Ambient house: Difference between revisions
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| name = Ambient house |
| name = Ambient house |
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| other_names = New Age house<ref name="energy flash">{{cite book|last1=Reynolds|first1=Simon|title=Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture|date=2012|publisher=Soft Skull Press|pages=166–7}}</ref> |
| other_names = New Age house<ref name="energy flash">{{cite book|last1=Reynolds|first1=Simon|title=Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture|date=2012|publisher=Soft Skull Press|pages=166–7}}</ref> |
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| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Ambient music|Ambient]]|[[house music|house]]|[[downtempo]]|[[new age music|new |
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Ambient music|Ambient]]|[[house music|house]]|[[downtempo]]|[[new age music|new age]]|[[acid house]]|[[electro (music)|electro]]}} |
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| cultural_origins = Late 1980s, [[United Kingdom]] and [[Japan]] |
| cultural_origins = Late 1980s, [[United Kingdom]] and [[Japan]] |
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| derivatives = {{hlist|[[Ambient techno]]|[[Trance music|trance]]|[[intelligent dance music|IDM]]|[[psybient]]}} |
| derivatives = {{hlist|[[Ambient techno]]|[[Trance music|trance]]|[[intelligent dance music|IDM]]|[[psybient]]}} |
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'''Ambient house''' is a [[downtempo]]<ref name="bloom"/> subgenre of [[house music]] that first emerged in the late 1980s, combining elements of house and [[ambient music]]. The genre developed in [[chill-out]] rooms and specialist clubs as part of the UK's dance music scene.<ref name="bloom"/> |
'''Ambient house''' is a [[downtempo]]<ref name="bloom"/> subgenre of [[house music]] that first emerged in the late 1980s, combining elements of [[acid house]] and [[ambient music]]. The genre developed in [[chill-out]] rooms and specialist clubs as part of the UK's dance music scene.<ref name="bloom"/> It was most prominently pioneered by [[the Orb]] and [[the KLF]], along with artists such as [[Global Communication]], [[Mixmaster Morris|Irresistible Force]], [[Youth (musician)|Youth]], and [[808 State]].<ref name="bloom">{{cite book |last1=Albiez |first1=Sean |title=Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 11 |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury |pages=26 |isbn=9781501326103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKc0DwAAQBAJ |access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Peel |first1=Ian |title=Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound |date=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francos |page=50}}</ref> The term was used vaguely, and eventually fell out of favor as more specific subgenres were recognized.<ref name="amg-genre"/> |
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==Genre== |
==Genre== |
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[[AllMusic]] describes "ambient house" as an "early categorical marker |
[[AllMusic]] describes "ambient house" as an "early categorical marker" for music "appropriating certain primary elements of [[acid house]] music -- midtempo, [[four-on-the-floor]] beats; synth pads and strings; soaring vocal samples -- used in a dreamier, more atmospheric fashion".<ref name="amg-genre">{{allMusic|id=ma0000012031|class=style|title=Ambient House|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> ''Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World'' noted common elements: repeated synthesizer [[arpeggios]] that are gradually modulated; reverbed snippets of dialogue from film, radio, or [[relaxation music|relaxation tapes]]; and samples of other musical works drifting in and out of the mix.<ref name="bloom"/> |
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Ambient house is sometimes conflated with "[[chill-out music|chill-out]]",<ref name="dmm">{{cite book |title=Dance Music Manual: Tools, Toys, and Techniques |last=Snoman |first=Rick |year=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1136115745 |pages=88, 330, 340–342 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_mm_hkmp_YC |access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> and AllMusic acknowledges that the term "ambient house" is now rarely used, replaced by a morass of more specific genres and terms.<ref name="amg-genre"/> |
Ambient house is sometimes conflated with "[[chill-out music|chill-out]]",<ref name="dmm">{{cite book |title=Dance Music Manual: Tools, Toys, and Techniques |last=Snoman |first=Rick |year=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1136115745 |pages=88, 330, 340–342 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_mm_hkmp_YC |access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> and AllMusic acknowledges that the term "ambient house" is now rarely used, replaced by a morass of more specific genres and terms.<ref name="amg-genre"/> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Origins=== |
===Origins=== |
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Ambient house was, in the words of John Bush |
Ambient house was, in the words of John Bush of ''AllMusic'', "virtually invented" by UK band [[the Orb]] - [[Alex Paterson]] and [[Jimmy Cauty]] - during The Land of Oz events at the night-club [[Heaven (nightclub)|Heaven]],<ref name="AMG-Orb">{{AllMusic|id=mn0000891575|first=John|last=Bush|title=The Orb|tab=biography|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> while Dom Phillips at ''[[Mixmag]]'' has said the Orb "kickstarted the whole ambient business".<ref name="mixmag-chill-out">{{LibraryOfMu|mu-id=478|first=Dom|last= Phillips|work=[[Mixmag]]|title=50 greatest dance albums - No. 5, Chill Out - The KLF|date=1 March 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916110651/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display-resource.php?id=478|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> [[Neil McCormick]] has similarly credited Cauty and Paterson with inventing the genre, in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McCormick|first=Neil|author-link=Neil McCormick|title=Yes, this is the cutting edge of rave music|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|department=The Arts|page=26|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4710794/Yes-this-is-the-cutting-edge-of-rave-music.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226082656/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4710794/Yes-this-is-the-cutting-edge-of-rave-music.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 26, 2016|date=11 October 1998|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> In 1989, [[Paul Oakenfold]] ran the [[acid house]] night at [[Heaven (nightclub)|Heaven]], and Paterson ran a chill-out counterpart in the White Room with Cauty and [[Youth (musician)|Youth]].<ref name="made-clouds">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jun/07/how-we-made-the-orb-little-fluffy-clouds-interview|title=How we made the Orb's Little Fluffy Clouds|type=Interview with Youth and Alex Paterson|first=Dave|last=Simpson|date=7 June 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> There, Paterson spun [[Brian Eno]], [[Pink Floyd]], and [[10CC]] songs at low volume and accompanied them with multiscreen video projections.<ref name="ecstasy"/> Around the same time, in the [[East End]] of [[London]], so-called spacetime parties were held at [[Cable Street]]. These parties, organized by [[Jonah Sharp]], were designed to encourage conversation rather than dance, and featured [[Mixmaster Morris]] (also known as the Irresistible Force),<ref name="ecstasy">Reynolds, Simon. ''Generation ecstasy: into the world of techno and rave culture''. New York: Routledge, 1999.</ref> another pioneer of the genre.<ref name="amg-genre"/> |
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===Commercial peak=== |
===Commercial peak=== |
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In February 1990, Cauty's other band [[the KLF]], a partnership with [[Bill Drummond]], released the album ''[[Chill Out (KLF album)|Chill Out]]'':<ref name ="klf-discog">{{KLFDiscography}}</ref> "one of the initial works in the ambient house canon" and "essential" according to John Bush at AllMusic,<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=mw0000092678|first=John|last=Bush|title=Chill Out|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> "one of the most influential records in ambient house music" according to ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/the-klf-chill-out/ |title=The KLF: Chill Out |work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |date=16 February 2020 |access-date=16 February 2020 |last=Sherburne |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Sherburne}}</ref> and an album with which the KLF were "claiming pre-eminence in the ambient house field" ([[Ira Robbins]] of ''[[Trouser Press]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=klf |title=The KLF |work=[[Trouser Press]] |access-date=19 April 2006 |last=Robbins |first=Ira |author-link= |
In February 1990, Cauty's other band [[the KLF]], a partnership with [[Bill Drummond]], released the album ''[[Chill Out (KLF album)|Chill Out]]'':<ref name ="klf-discog">{{KLFDiscography}}</ref> "one of the initial works in the ambient house canon" and "essential" according to John Bush at AllMusic,<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=mw0000092678|first=John|last=Bush|title=Chill Out|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> "one of the most influential records in ambient house music" according to ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/the-klf-chill-out/ |title=The KLF: Chill Out |work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |date=16 February 2020 |access-date=16 February 2020 |last=Sherburne |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Sherburne}}</ref> and an album with which the KLF were "claiming pre-eminence in the ambient house field" ([[Trouser Press|Ira Robbins]] of ''[[Trouser Press]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=klf |title=The KLF |work=[[Trouser Press]] |access-date=19 April 2006 |last=Robbins |first=Ira |author-link=}}</ref> In a press release for ''Chill Out'', [[Scott Piering]] claimed that the term "ambient house" had been invented "off-the-cuff" by the KLF.<ref>{{Cite press release|publisher=[[Appearing (media consultants)|Appearing]]|title=The KLF - "Chill Out".. (Ambient house) LP|date=1990<!--press release is apparently undated but shows the album's release date of 12 Feb 1990-->|url=https://img.discogs.com/4Aeru5tTwZ__OfkMSUeC0UK2S30=/fit-in/600x821/filters:strip_icc():format(jpeg):mode_rgb():quality(90)/discogs-images/R-28324-1470891481-4641.jpeg.jpg}}</ref> After leaving the Orb in April 1990,<ref name="AMG-Orb"/> Cauty finished work on ''[[Space (Jimmy Cauty album)|Space]]'',<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=mw0000953894|first=John|last=Bush|access-date=6 March 2020|title=Space}}</ref> which was originally intended to be the Orb's debut album,<ref name="made-clouds"/><ref>{{LibraryOfMu|tl=web|mu-id=509|publisher=[[KLF Communications]]|date=June 1990|title=KLF Communications Info Sheet Nine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312052937/http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=509|archive-date=12 March 2007}}</ref> and Paterson's Orb went on to create the single "[[Little Fluffy Clouds]]" with [[Youth (musician)|Youth]],<ref name="made-clouds"/> both important works of ambient house. The KLF retired from the music industry in 1992,<ref>{{LibraryOfMu|mu-id=315|title=Who Killed The KLF|work=[[Select (magazine)|Select]]|date=July 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011034454/http://www.libraryofmu.net/display-resource.php?id=315 |archive-date=11 October 2016|first=William|last=Shaw|author-link=William Shaw (writer)}}</ref> In 1991, the Orb released the album ''[[The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld]]'', featuring both of their previous singles. Combining [[Moog synthesizer]]s with religious [[chorales]] and audio clips of the [[Apollo 11]] rocket launch, the Orb popularized the "spacy" sound of ambient house.<ref name="century"/> The album would influence subsequent [[dub music|dub]] influenced electronic music.<ref name="energy flashb">{{cite book|last1=Reynolds|first1=Simon|title=Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture|date=2012|publisher=Soft Skull Press|pages=156–7}}</ref> |
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Ambient house became a label for artists beyond the KLF and the Orb, including [[Mixmaster Morris|Irresistible Force]], [[the Future Sound of London]], and [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]]. [[Ultramarine (band)|Ultramarine]]'s 1991 album ''[[Every Man and Woman is a Star]]'' was also lumped in with the chillout/ambient house scene of the Orb and the KLF.<ref name="Ultramarine: This Time Last Year">{{cite web |last1=Bergstrom |first1=John |title=Ultramarine: This Time Last Year |url=https://www.popmatters.com/177012-ultramarine-this-time-last-year-2495704614.html |website=[[PopMatters]] |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> Other ambient house recordings emerged by artists such as [[the Grid]] ("Flotation" in 1990), Interplay ("Synthesis" in 1991), and |
Ambient house became a label for artists beyond the KLF and the Orb, including [[Mixmaster Morris|Irresistible Force]], [[the Future Sound of London]], and [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]].<ref name="amg-genre"/> [[Ultramarine (band)|Ultramarine]]'s 1991 album ''[[Every Man and Woman is a Star]]'' was also lumped in with the chillout/ambient house scene of the Orb and the KLF.<ref name="Ultramarine: This Time Last Year">{{cite web |last1=Bergstrom |first1=John |title=Ultramarine: This Time Last Year |url=https://www.popmatters.com/177012-ultramarine-this-time-last-year-2495704614.html |website=[[PopMatters]] |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> Other ambient house recordings emerged by artists such as [[the Grid]] ("Flotation" in 1990), Interplay ("Synthesis" in 1991), and the Future Sound of London ("Papua New Guinea" in 1991).<ref name="bloom"/> In 1992, the Orb released the single "[[Blue Room (The Orb song)|Blue Room]]" which was to become their most successful, reaching eighth place in the [[UK singles chart]]. At forty minutes, it was the longest single to reach the UK charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.everyhit.com/record7.html|title=Record-Breakers and Trivia - everyHit.com|website=www.everyhit.com}}</ref> An edited form of it appeared on the Orb album ''[[U.F.Orb]]'' later that year. ''U.F.Orb'' reached No. 1 in the UK albums chart; [[AllMusic]] called it "the commercial and artistic peak of the ambient-house movement."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/uforb-mw0000090235 |title=U.F.Orb – The Orb |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=20 November 2015 |last=Bush |first=John}}</ref> In the years after the release of their live album, ''[[Live 93]]'', the Orb largely stopped their ambient-house music production, instead concentrating on producing more "metallic" music.<ref name="century"/> |
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In 1994, [[Global Communication]] released their largely beat-free album ''[[76:14]]''; [[AllMusic]] called it "a notable high point of the ambient house movement."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bush |first1=John |title=Global Communication - Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/global-communication-mn0000664074/biography |website=AllMusic |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref> ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' called it "one of several universally celebrated ambient house records," and labeled each track "its own spacey symphony, etched with ticking clocks, soft piano lines and tidal white noise."<ref name="Slant">{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/global-communication-7614|title=Global Communication: 76:14|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=20 August 2002|access-date=6 April 2015|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal}}</ref> |
In 1994, [[Global Communication]] released their largely beat-free album ''[[76:14]]''; [[AllMusic]] called it "a notable high point of the ambient house movement."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bush |first1=John |title=Global Communication - Biography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/global-communication-mn0000664074/biography |website=AllMusic |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref> ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' called it "one of several universally celebrated ambient house records," and labeled each track "its own spacey symphony, etched with ticking clocks, soft piano lines and tidal white noise."<ref name="Slant">{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/global-communication-7614|title=Global Communication: 76:14|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=20 August 2002|access-date=6 April 2015|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal}}</ref> |
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Latest revision as of 17:51, 30 April 2024
| Ambient house | |
|---|---|
| Other names | New Age house[1] |
| Stylistic origins | |
| Cultural origins | Late 1980s, United Kingdom and Japan |
| Derivative forms | |
| Other topics | |
| Ambient music artists, chill-out music | |
Ambient house is a downtempo[2] subgenre of house music that first emerged in the late 1980s, combining elements of acid house and ambient music. The genre developed in chill-out rooms and specialist clubs as part of the UK's dance music scene.[2] It was most prominently pioneered by the Orb and the KLF, along with artists such as Global Communication, Irresistible Force, Youth, and 808 State.[2][3] The term was used vaguely, and eventually fell out of favor as more specific subgenres were recognized.[4]
Genre
[edit]AllMusic describes "ambient house" as an "early categorical marker" for music "appropriating certain primary elements of acid house music -- midtempo, four-on-the-floor beats; synth pads and strings; soaring vocal samples -- used in a dreamier, more atmospheric fashion".[4] Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World noted common elements: repeated synthesizer arpeggios that are gradually modulated; reverbed snippets of dialogue from film, radio, or relaxation tapes; and samples of other musical works drifting in and out of the mix.[2]
Ambient house is sometimes conflated with "chill-out",[5] and AllMusic acknowledges that the term "ambient house" is now rarely used, replaced by a morass of more specific genres and terms.[4]
History
[edit]Origins
[edit]Ambient house was, in the words of John Bush of AllMusic, "virtually invented" by UK band the Orb - Alex Paterson and Jimmy Cauty - during The Land of Oz events at the night-club Heaven,[6] while Dom Phillips at Mixmag has said the Orb "kickstarted the whole ambient business".[7] Neil McCormick has similarly credited Cauty and Paterson with inventing the genre, in The Daily Telegraph.[8] In 1989, Paul Oakenfold ran the acid house night at Heaven, and Paterson ran a chill-out counterpart in the White Room with Cauty and Youth.[9] There, Paterson spun Brian Eno, Pink Floyd, and 10CC songs at low volume and accompanied them with multiscreen video projections.[10] Around the same time, in the East End of London, so-called spacetime parties were held at Cable Street. These parties, organized by Jonah Sharp, were designed to encourage conversation rather than dance, and featured Mixmaster Morris (also known as the Irresistible Force),[10] another pioneer of the genre.[4]
The Orb released the twenty-minute track "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules from the Centre of the Ultraworld" as a single in October 1989, making it to the UK singles chart at No. 78. The track featured "bright, translucent sounds" and "tinkl[ing]" keyboards, as well as heavily sampling Minnie Riperton's "Lovin' You".[11] Other early ambient house records included "Sueño Latino" (1989) by the Italian group of the same name (based on Manuel Gottsching's 1984 album E2-E4), "Pacific State" (1989) by 808 State, "Flotation" (1990) by the Grid, "Paradise" (1989) by Quadrophenia, "Journeys Into Rhythm" (1989) by Audio One, and "Natural Thing" (1990) by Innocence.[10]
Commercial peak
[edit]In February 1990, Cauty's other band the KLF, a partnership with Bill Drummond, released the album Chill Out:[12] "one of the initial works in the ambient house canon" and "essential" according to John Bush at AllMusic,[13] "one of the most influential records in ambient house music" according to Pitchfork,[14] and an album with which the KLF were "claiming pre-eminence in the ambient house field" (Ira Robbins of Trouser Press).[15] In a press release for Chill Out, Scott Piering claimed that the term "ambient house" had been invented "off-the-cuff" by the KLF.[16] After leaving the Orb in April 1990,[6] Cauty finished work on Space,[17] which was originally intended to be the Orb's debut album,[9][18] and Paterson's Orb went on to create the single "Little Fluffy Clouds" with Youth,[9] both important works of ambient house. The KLF retired from the music industry in 1992,[19] In 1991, the Orb released the album The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld, featuring both of their previous singles. Combining Moog synthesizers with religious chorales and audio clips of the Apollo 11 rocket launch, the Orb popularized the "spacy" sound of ambient house.[11] The album would influence subsequent dub influenced electronic music.[20]
Ambient house became a label for artists beyond the KLF and the Orb, including Irresistible Force, the Future Sound of London, and Orbital.[4] Ultramarine's 1991 album Every Man and Woman is a Star was also lumped in with the chillout/ambient house scene of the Orb and the KLF.[21] Other ambient house recordings emerged by artists such as the Grid ("Flotation" in 1990), Interplay ("Synthesis" in 1991), and the Future Sound of London ("Papua New Guinea" in 1991).[2] In 1992, the Orb released the single "Blue Room" which was to become their most successful, reaching eighth place in the UK singles chart. At forty minutes, it was the longest single to reach the UK charts.[22] An edited form of it appeared on the Orb album U.F.Orb later that year. U.F.Orb reached No. 1 in the UK albums chart; AllMusic called it "the commercial and artistic peak of the ambient-house movement."[23] In the years after the release of their live album, Live 93, the Orb largely stopped their ambient-house music production, instead concentrating on producing more "metallic" music.[11]
In 1994, Global Communication released their largely beat-free album 76:14; AllMusic called it "a notable high point of the ambient house movement."[24] Slant Magazine called it "one of several universally celebrated ambient house records," and labeled each track "its own spacey symphony, etched with ticking clocks, soft piano lines and tidal white noise."[25]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Reynolds, Simon (2012). Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture. Soft Skull Press. pp. 166–7.
- ^ a b c d e Albiez, Sean (2017). Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 11. Bloomsbury. p. 26. ISBN 9781501326103. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ Peel, Ian (2004). Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound. Taylor & Francos. p. 50.
- ^ a b c d e Ambient House at AllMusic. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
- ^ Snoman, Rick (2013). Dance Music Manual: Tools, Toys, and Techniques. Taylor & Francis. pp. 88, 330, 340–342. ISBN 978-1136115745. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ a b Bush, John. The Orb at AllMusic. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ Phillips, Dom (1 March 1996). "50 greatest dance albums - No. 5, Chill Out - The KLF". Mixmag. Archived (via the Library of Mu) on 16 September 2016.
- ^ McCormick, Neil (11 October 1998). "Yes, this is the cutting edge of rave music". The Arts. The Daily Telegraph. London. p. 26. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ a b c Simpson, Dave (7 June 2016). "How we made the Orb's Little Fluffy Clouds". The Guardian (Interview with Youth and Alex Paterson). Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ a b c Reynolds, Simon. Generation ecstasy: into the world of techno and rave culture. New York: Routledge, 1999.
- ^ a b c Prendergast, Mark. The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby-The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2003.
- ^ Longmire, Ernie; et al. (2020) [1998]. "Discography: The KLF (including The JAMS, The Timelords, 2K etc.)". Archived from the original on 29 February 2020.
- ^ Bush, John. Chill Out at AllMusic. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ Sherburne, Philip (16 February 2020). "The KLF: Chill Out". Pitchfork. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Robbins, Ira. "The KLF". Trouser Press. Retrieved 19 April 2006.
- ^ "The KLF - "Chill Out".. (Ambient house) LP" (Press release). Appearing. 1990.
- ^ Bush, John. Space at AllMusic. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ "KLF Communications Info Sheet Nine". KLF Communications. June 1990. Archived (via the Library of Mu) on 12 March 2007.
- ^ Shaw, William (July 1992). "Who Killed The KLF". Select. Archived (via the Library of Mu) on 11 October 2016.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (2012). Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture. Soft Skull Press. pp. 156–7.
- ^ Bergstrom, John (24 January 2014). "Ultramarine: This Time Last Year". PopMatters. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ "Record-Breakers and Trivia - everyHit.com". www.everyhit.com.
- ^ Bush, John. "U.F.Orb – The Orb". AllMusic. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ^ Bush, John. "Global Communication - Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ^ Cinquemani, Sal (20 August 2002). "Global Communication: 76:14". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 6 April 2015.