Alkene: Difference between revisions
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===Electrophilic addition=== |
===Electrophilic addition=== |
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#hydrohalogenation |
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#Hydrohalogenation |
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#*alkene + hydrogen halide → [[alkyl halide]] |
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δ+ δ- δ+ δ- |
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CH<sub>3</sub>-CH=CH<sub>2</sub> + H-Cl → CH<sub>3</sub>-CH-CH<sub>3</sub> |
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Cl |
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* Slow step : this step determine the velocity of the reaction |
* Slow step : this step determine the velocity of the reaction |
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Revision as of 15:52, 12 March 2004
An Alkene is a hydrocarbon that has a double bond between two carbon atoms.
Alkenes are called unsaturated substance.
The generic formula is CnH2n. The simplest alkene is ethene (also known as ethylene):
Physical properties
- The same as alkanes.
- Physical state depends on molecular mass.
Chemical properties
Alkenes are relatively stable compounds, but are more reactive than alkanes.
Reactions
Synthesis
- cracking reaction.
- alkane → light alkane + alkene
Hydrogenation
This reaction is done under a pressure of about 50 atm. We use a catalyst called Raney's nickel who is an alloy of nickel and aluminium.
here is an example with ethylene :
CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3-CH3
Halogenation
In the case of alkene, halogenation is an addition reaction.
CH2=CH2 + Cl2 → ClCH2-CH2Cl
Electrophilic addition
- hydrohalogenation
- alkene + hydrogen halide → alkyl halide
- Slow step : this step determine the velocity of the reaction
This is an electrophilic addition with formation of a carbocation. The attacker is the H+, he will search for a source of electrons, the ones from the pi-bonding.
δ+ δ-
CH3-CH=CH2 + H+ → CH3-CH+-CH3
- Fast step :
This is also an electrophilic addition.
CH3-CH+-CH3 + Cl- → CH3-CH-CH3
| Cl
Polymerisation
here is the case of the ethylene
- Activation step
Under a thermic source of energy, peroxide will decompose into two free radicals.
RO - OR → 2 RO*
- Initiation step
the alone electron of the RO* will bond with an electron from the pi-bonding.
RO* + CH2=CH2 → ROCH2-CH2*
- Propagation step
There is the addition of n monomers to obtain a polymer.
ROCH2-CH2* + n CH2=CH2 → RO(CH2-CH2)n-CH2-CH2*
- Breaking step
Recombinaison of two free radicals.
R* + *R → R-R
Oxydation reactions : ozonolysis reaction
Oxydation reactions : arranged oxydation
Oxydation reactions : brutal oxydation