanogenic Plants". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 1–19. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092924. PMID 17988213.

[9] "ChemNEWS (FACULTY OF SCIENCE)" (PDF). The University of Sydney.^{[permanent dead link]}

[10] ttps://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1940/jr/jr9400000649

[11] "Alexander R. Todd of Trumpington". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.

[12] "Alexander Robertus Todd". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 3 October 2022.

[13] "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.

[14] "No. 47362". The London Gazette. 28 October 1977. p. 13613.

[15] "About Us". World Cultural Council. Retrieved 8 November 2016.

[16] www.ncl.ac.uk

[17] www.burkespeerage.com

[18] Todd, Alexander R (1949). Vitamins, coenzymes and nucleotides; a series of lectures presented at the University of Notre Dame on October 22, 25 and 27, 1948. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame. OCLC 6142088.

[19] "Postdoc T.Y. Shen Honors his Wife | MIT Department of Chemistry". chemistry.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2018.

[20] "Nucleotide Co-Enzymes: A Study in Synthesis | Berkeley Graduate Lectures". gradlectures.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 27 January 2018.

[21] "No. 40227". The London Gazette. 9 July 1954. p. 4026.

[22] "No. 42651". The London Gazette. 17 April 1962. p. 3185.

[23] www.alumni.christs.cam.ac.uk

[24] Debrett's Peerage. 1973.

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@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 | doctoral_advisor  = [[Walter Borsche]], [[Robert Robinson (organic chemist)|Sir Robert Robinson]]
 | doctoral_students = [[J. Rodney Quayle]]
-| prizes            = {{no wrap|[[Davy Medal]] (1949)<br>[[Royal Medal]] (1955)<br>[[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]] (1957)<br>[[Paul Karrer Gold Medal]] (1963)<br>[[Copley Medal]] (1970)<br>[[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] (1978)}}
+| prizes            = {{no wrap|[[Tilden Prize]] (1940)<br>[[Davy Medal]] (1949)<br>[[Royal Medal]] (1955)<br>[[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]] (1957)<br>[[Paul Karrer Gold Medal]] (1963)<br>[[Copley Medal]] (1970)<br>[[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] (1978)}}
 }}
-'''Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|OM|FRS|FRSE}}<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = D. M. | last2 = Kornberg | first2 = H. | author-link2 = Hans Kornberg| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1999.0099 | title = Alexander Robertus Todd, O.M., Baron Todd of Trumpington. 2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997: Elected F.R.S. 1942 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 46 | pages = 515 | year = 2000 | s2cid = 73076704 }}</ref> (2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997) was a British [[biochemist]] whose research on the structure and [[biosynthesis|synthesis]] of [[nucleotide]]s, [[nucleoside]]s, and nucleotide [[coenzyme]]s gained him the [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]] in 1957.
+'''Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|OM|FRS|FRSE}}<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = D. M. | last2 = Kornberg | first2 = H. | author-link2 = Hans Kornberg| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1999.0099 | title = Alexander Robertus Todd, O.M., Baron Todd of Trumpington. 2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997: Elected F.R.S. 1942 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 46 | pages = 515 | year = 2000 | s2cid = 73076704 }}</ref> (2 October 1907 – 10 January 1997), was a British [[biochemist]] whose research on the structure and [[biosynthesis|synthesis]] of [[nucleotide]]s, [[nucleoside]]s, and nucleotide [[coenzyme]]s gained him the [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]] in 1957.
 ==Early life and education==
-Todd was born in [[Cathcart]] in outer [[Glasgow]], the son of Alexander Todd, a clerk with the Glasgow Subway, and his wife, Jane Lowry.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 770414|title = Alexander Robertus Todd, O. M., Baron Todd of Trumpington. 2 October 1907–10 January 1997|journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume = 46|pages = 517–532|last1 = Brown|first1 = Daniel M.|last2 = Kornberg|first2 = Hans|year = 2000| issue=–1|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1999.0130}}</ref>
+Todd was born at [[Cathcart]] in outer [[Glasgow]], the son of Alexander Todd, JP, a clerk with the Glasgow Subway, and his wife, Jane Lowry.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 770414|title = Alexander Robertus Todd, O. M., Baron Todd of Trumpington. 2 October 1907–10 January 1997|journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume = 46|pages = 517–532|last1 = Brown|first1 = Daniel M.|last2 = Kornberg|first2 = Hans|year = 2000| issue=–1|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1999.0130}}</ref>
-He attended [[Allan Glen's School]] and graduated from the [[University of Glasgow]] with a bachelor's degree in 1928. He received a doctorate from [[Goethe University Frankfurt]] in 1931 for his thesis on the chemistry of the [[bile]] acids.
+He attended [[Allan Glen's School]] and graduated from the [[University of Glasgow]] with a bachelor's degree (BSc) in 1928. He received a doctorate (Dr Phil.nat.)from [[Goethe University Frankfurt]] in 1931 for his thesis on the chemistry of the [[bile]] acids.
-Todd was awarded an [[1851 Research Fellowship]] from the [[Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851]],<ref>1851 Royal Commission Archives</ref> and, after studying at [[Oriel College, Oxford]], he gained another doctorate in 1933.
+Todd was awarded an [[1851 Research Fellowship]] from the [[Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851]],<ref>1851 Royal Commission Archives</ref> and, after studying at [[Oriel College, Oxford]], he gained another doctorate (DPhil) in 1933.
 ==Career==
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 He is credited as the first person to synthesize [[H4-CBD]] and [[H2-CBD]] from [[Cannabidiol]] by [[hydrogenation]] as early as 1940.<ref>https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1940/jr/jr9400000649</ref>
-He was elected a [[Fellow]] of [[Christ's College, Cambridge]] in 1944 and was [[Christ's College, Cambridge#Masters of Christ's|Master]] from 1963 to 1978. He became the first [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the new [[University of Strathclyde]] in 1965, and a visiting professor at [[University of Hertfordshire|Hatfield Polytechnic]] (1978–1986). Among his many honours, including over 40 honorary degrees, he was elected as a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1942,  a member of the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1955,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexander R. Todd of Trumpington |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/15492.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1957,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexander Robertus Todd |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/alexander-robertus-todd |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> and the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Lord+Todd&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> He was [[President of the Royal Society]] from 1975 to 1980 and became a member of the [[Order of Merit]] in 1977.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=47362 |date=28 October 1977 |page=13613}}</ref>
+Elected a [[Fellow]] of [[Christ's College, Cambridge]] in 1944, he was [[Christ's College, Cambridge#Masters of Christ's|Master]] from 1963 to 1978. Lord Todd became the first [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the new [[University of Strathclyde]] in 1965, and a visiting professor at [[University of Hertfordshire|Hatfield Polytechnic]] (1978–1986). Among his many honours, including over 40 honorary degrees, he was elected as a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1942, a member of the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1955,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexander R. Todd of Trumpington |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/15492.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1957,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexander Robertus Todd |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/alexander-robertus-todd |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> and the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Lord+Todd&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> He was [[President of the Royal Society]] from 1975 to 1980 and was appointed a [[member of the Order of Merit]] in 1977.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=47362 |date=28 October 1977 |page=13613}}</ref>
 In 1981, Todd became a founding member of the [[World Cultural Council]].<ref>{{cite web | title = About Us | publisher = [[World Cultural Council]] | url = http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/about-us/ | access-date = 8 November 2016}}</ref>
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 ==Personal life and death==
-In 1937, Todd married Alison Sarah Dale (d.1987), daughter of Nobel Prize winner Sir [[Henry Hallett Dale|Henry Dale]], who, as Todd did, served as president of the [[Royal Society of London]]. They had a son, Alexander Henry, and two daughters, Helen Jean and Hilary Alison.
+In 1937, Todd married Alison Sarah Dale (d.1987), daughter of Nobel Prize winner [[Henry Hallett Dale|Sir Henry Dale]], who, as Todd did, served as President of the [[Royal Society of London]].
+Lord and Lady Todd had a son and two daughters:
-Todd died in Cambridge on 10 January 1997 at the age of 89 following a heart attack.
+* The Hon. Dr Alexander Henry Todd (b. 1939), m. 1967 Joan Margaret Koester;
+* The Hon. Helen Jean (b. 1941), m. 1963 Professor Philip Edgar Brown, DPhil (Oxon)<ref>[https://www.ncl.ac.uk/medical-sciences/people/profile/philipbrown2.html www.ncl.ac.uk]</ref>, and has two children;
+* The Hon. Hilary Alison Todd (b. 1946).<ref>[https://www.burkespeerage.com/ www.burkespeerage.com]</ref>
+Lord Todd died in Cambridge on 10 January 1997 at the age of 89 following a heart attack.
 ==Honours==
 Todd was honoured as a Nieuwland Lecturer at the [[University of Notre Dame]] in 1948,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vitamins, coenzymes and nucleotides; a series of lectures presented at the University of Notre Dame on October 22, 25 and 27, 1948.|last=Todd|first=Alexander R|date=1949|publisher=University of Notre Dame|location=Notre Dame, Ind.|language=en|oclc = 6142088}}</ref> an Arthur D. Little Visiting Professor at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1954,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chemistry.mit.edu/giving-alumni/donor-profiles/postdoc-ty-shen-honors-his-wife|title=Postdoc T.Y. Shen Honors his Wife {{!}} MIT Department of Chemistry|website=chemistry.mit.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915130515/http://chemistry.mit.edu/giving-alumni/donor-profiles/postdoc-ty-shen-honors-his-wife|archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a Hitchcock Lecturer at [[University of California, Berkeley]], in 1957.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gradlectures.berkeley.edu/lecture/nucleotide-co-enzymes/|title=Nucleotide Co-Enzymes: A Study in Synthesis {{!}} Berkeley Graduate Lectures|website=gradlectures.berkeley.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref>
-He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] as Sir Alexander Todd in 1954<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=40227 |date=9 July 1954 |page=4026}}</ref> and was created a [[Life Peer]] as '''Baron Todd''' of [[Trumpington, Cambridgeshire|Trumpington]] in the [[County of Cambridge]] on 16 April 1962.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=42651 |date=17 April 1962 |page=3185}}</ref>
+[[Knight Bachelor|Knighted]] as Sir Alexander Todd in 1954<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=40227 |date=9 July 1954 |page=4026}}</ref> he was created a [[Life Peer]] as '''Baron Todd''' of [[Trumpington, Cambridgeshire|Trumpington]] in the [[County of Cambridge]] on 16 April 1962.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=42651 |date=17 April 1962 |page=3185}}</ref>
-He is commemorated by a [[blue plaque]] erected by the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] at the Department of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge.{{fact|date=December 2022}}
+Master of the [[Worshipful Company of Salters]] (1961/62), Lord Todd is commemorated by a [[blue plaque]] erected by the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] at the Department of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge.<ref>[https://alumni.christs.cam.ac.uk/lord-todd www.alumni.christs.cam.ac.uk]</ref>
 {{Infobox COA wide
-|escutcheon = Gules a chevron between in chief two foxes' masks and in base a serpent embowed biting the tail Or.
+|escutcheon = Gules a Chevron between in chief two Foxes' Masks and in base a Serpent embowed biting the tail Or.
+|coronet = [[File:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|35px]] [[Coronet|Coronet of a Baron]]
-|crest = In front of an open book Proper bound Or a fox passant guardant Gules.
+|crest = In front of an Open Book Proper bound Or a Fox passant guardant Gules.
-|supporters = Dexter an ounce and sinister a fox each sable bezanty and gorged with a ducal coronet with chain reflexed over the back Or pendant from the coronet by a like chain an escutcheon blue celeste.
+|supporters = [[Dexter and sinister|Dexter]] an Ounce and [[Sinister]] a Fox each Sable bezanty and gorged with a Ducal Coronet with chain reflexed over the back Or pendant from the coronet by a like chain an Escutcheon Blue celeste.
-|motto = Faire Sans Dire <ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage |date=1973}}</ref>}}
+|motto = ''Faire Sans Dire''
+|orders = Suspended below the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|Shield]], by a [[Phaleristics|ribbon]], the [[insignia]] of a [[member of the Order of Merit]]: <br/>[[File:Order of Merit in Westminster Cathedral (cropped).jpg|35px]]
+|other_elements = As [[Master craftsman|Master Salter]], Lord Todd could [[Impalement (heraldry)|impale]] the [[Salters' Company|Salters' arms]] (''dexter'') with his family [[coat of arms|arms]] (''sinister''):<br>[[File:SaltersCompany Arms.svg|35px]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage |date=1973}}</ref>}}
 ==Bibliography==
@@ Line 79: / Line 88: @@
 * {{citation|title=Christ's: A Cambridge College Over Five Centuries|first=David|last= Reynolds|author-link=David Reynolds (English historian)
 |publisher=Macmillan|year= 2005|isbn=0-333-98988-0}}: "The Era of Todd, Plumb and Snow", by Sir [[David Cannadine]].
 ==External links==
@@ Line 132: / Line 140: @@
 [[Category:History of genetics]]
 [[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
-[[Category:Life peers]]
+[[Category:Crossbench life peers]]
 [[Category:Masters of Christ's College, Cambridge]]
 [[Category:Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences]]

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1901–1925	1901: Jacobus van 't Hoff 1902: Emil Fischer 1903: Svante Arrhenius 1904: William Ramsay 1905: Adolf von Baeyer 1906: Henri Moissan 1907: Eduard Buchner 1908: Ernest Rutherford 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald 1910: Otto Wallach 1911: Marie Curie 1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913: Alfred Werner 1914: Theodore Richards 1915: Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918: Fritz Haber 1919 1920: Walther Nernst 1921: Frederick Soddy 1922: Francis Aston 1923: Fritz Pregl 1924 1925: Richard Zsigmondy
1926–1950	1926: Theodor Svedberg 1927: Heinrich Wieland 1928: Adolf Windaus 1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1930: Hans Fischer 1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932: Irving Langmuir 1933 1934: Harold Urey 1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie 1936: Peter Debye 1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938: Richard Kuhn 1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943: George de Hevesy 1944: Otto Hahn 1945: Artturi Virtanen 1946: James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947: Robert Robinson 1948: Arne Tiselius 1949: William Giauque 1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951–1975	1951: Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952: Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953: Hermann Staudinger 1954: Linus Pauling 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud 1956: Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957: Alexander Todd 1958: Frederick Sanger 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960: Willard Libby 1961: Melvin Calvin 1962: Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964: Dorothy Hodgkin 1965: Robert Woodward 1966: Robert S. Mulliken 1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968: Lars Onsager 1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970: Luis Federico Leloir 1971: Gerhard Herzberg 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974: Paul Flory 1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976–2000	1976: William Lipscomb 1977: Ilya Prigogine 1978: Peter D. Mitchell 1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982: Aaron Klug 1983: Henry Taube 1984: Robert Merrifield 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990: Elias Corey 1991: Richard R. Ernst 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus 1993: Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994: George Olah 1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland 1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999: Ahmed Zewail 2000: Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa
2001–present	2001: William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich 2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005: Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006: Roger D. Kornberg 2007: Gerhard Ertl 2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi 2011: Dan Shechtman 2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson 2018: Frances Arnold / Gregory Winter / George Smith 2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna 2021: David MacMillan / Benjamin List 2022: Carolyn R. Bertozzi / Morten P. Meldal / Karl Barry Sharpless 2023: Moungi G. Bawendi / Louis E. Brus / Alexei I. Ekimov

v t e 1957 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry	The Lord Todd (Great Britain)
Literature (1957)	Albert Camus (France)
Peace	Lester B. Pearson (Canada)
Physics	Chen Ning Yang (China) Tsung-Dao Lee (China)
Physiology or Medicine	Daniel Bovet (Italy)
Nobel Prize recipients 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962

v t e Presidents of the Royal Society
17th century	Viscount Brouncker (1662) Joseph Williamson (1677) Christopher Wren (1680) John Hoskyns (1682) Cyril Wyche (1683) Samuel Pepys (1684) Earl of Carbery (1686) Earl of Pembroke (1689) Robert Southwell (1690) Charles Montagu (1695) Lord Somers (1698)
18th century	Isaac Newton (1703) Hans Sloane (1727) Martin Folkes (1741) Earl of Macclesfield (1752) Earl of Morton (1764) James Burrow (1768) James West (1768) James Burrow (1772) John Pringle (1772) Joseph Banks (1778)
19th century	William Hyde Wollaston (1820) Humphry Davy (1820) Davies Gilbert (1827) Duke of Sussex (1830) Marquess of Northampton (1838) Earl of Rosse (1848) Lord Wrottesley (1854) Benjamin Collins Brodie (1858) Edward Sabine (1861) George Biddell Airy (1871) Joseph Dalton Hooker (1873) William Spottiswoode (1878) Thomas Henry Huxley (1883) George Gabriel Stokes (1885) Lord Kelvin (1890) Joseph Lister (1895)
20th century	William Huggins (1900) Lord Rayleigh (1905) Archibald Geikie (1908) William Crookes (1913) J. J. Thomson (1915) Charles Scott Sherrington (1920) Ernest Rutherford (1925) Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1930) William Henry Bragg (1935) Henry Hallett Dale (1940) Robert Robinson (1945) Lord Adrian (1950) Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1955) Howard Florey (1960) Patrick Blackett (1965) Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1970) Lord Todd (1975) Andrew Huxley (1980) George Porter (1985) Sir Michael Atiyah (1990) Sir Aaron Klug (1995)
21st century	Lord May (2000) Lord Rees (2005) Sir Paul Nurse (2010) Venki Ramakrishnan (2015) Adrian Smith (2020)

v t e Holders of the 1702 Chair of Chemistry (University of Cambridge)
18th century	Giovanni Francisco Vigani (1703–1713) John Waller (1713–1718) John Mickleburgh (1718–1756) John Hadley (1756–1764) Richard Watson (1764–1771) Isaac Pennington (1773–1793) William Farish (1794–1813)
19th century	Smithson Tennant (1813–1815) James Cumming (1815–1861) George Downing Liveing (1861–1908)
20th century	William Jackson Pope (1908–1939) Alexander Robertus Todd (1944–1971) Ralph Alexander Raphael (1972–1988) Alan Rushton Battersby (1988–1992) Steven V. Ley (1992–2019)
21st century	Matthew J. Gaunt (2019–present)