Al-hurra
Al-hurra or al hurra (Arabic: حُرَّة, lit. 'free woman')[1][2] was an Arabic title historically often given to, or used to refer to, women who exercised power or had a position of power or high status.
In a harem, the title al-hurra was often used to refer to a legal wife of aristocratic birth, to distinguish her status from that of the concubine bought at the slave market, who was referred to as jarya,[3] and used to describe a Muslim aristocratic woman who was "free" in the sense that she was not a slave;[3] it is related to the style Sayyida (Mistress or lady), the feminine word of sayyid (Master or Lord).[3] However, while the title Al-hurra was given to women as an alternative to the titles malika (Queen), Sultana (female sultan) and Sitt, (Lady), there was no exact male equivalent to the title of al-hurra.[3]
The title Al-hurra was often granted to women who wielded political power, but did not necessarily mean they were sovereigns: Alam al-Malika and Sayyida al Hurra, for example, bore this title. Both had political offices; not as sovereigns, but as political adviser and governor respectively.[3]
Noted title holders
References
- ^ Project, Living Arabic. "The Living Arabic Project - Classical Arabic and dialects". www.livingarabic.com. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
- ^ Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (2014). "Beyond the Ḥaram: Ibn al-Khaṭīb and His Privileged Knowledge of Royal Nasrid Women". Medieval Encounters. 20 (4–5): 383–402. doi:10.1163/15700674-12342180.
- ^ a b c d e Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland (2003). The forgotten queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579868-5.
- Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland (2003). The forgotten queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579868-5.